Creatine: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Some studies suggest that total muscle creatine is significantly lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians.<ref name="burke">{{cite journal | vauthors = Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Candow DG, Mahoney D, Tarnopolsky M | title = Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 35 | issue = 11 | pages = 1946–55 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 14600563 | doi = 10.1249/01.MSS.0000093614.17517.79 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benton D, Donohoe R | title = The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores | journal = The British Journal of Nutrition | volume = 105 | issue = 7 | pages = 1100–5 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21118604 | doi = 10.1017/S0007114510004733 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="creatinedefects"/><ref name="pmid26874700"/> This finding is due probably to an omnivorous diet being the primary source of creatine.<ref name="pmid28572496">{{cite journal | vauthors = Solis MY, Artioli GG, Gualano B | title = Effect of age, diet, and tissue type on PCr response to creatine supplementation | journal = [[Journal of Applied Physiology]] | volume = 23 | issue=2 | pages =407-414 | date=2017 | doi =10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2017 | pmid = 28572496}}</ref> Research shows that supplementation is needed to raise the concentration of creatine in the muscles of [[lacto-ovo vegetarian]]s and [[vegan]]s up to non-vegetarian levels.<ref name="burke"/> Supplemented creatine has also proven to be less effective towards those who are vegetarian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sandkühler |first=Julia Fabienne |last2=Kersting |first2=Xenia |last3=Faust |first3=Annika |last4=Königs |first4=Eva Kathrin |last5=Altman |first5=George |last6=Ettinger |first6=Ulrich |last7=Lux |first7=Silke |last8=Philipsen |first8=Alexandra |last9=Müller |first9=Helge |last10=Brauner |first10=Jan |date=2023-11-15 |title=The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance—a randomised controlled study |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-03146-5 |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=440 |doi=10.1186/s12916-023-03146-5 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=PMC10647179 |pmid=37968687}}</ref>

==Pharmacokinetics==

Line 151:

Creatine use can increase maximum power and performance in high-intensity anaerobic repetitive work (periods of work and rest) by 5% to 15%.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bemben MG, Lamont HS |title=Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: recent findings |journal=Sports Medicine |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=107–25 |year=2005 |pmid=15707376 |doi=10.2165/00007256-200535020-00002|s2cid=57734918 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bird SP |title=Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: a brief review |journal=Journal of Sports Science & Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=123–32 |date=December 2003 |pmid=24688272 |pmc=3963244}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lanhers C, Pereira B, Naughton G, Trousselard M, Lesage FX, Dutheil F |title=Creatine Supplementation and Lower Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses |journal=Sports Medicine |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=1285–1294 |date=September 2015 |pmid=25946994 |doi=10.1007/s40279-015-0337-4|s2cid=7372700 }}</ref> Creatine has no significant effect on aerobic [[Endurance#Endurance exercise|endurance]], though it will increase power during short sessions of high-intensity aerobic exercise.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Engelhardt M, Neumann G, Berbalk A, Reuter I |title=Creatine supplementation in endurance sports |journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=1123–9 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9662683 |doi=10.1097/00005768-199807000-00016|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=May 2018}}<ref name="Graham">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham AS, Hatton RC |title=Creatine: a review of efficacy and safety |journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=803–10; quiz 875–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10609446 |doi=10.1016/s1086-5802(15)30371-5}}</ref>{{Obsolete source|date=May 2018}}

A survey of 21,000 college athletes showed that 14% of athletes take creatine supplements to try to improve performance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/#creatine|title=Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance|access-date=2018-05-05|language=en|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185512/https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/ExerciseAndAthleticPerformance-HealthProfessional/#creatine|url-status=live}}</ref> Non-athletes report taking creatine supplements to improve appearance.<ref name=":1" /> Creatine has been found to be a safe supplement by the NCAA and is not considered doping. College athletes are allowed and encouraged to use creatine for all of its benefits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Melvin H. |last2=Branch |first2=J. David |date=1998-06 |title=Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Performance: An Update |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.1998.10718751 |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=216–234 |doi=10.1080/07315724.1998.10718751 |issn=0731-5724}}</ref>

==Research ==