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[[File:Dalit-Poverty.jpg|thumb|A group of Dalit women in 2021]]
'''Dalit''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|d|æ|l|ɪ|t}} from {{lang-sa|दलित|dalita}} meaning "broken/scattered") is a term first coined by the Indian social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]] for untouchables and outcasts., Itwho isrepresented the lowest stratum of the [[Caste system in India|castes in the Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/from-buddhist-texts-to-east-india-company-to-now-dalit-has-come-a-long-way/articleshow/65678182.cms |title=From Buddhist texts to East India Company to now, 'Dalit' has come a long way |website=The Times of India|date=5 September 2018 }}</ref> Dalits were excluded from the fourfold [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] of the caste hierarchy and were seen as forming a [[avarna|fifth varna]], also known by the name of ''Panchama''. Several scholars have drawn parallels between Dalits and the ''[[Burakumin]]'' of Japan,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hankins |first1=Joseph D |title=Working Skin: Making Leather, Making a Multicultural Japan |date=2014 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520959163 |page=113}}</ref> the ''[[Baekjeong]]'' of [[Korea]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chakranews.com/castes-in-a-global-perspective-is-caste-only-a-hindu-problem-part-6/3243 |title=Castes in a Global Perspective - Is Caste Only a Hindu Problem? (Part 6) |last=Sudrania |first=OP |date=9 September 2012 |work=ChakraNews.com |access-date=5 May 2018 |language=en-US |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505210317/http://www.chakranews.com/castes-in-a-global-perspective-is-caste-only-a-hindu-problem-part-6/3243 |archive-date=May 5, 2018 }}</ref> and the [[peasant]] class of the medieval European [[Feudalism|feudal system]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Noble |first=Thomas |title=The Foundations of Western Civilization |publisher=[[The Teaching Company]] |location=Chantilly, VA |year=2002 |isbn=978-1565856370 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofwes04nobl}}</ref>
Dalits predominantly follow [[Hinduism]], with significant populations of the adherents offollowing [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. The [[Scheduledconstitution Castesof India]] isincludes Dalits as one of the official[[Scheduled termCastes]]; forthis gives Dalits, whothe get[[Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes#Government_initiative_to_improve_the_situation_of_SCs_and_STs|right]] reservationsto underprotection, [[positive discrimination]], (known as per the [[constitutionreservation ofin India|reservation]] in India), and official development resources.
== Terminology ==
The term ''Dalit'' is a self-applied concept for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy.<ref name="kaminsky">{{cite book |first11=Arnold P. |last1=Kaminsky |first2=Roger D. |last2=Long |title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVxlfDHGTFYC&pg=PA156 |year=2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-0-313-37463-0 |page=156 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Kanmony">{{cite book |first1=Jebagnanam Cyril |last1=Kanmony |title=Dalits and Tribes of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |year=2010 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-348-3 |page=198 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Economist and reformer [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) said that untouchability came into Indian society around 400 CE, due to the struggle for supremacy between [[Buddhism]] and [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/article-in-rss-mouthpiece-misquotes-ambedkar-on-untouchability/article1-1338054.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416235122/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/article-in-rss-mouthpiece-misquotes-ambedkar-on-untouchability/article1-1338054.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2015 |title=Top RSS leader misquotes Ambedkar on untouchability |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Some Hindu priests befriended untouchables and were demoted to low-caste ranks. [[Eknath]], who was an excommunicated Brahmin, fought for the rights of untouchables during the [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti period]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eknath {{!}} Marathi Poet, Bhakti Movement & Maharashtra |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eknath |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
In the late 1880s, the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word 'Dalit' was used by [[Jyotirao Phule]] for the outcasts and Untouchablesuntouchables who were oppressed and broken in the Hindu society.<ref name=Robinson2003>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Rowena |year=2003 |title=Christians of India |pages=193–96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyU4nepW2xQC&pg=PA193 |isbn=0761998225 |publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> ''Dalit'' is a vernacular form of the [[Sanskrit]] दलित (''dalita''). In Classical Sanskrit, this means "divided, split, broken, scattered". This word was repurposed in 19th-century Sanskrit to mean "(a person) not belonging to one of the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]s".<ref>"Dalit, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2016. Web. 23 August 2016.</ref> It was perhaps first used in this sense by [[Pune]]-based social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule]], in the context of the oppression faced by the erstwhile "untouchable" castes from other [[Hindu]]s.<ref name="mendelsohnvicziany">{{cite book|first1=Oliver |last1=Mendelsohn|first2=Marika |last2=Vicziany|author-link2=Marika Vicziany|title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty and the State in Modern India|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FGbp9MjhvKAC |page=4}} |page=4|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55671-2}}</ref> The term ''Dalits'' was in use as a translation for the [[British Raj]]Indian census classification of ''Depressed Classes'' prior to 1935. It was popularised by Ambedkar, himself a Dalit,<ref name="katuwal">{{cite book |editor1-first=Panchanan |editor1-last=Mohanty |editor2-first=Ramesh C. |editor2-last=Malik |editor3-first=Eswarappa |editor3-last=Kasi |title=Ethnographic Discourse of the Other: Conceptual and Methodological Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfUYBwAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-0856-9 |chapter=The Issues and Concerns of Dalit Labourers in Nepal |first=Shyam Bahadur |last=Katuwal |page=114 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of Dalits.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Independent labour party: 19th July (1937) in Dalit History – Dr. Ambedkar took oath as the member of Bombay Legislative Council |url=https://drambedkarbooks.com/tag/independent-labour-party/ |website=drambedkarbooks.com/ |publisher=Dr. Ambedkar Books |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> It covered people who were excluded from the fourfold varna system of Hinduism and thought of themselves as forming a fifth varna, describing themselves as ''Panchama''.<ref>{{cite book |first1=S. |last1=Sagar |first2=V. |last2=Bhargava |chapter=Dalit Women in India: Crafting Narratives of Success |page=22 |title=Resistance in Everyday Life: Constructing Cultural Experiences |editor1-first=Nandita |editor1-last=Chaudhary |editor2-first=Pernille |editor2-last=Hviid |editor3-first=Giuseppina |editor3-last=Marsico |editor4-first=Jakob Waag |editor4-last=Villadsen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyEsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |publisher=Springer |year=2017 |isbn=978-9-81103-581-4 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In the 1970s its use was invigorated when it was adopted by the [[Dalit Panthers]] activist group.<ref name="kaminsky"/>
Socio-legal scholar Oliver Mendelsohn and political economist [[Marika Vicziany]] wrote in 1998 that the term had become "intensely political ... While the use of the term might seem to express appropriate solidarity with the contemporary face of Untouchable politics, there remain major problems in adopting it as a generic term. Although the word is now quite widespread, it still has deep roots in a tradition of political radicalism inspired by the figure of B. R. Ambedkar." They went on to suggest that its use risked erroneously labelling the entire population of untouchables in India as being united by a radical politics.<ref name="mendelsohnvicziany"/> [[Anand Teltumbde]] also detects a trend towards denial of the politicised identity, for example among educated middle-class people who have converted to Buddhism and argue that, as Buddhists, they cannot be Dalits. This may be due to their improved circumstances giving rise to a desire not to be associated with what they perceive to be the demeaning Dalit masses.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dalits: Past, present and future |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |author-link=Anand Teltumbde |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-31552-643-0 |pages=10–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZXgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
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Caste-related violence between Dalit and non-Dalits stems from ongoing prejudice by upper caste members.<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002535.html |title=A 'Broken People' in Booming India |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=20 November 2011 |first=Emily |last=Wax |date=21 June 2007}}</ref> The [[Bhagana, Hisar|Bhagana]] rape case, which arose out of a dispute of allocation of land, is an example of atrocities against Dalit girls and women.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Portrait of the Indian as a Young Dalit Girl |first=Priyanka |last=Dubey |date=10 September 2014 |work=[[Yahoo! News]]/Grist Media |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/a-portrait-of-the-indian-as-a-young-dalit-girl-034726310.html |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021415/https://in.news.yahoo.com/a-portrait-of-the-indian-as-a-young-dalit-girl-034726310.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2015, due to continued alleged discrimination from upper castes of the village, about 100 Dalit inhabitants converted to Islam in a ceremony at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Manvir |last=Saini |title=Dalits from Bhagana convert to Islam |work=The [[Times of India]] |date=9 August 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Dalits-from-Bhagana-convert-to-Islam/articleshow/48408805.cms |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> [[Inter-caste marriage]] has been proposed as a remedy,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/they-were-rivals-but-with-the-same-mission/story-ULAJpafNtjAi2Fg7LvbrEJ.html |title=They were rivals, but with the same mission |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |date=26 October 2014 |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> but according to a 2014 survey of 42,000 households by the New Delhi-based [[National Council of Applied Economic Research]] (NCAER) and the [[University of Maryland]], it was estimated that only 5 per cent of Indian marriages cross caste boundaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=5% of Indian marriages are inter-caste: survey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/data/just-5-per-cent-of-indian-marriages-are-intercaste/article6591502.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=Rukmini |last=S. |date=13 November 2014 |access-date=30 July 2017}}</ref>
AccordingThe tolatest data foravailable 2000 collected byfrom [[National Crime Records Bureau|India's National Crime Records Bureau]], 25,455is crimes against Dalits were committed infrom the year 2000,. theIn latestthat year fora whichtotal theof data25,455 iscrimes onlyagainst available,Dalits were committed; 2 Dalits arewere assaulted every hour, and in each day 3 Dalit women arewere raped every day, 2 Dalits arewere murdered;, and 2 Dalit homes arewere set on fire every day.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2003 |title=India's "Untouchables" Face Violence, Discrimination |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/indias-untouchables-face-violence-discrimination |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220081329/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/indias-untouchables-face-violence-discrimination |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2021 |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=[[National Geographic]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] documented a high number of sexual assaults against Dalit women, which were often committed by landlords, upper-caste villagers, and policemen, according to a study published in 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2001 |title=Sex hell of Dalit women exposed |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/09/lukeharding |access-date=22 April 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> According to the research, only about 5% of assaults are recorded, and policemenpolice dismiss at least 30% of rape reports as false. The study also discovered that copspolice often seek bribes, threaten witnesses, and conceal evidence. Victims of rape have also been killed.<ref name="natgeo" /> There have been reports of Dalits being forced to eat [[human faeces]] and drink [[urine]] by upper caste members and the police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Dalit-tortured-forced-to-eat-human-excreta/articleshow/42926546.cms|title=Dalit tortured, forced to eat human excreta|website=The Times of India|date=19 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/upper-caste-youths-force-dalit-to-eat-excreta-in-tamil-nadu-64965-2010-01-14 |title=Upper caste youths force Dalit to eat excreta in Tamil Nadu |first1=M. C. |last1=Rajan |date=14 January 2010 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/Man-tortured-made-to-drink-urine-by-cops/articleshow/46034793.cms |title=Man tortured, made to drink urine by cops |work=The [[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dalit-youth-assaulted-forced-to-eat-human-faeces-in-up/story-ykZ7xutIhOLiGsQHfRDVBM.html |title=Dalit youth assaulted, forced to eat human faeces in UP |date=25 April 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In September 2015, a 45-year-old dalitDalit woman was allegedly stripped naked and was forced to drink urine by perpetrators in Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Nair 2015">{{cite news |last=Nair |first=Nithya |title=Dalit woman allegedly stripped in Madhya Pradesh, forced to consumed urine |work=India.com |date=2 September 2015 |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/dalit-woman-allegedly-stripped-in-madhya-pradesh-forced-to-consumed-urine-529997/ |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In some parts of India, there have been allegations that Dalit grooms riding horses for wedding ceremonies have been beaten up and [[Ostracism|ostracised]] by upper caste people.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Families-of-2-dalit-grooms-ostracized-for-riding-horse-as-marriage-ritual/articleshow/36788880.cms |title=Families of 2 dalit grooms ostracized for riding horse as marriage ritual |website=The [[Times of India]]|date=19 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dalit groom beaten up in M.P. village for riding a horse |agency=Press Trust of India |date=9 June 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-groom-beaten-up-in-mp-village-for-riding-a-horse/article6096734.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/dalit-wedding-fetes-face-feudal-rage-in-rajasthan/article6207590.ece |title=Dalit wedding fetes face feudal rage in Rajasthan |first=Aarti |last=Dhar |date=14 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In August 2015, upper caste people burned houses and vehicles belonging to Dalit families and slaughtered their livestock in reaction to Dalits daring to hold a [[temple car]] procession at a village in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Temple procession row: TN police nab 75 for torching Dalit houses |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 August 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/temple-procession-row-tn-police-nab-75-for-torching-dalit-houses/ |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sivaraman |first=R. |title=70 held for burning Dalit houses in Villupuram |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 August 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/70-held-for-burning-dalit-houses-in-villupuram/article7548443.ece |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, it was claimed that a [[Jat people|Jat]] [[Khap|Khap Panchayat]] ordered the rape of two Dalit sisters because their brother eloped with a married Jat girl of the same village.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jat leaders in UP village deny ordering rape of Dalit sisters |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 September 2015 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jat-leaders-in-up-village-deny-ordering-rape-of-dalit-sisters/article1-1386379.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903180523/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jat-leaders-in-up-village-deny-ordering-rape-of-dalit-sisters/article1-1386379.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Basu 2015">{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Indrani |title=9 Things You Need To Know About The Khap 'Rape Order' in India |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=8 September 2015 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/08/dalit-girls-india_n_8095322.html |access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Bahuguna 2015">{{cite web |last=Bahuguna |first=Ankush |title=A Khap Panchayat in UP Wants Two Dalit Sisters Raped Because Their Brother Eloped with a Married Woman |website=mensxp.com |date=28 August 2015 |url=http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/27465-a-khap-panchayat-in-up-wants-two-dalit-sisters-raped-because-their-brother-eloped-with-a-married-woman.html |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref> In 2003, the higher caste Muslims in Bihar opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard.<ref name="rediff_burial">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/06bihar.htm |title=Backward Muslims protest denial of burial |first=Anand Mohan |last=Sahay |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=6 March 2003}}</ref> A Dalit activist was killed in 2020 for social media posts criticising Brahmins.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2020 |title='Anti-Brahmin' posts on social media: 5 more held for murder of Dalit lawyer in Kutch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anti-brahmin-posts-on-social-media-5-more-held-for-murder-of-dalit-lawyer-in-kutch-6618523/|access-date=21 December 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A Dalit was killed in 2019 for eating in front of upper-caste men.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2019 |title=The Indian Dalit man killed for eating in front of upper-caste men |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48265387 |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
=== Prevention of Atrocities Act ===
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In 1956, the Dalit jurist [[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]] (1891–1956) launched the [[Dalit Buddhist movement]], leading several mass conversions of Dalits from Hinduism to Buddhism. Ambedkar's Buddhism is a new kind of Buddhism that focuses on [[Engaged Buddhism|social and political engagement]].<ref name="Robinson2003p192">{{cite book |author=Gary Tartakov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNsoAAAAYAAJ |title=Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-566329-7 |editor-first=Rowena |editor-last=Robinson |pages=192–213 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Christopher Queen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-119-14466-3 |editor=Steven M. Emmanuel |pages=524–525 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> About half a million Dalits joined Ambedkar in rejecting Hinduism and challenging its caste system.<ref name="skaria450">{{cite journal |last=Skaria |first=A |year=2015 |title=Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=450–452 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 |doi-access=free}}, Quote: "Here [Navayana Buddhism] there is not only a criticism of religion (most of all, Hinduism, but also prior traditions of Buddhism), but also of secularism, and that criticism is articulated moreover as a religion."</ref><ref name="omvedt2">{{Cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |title=Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste |edition=3rd |location=London/New Delhi/Thousand Oaks |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |date=2003 |pages=2–15, 210–213}}</ref> The movement is centered in [[Maharashtra]], and according to the 2011 census, there were 6.5 million [[Marathi Buddhists]] (mainly Dalit Buddhists) in Maharashtra.<ref name="Census of India 2001">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |url-status=dead |title=Census GIS Household<!-- Bot generated title --> |archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref>
Another Dalit Buddhist leader and reformer was Pandit [[Iyothee Thass]], founder of the Sakya Buddhist Society of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Teltumbde2016p57">{{cite book |first=Anand |last=Teltumbde |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIlDwAAQBAJ |title=Dalits: Past, Present and Future |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-52644-7 |pages=57–59 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The Scheduled Castes Order (Amendment) Act, 1990 granted reservation to Dalit Buddhists and recognized their SC status.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://wwwbooks.google.co.incom/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Secularism/vC6hDQAAQBAJ?hlid=en&gbpv=0vC6hDQAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19998845-7|editor-first=John |editor-last=Shook |pages=224 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
=== Sikhism ===
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=== National Dalit-led political parties in India ===
[[File:Dileep bsp.jpg|thumb|Dalit leaders at Bahujan Samaj Party head office]]
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], a national political party as per [[Election Commission of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Recognized National Parties |website=Election Commission of India |date=25 October 2021 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/261-recognized-national-parties/ |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Azad Samaj Party]]
* [[Dalit League]]
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[[Bhangi|Balmikis]] and [[Pasi (caste)|Pasis]] in the 1990s boycotted the BSP, claiming it was a [[Chamar|Jatav]] party.{{sfn|Jain|2005|p = 322}} <ref name="Vij 2009"/>
Many converted Dalit Sikhs claim a superior status over the Hindu [[Regar|Raigar]]s, [[Chamar|Joatia Chamar]]s and Ravidasis and sometimes refuse to intermarry with them.{{sfn|Jain|2005|p = 306}} They are divided into [[gotras]] that regulate their marriage alliances. In Andhra Pradesh, [[Mala (caste)|Mala]] and [[Madiga]] were constantly in conflict with each other<ref>{{cite book |first=Anderson H. M. |last=Jeremiah |title=Community and Worldview Among Paraiyars of South India: 'Lived' Religion |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3Q1MAQAAQBAJ}} |date=14 May 2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-7881-7}}</ref> but as of 2015 Mala and Madiga students work for common dalit cause at Universityuniversity level.<ref name="Henry 2015">{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Nikhila |title=The rising rage against in-campus policing |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 September 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-rising-rage-against-incampus-policing/article7619761.ece |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>
Although the [[Khateek]] (butchers) are generally viewed as a higher caste than Bhangis, the latter refuses to offer cleaning services to Khateeks, believing that their profession renders them unclean. They also consider the Balai, Dholi and Mogya as unclean and do not associate with them.<ref name="Shyamlal1992">{{cite book |last=Shyamlal |title=The Bhangi: A Sweeper Caste, Its Socio-economic Portraits: with Special Reference to Jodhpur City |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DUsxDMyv3fcC |page=25}} |page=25 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-550-6}}</ref>
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* [https://www.getbengal.com/home/story_detail/is-there-dalit-literature-in-bangla Is there ‘Dalit’ literature in Bangla?]
{{Caste in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
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