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Line 1: {{Short description|Family of IBM PC-compatible operating systems}} {{About|a family of operating systems|the concept|disk operating system|the type of cyber attack|Denial-of-service attack{{!}}DoS|other uses|DOS (disambiguation)}} {{redirect-distinguish|WinDOS|Microsoft Windows}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}} [[File:Ms-dosdir.png|thumb|The boot screen and command-line interface of [[MS-DOS 6]], with an example of its directory structure]] Line 18 ⟶ 20: [[File:Ibm pc 5150.jpg|thumb|The [[IBM Personal Computer]] (IBM 5150 PC)]] When [[IBM]] introduced the [[IBM PC]], built with the [[Intel 8088]] microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman [[John Opel]] had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member [[Mary Maxwell Gates]], who referred Opel to her son [[Bill Gates]] for help with an 8088-compatible build of CP/M.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/11/obituaries/mary-gates-64-helped-her-son-start-microsoft.html |title=Mary Gates, 64; Helped Her Son Start Microsoft |date=1994-06-11 |journal=New York Times |access-date=2023-04-11 }}</ref> IBM was then sent to Digital Research, and a meeting was set up. However, initial negotiations for the use of CP/M broke down: Digital Research wished to sell CP/M on a royalty basis, while IBM sought a single license, and to change the name to "PC DOS". Digital Research founder [[Gary Kildall]] refused, and IBM withdrew.<ref name="rolander">{{cite interview |url=http://www.podtech.net/home/3801/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1 |title=The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1 |author-last=Rolander |author-first=Tom |author-link=Tom Rolander |interviewer-first=Robert |interviewer-last=Scoble |work=The Scoble Show |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104052350/http://www.podtech.net/home/3801/the-rest-of-the-story-how-bill-gates-beat-gary-kildall-in-os-war-part-1 |archive-date=2007-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Just Say No to Microsoft |url=https://archive.org/details/justsaynotomicro00bove |url-access=registration |author-last=Bove |author-first=Tony |publisher=[[No Starch Press]] |date=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/justsaynotomicro00bove/page/9 9]–11 |isbn=1-59327-064-X }}</ref> [[File:86-DOS running assembler and HEX2BIN (screenshot).png|thumb|A simulated [[Seattle Computer Products|SCP]] [[86-DOS]] session]] {{anchor|QDOS}} IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached [[Seattle Computer Products]]. There, programmer [[Tim Paterson]] had developed a variant of [[CP/M-80]], intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit [[Intel 8086]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]] card for the [[S-100 bus]]. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), before being made commercially available as [[86-DOS]]. Microsoft purchased 86-DOS, allegedly for {{currency|amount=50000|code=USD|linked=no}}. This became Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, introduced in 1981.<ref name="mshist">{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa033099.htm |title=The Unusual History of MS-DOS The Microsoft Operating System |access-date=2008-09-02 |author-last=Bellis |author-first=Mary |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427184009/http://inventors.about.com/od/computersoftware/a/Putting-Microsoft-On-The-Map.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies,<ref name="freiberger19820823">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |date=1982-08-23 |access-date=2015-01-29 |author-last=Freiberger |author-first=Paul |author-link=Paul Freiberger |page=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318020802/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA19&pg=PA22 |archive-date=2015-03-18}}</ref> which supplied the operating system for their own hardware, sometimes under their own names. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. IBM continued to develop their version, [[PC DOS]], for the IBM PC.<ref name="mshist"/> Digital Research became aware that an operating system similar to CP/M was being sold by IBM (under the same name that IBM insisted upon for CP/M), and threatened legal action. IBM responded by offering an agreement: they would give PC consumers a choice of PC DOS or [[CP/M-86]], Kildall's 8086 version. Side-by-side, CP/M cost {{currency|amount=200|code=USD|linked=no}} more than PC DOS, and sales were low. CP/M faded, with MS-DOS and PC DOS becoming the marketed operating system for PCs and PC compatibles.<ref name="rolander"/> Microsoft originally sold MS-DOS only to [[original equipment manufacturer]]s (OEMs). One major reason for this was that not all early PCs were 100% [[IBM PC compatible]]. DOS was structured such that there was a separation between the system specific device driver code ([[IO.SYS]]) and the DOS kernel ([[MSDOS.SYS]]). Microsoft provided an OEM Adaptation Kit (OAK) which allowed OEMs to customize the device driver code to their particular system. By the early 1990s, most PCs adhered to IBM PC standards so Microsoft began selling a retail version of MS-DOS, starting with MS-DOS 5.0. Line 44 ⟶ 47: {{Main|History of Microsoft Windows}} Early versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] ran on MS-DOS.<ref name="emulate"/> By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. In 1995, [[Windows 95]] was bundled as a standalone operating system that did not require a separate DOS license. Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took over as the default [[OS kernel]], though the MS-DOS component remained for compatibility. With Windows 95 and 98, but not ME, the MS-DOS component could be run without starting Windows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smartcomputing.com/Editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/95win/95win21/95win21.asp&guid= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040707000544/http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Farchive%2F95win%2F95win21%2F95win21.asp&guid= |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-07-07 |title=Finding The DOS In Windows 95 |work=Smart Computing |date=March 1996 |access-date=2008-07-12}}</ref><ref name="various-77715">{{cite web |url= === Continued use === [[File:DOSBox screenshot.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[DOSBox]] ]] {{As of|2023}}, available compatible systems are [[FreeDOS]], [[ROM-DOS]], [[PTS-DOS]], [[RxDOS]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rxdos.sourceforge.net/ |title=Home |website=rxdos.sourceforge.net}}</ref> and [[REAL/32]]. Some computer manufacturers, including [[Dell]] and [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]], sell computers with FreeDOS<!-- in the form of [[DRMK]] --> as an [[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] operating system. ==== Embedded systems ==== Line 55 ⟶ 58: ==== Emulation ==== On [[Linux]], it is possible to run ''[[DOSEMU]]'', a Linux-native [[virtual machine]] for running DOS programs at near native speed. There are a number of other [[emulator]]s for running DOS on various versions of Unix and [[Microsoft Windows]] such as [[DOSBox]].<ref name="DOSBox"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dosemu.org/ |title=DOSEMU Home |date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2008-07-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723140604/http://www.dosemu.org./ |archive-date=2008-07-23}}</ref> DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g. ''[[King's Quest]]'', ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]'') on modern operating systems.<ref name="emulate">{{cite web |url=http://apcmag.com/how_to_coax_retro_dos_games_to_play_on_vista.htm |title=HOW TO: Coax retro DOS games to play on Vista |date=2006-10-13 |access-date=2008-07-03 |author-first=James |author-last=Bannan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801222002/http://apcmag.com/how_to_coax_retro_dos_games_to_play_on_vista.htm |archive-date=2008-08-01}}</ref><ref name="DOSBox">{{cite web |url=http://www.dosbox.com/information.php |title=DOSBox Information |access-date=2008-05-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525111324/http://www.dosbox.com/information.php |archive-date=2008-05-25}}</ref> DOSBox includes its own implementation of DOS which is strongly tied to the emulator and cannot run on real hardware, but can also boot MS-DOS, FreeDOS, or other DOS operating systems if needed. == Design == Line 99 ⟶ 102: {{Main|Device file}} [[File:Windows Reserved Name Error.png|thumb|right|400px|Error message when attempting to use a reserved name while naming or renaming a file or folder There are [[Reserved word|reserved]] device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. These restrictions also affect several Windows versions, in some cases causing crashes and security vulnerabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juniper.net/security/auto/vulnerabilities/vuln1043.html |title=Microsoft Windows MS-DOS Device Name DoS Vulnerability |access-date=2008-09-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725163840/http://www.juniper.net/security/auto/vulnerabilities/vuln1043.html |archive-date=2011-07-25}}</ref> The reserved names are: Line 218 ⟶ 221: * {{cite web|url=https://www.jumpjet.info/Application-Software/DOS/sfn.htm|title=Application Software - DOS Short File Name Family|website=www.jumpjet.info|access-date=2020-02-07|archive-date=2020-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217192920/http://www.jumpjet.info/Application-Software/DOS/sfn.htm|url-status=dead}} "(...) An archive of carefully hand selected FREE [and [[abandonware|abandoned]]] software for DOS." * [https://lrusso.github.io/VirtualXP/VirtualXP.htm Online Windows XP Simulator] * [https://github.com/microsoft/MS-DOS/tree/main MS-DOS v1.25, v2.0, v4.0 Source Code] {{Disk operating systems}} | |||