Crimean Tatars: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[File:Szigetvar 1566.jpg|thumb|The [[List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent|Ottoman campaign]] in Hungary in 1566, Crimean Tatars as vanguard, a [[Persian miniature|Persian]] style miniature]]

The Crimean Tatars emerged as a nation at the time of the [[Crimean Khanate]], an [[Ottoman vassal state]] during the 15th to 18th centuries and one of the great centers of [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|slave trade]] to the Ottoman Empire. The Turkic-speaking population of Crimea had mostly adopted Islam already in the 14th century, following the conversion of [[Ozbeg Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>Williams, BG. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Pg 12. {{ISBN|90-04-12122-6}}</ref> By the time of the first Russian invasion of Crimea in 1736, the Khan's archives and libraries were famous throughout the Islamic world, and under Khan [[Krym-Girei]] the city of [[Simferopol|Aqmescit]] was endowed with piped water, sewerage and a theatre where [[Molière]] was performed in French, while the port of [[Yevpatoria|Gözleve]] stood comparison with [[Rotterdam]] and [[Bakhchysarai]], the capital, was described as Europe's cleanest and greenest city.<ref name="Rayfield, Donald p 15">Rayfield, Donald, 2014: "Dormant claims", ''Times Literary Supplement'', 9 May 2014 p 15</ref>

Until the beginning of the 18th century, Crimean Tatars were known for frequent, at some periods almost annual, [[Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands|devastating raids]] into Ukraine and Russia.<ref name="matsuki">"[http://www2.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605131551/http://www.econ.hit-u.ac.jp/~areastd/mediterranean/mw/pdf/18/10.pdf |date=5 June 2013 }}" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki, ''Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University.''</ref> For a long time, until the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive [[Slavery in the Ottoman Empire|slave trade]] with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East which was the most important basis of its economy.<ref name="raids">{{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/2971600/Slave_Trade_in_the_Early_Modern_Crimea_From_the_Perspective_of_Christian_Muslim_and_Jewish_Sources |work=Oxford University|pages=2–7.}}</ref> One of the most important trading ports and slave markets was [[Kefe]].<ref name="matsuki"/> Slaves and freedmen formed approximately 75% of the Crimean population.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 Slavery]. Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History.</ref>

Some researchers estimate that altogether up to 3 million people were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Slaves, Arab Masters|url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=17747|publisher=Frontpage Magazine|date=18 April 2005|author=Andrew G. Boston|accessdate=8 January 2011|quote="''Relying upon admittedly incomplete sources (“…no doubt there are many more slave raids that the author has not uncovered”), his conservative tabulations 26 indicate that at least 3 million (3,000,000) persons- men, women, and children- were captured and enslaved during this so-called “harvesting of the steppe”.''" -- Alan Fisher, "''“Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade''"}}</ref><ref>Darjusz Kołodziejczyk, as reported by {{cite web |author=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captivesin the Crimean Khanate |url=https://www.academia.edu/3706285/Slaves_Money_Lenders_and_Prisoner_Guards_The_Jews_and_the_Trade_in_Slaves_and_Captives_in_the_Crimean_Khanate |work=The Journal of Jewish Studies|year=2007|page=2}}</ref> In retaliation, the lands of Crimean Tatars were being raided by [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]],<ref name="Alan26">Alan W. Fisher, ''The Russian Annexation of the Crimea 1772–1783'', Cambridge University Press, [https://books.google.com/books?id=65JOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26&dq=%22In+fact,+there+were+always+small+raids+committed+by+both+Tatars+and+Cossacks%22&hl=en&ei=mDxXTrqLGIjwmAWPwMGhDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20fact%2C%20there%20were%20always%20small%20raids%20committed%20by%20both%20Tatars%20and%20Cossacks%22&f=false p. 26.]</ref> armed Ukrainian horsemen, who defended the steppe frontier – [[Wild Fields]] – against Tatar slave raids and often attacked and plundered the lands of Ottoman Turks and Crimean Tatars. The [[Don River (Russia)|Don]] [[Cossacks]] and [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] Mongols also managed to raid Crimean Tatars' land.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Brian Glyn Williams]] |title=The Sultan’s Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire |url=http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf |work=[[The Jamestown Foundation]] |year=2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021092115/http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/Crimean_Tatar_-_complete_report_01.pdf |archivedate=21 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The last recorded major Crimean raid, before those in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]] took place during the reign of [[Peter the Great]] (1682–1725).<ref name="Alan26"/> However, Cossack raids continued after that time; Ottoman [[Grand Vizier]] complained to the Russian consul about raids to Crimea and [[Özi]] in 1761.<ref name="Alan26"/> In 1769 one last major Tatar raid, which took place during the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)|Russo-Turkish War]], saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.<ref name="raids"/>

===In the Russian Empire===