Demographics of Europe: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is a legitimate description when the title is already adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Short description|Population, age, religion, etc., of Europe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
[[File:European countries by population (2020-20222023).svg | thumb|upright=1.5 | Map of the European countries by population in 2021/22 (includes transcontinental countries)2023
<{{br/>}}
{{Legend|#501628|More than 100 million}}
{{Legend|#78213D78213d|Between 5030 and 100 million}}
{{Legend|#A42D53a42d53|Between 1510 and 5030 million}}
{{Legend|#CC4771cc4771|Between 103 and 1510 million}}
{{Legend|#D87393d87393|Between 51 and 103 million}}
{{Legend|#E9AFC1e9afc1|Between 10.3 and 51 million}}
{{Legend|#F4D7E0f4d7e0|Less than 10.3 million}}]]
{{Legend|#C0C0C0|Not included}}]]
[[File:Demographics of Europe.svg | thumb|upright=1.5 | [[Population growth]] in 2021]]
Line 22 ⟶ 21:
{{further|World population estimates#By world region}}
{{see also|Classical demography|Demography of the Roman Empire|Medieval demography}}
=== Prehistory ===
Approximately 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] about 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=November 2005 |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1656–1668 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1656B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440305001159 |last1=Bocquet-Appel |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Demars |first2=Pierre-Yves |last3=Noiret |first3=Lorette |last4=Dobrowsky |first4=Dmitry }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |date=22 June 2015 |volume=112 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503784112 |doi-access=free |last1=Tallavaara |first1=Miikka |last2=Luoto |first2=Miska |last3=Korhonen |first3=Natalia |last4=Järvinen |first4=Heikki |last5=Seppä |first5=Heikki |issue=27 |pages=8232–8237 |pmid=26100880 |pmc=4500234 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8232T }}</ref>
According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived in Europe in 3000 BC.<ref>{{cite news |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2021 |work=National Geographic |date=August 2019}}</ref>
According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived in [[Neolithic Europe]] in 3000 BC.<ref>{{cite news |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2021 |work=National Geographic |date=August 2019}}</ref>
According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE which increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Johannes |url= |title=Paradigm Found: Archaeological Theory – Present, Past and Future. Essays in Honour of Evžen Neustupný |date= |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78297-770-4 |chapter=EIGHT MILLION NEOLITHIC EUROPEANS: SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SCOPE OF CHANGE – FROM THE NEAR EAST TO SCANDINAVIA |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/eight-million-neolithic-europeans-social-demography-and-social-archaeology-on-th |archive-date=2024-01-03}}</ref>
According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE which increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Johannes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |title=Paradigm Found: Archaeological Theory – Present, Past and Future. Essays in Honour of Evžen Neustupný |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78297-770-4 |chapter=EIGHT MILLION NEOLITHIC EUROPEANS: SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SCOPE OF CHANGE – FROM THE NEAR EAST TO SCANDINAVIA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dpc1 |jstor=j.ctvh1dpc1 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103192135/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=3 January 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
Estimates for historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "[[former USSR]]") based on Maddison (2007),<ref>Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</ref> in millions, with estimated percentage of [[world population]]:
Line 62 ⟶ 63:
|}
=== Past populations of Europe in modern statenational boundariesborders, AD 1–2020 ===
Source: Maddison and others (University of Groningen)<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|date=27 July 2016 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Population by year (in thousands)
Line 80 ⟶ 78:
! scope="col" |1950
! scope="col" |1973
! scope="col" |1998<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
! scope="col" |2020
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Austria|Austria]]
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/1/www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|access-date=27 July 2016 }}</ref>
|{{val|500}}
|{{val|700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,369}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,520}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,767}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,935}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,586}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,078}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,901}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Belgium|Belgium]]
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|14001,400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16001,600}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20002,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|34243,424}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|50965,096}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|76667,666}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|86408,640}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|97389,738}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1019710,197}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1149311,493}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Denmark|Denmark]]
|{{val|180}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|360}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|600}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|650}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,155}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,888}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,983}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,269}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,022}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,303}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,823}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Finland|Finland]]
|{{val|20}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|40}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,169}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,754}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,027}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,009}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,666}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,153}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,536}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of France|France]]
|{{val|5,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|18,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|21,471}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|31,246}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|38,440}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|41,463}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|41,836}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|52,118}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|58,805}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|67,287}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Germany|Germany]]
|{{val|3,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|24,905}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|39,231}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|65,058}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|68,371}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|78,956}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|82,029}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|83,191}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Italy|Italy]]
|{{val|7,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,176}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|27,888}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|37,248}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|47,105}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|54,751}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|57,592}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|59,258}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|950}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,900}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,355}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,615}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,164}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,114}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|13,438}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15,700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|17,425}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Norway|Norway]]
|{{val|100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|970}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,735}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,447}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,265}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,961}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,432}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,368}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Sweden|Sweden]]
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|400}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|550}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|760}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,260}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,585}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,164}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,621}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,015}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,137}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,851}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,379}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|650}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,829}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,664}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,864}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,694}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,441}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,130}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,667}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,942}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,170}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,565}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|21,226}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|31,393}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|45,649}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|50,363}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|56,223}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|59,237}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|67,886}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Portugal|Portugal]]
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|600}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3,297}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,353}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,004}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,512}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,634}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|9,968}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,305}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Spain|Spain]]
|{{val|45004,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|40004,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|68006,800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|82408,240}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|87708,770}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1220312,203}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1620116,201}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2026320,263}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2786827,868}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3481034,810}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3937139,371}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4743148,692}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Greece|Greece]]
|{{val|20002,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10001,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10001,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15001,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15001,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|23122,312}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
|{{val|75547,554}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|89298,929}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1083510,835}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1068910,689}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| 13 small countries
|{{val|100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|113}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|276}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|358}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|394}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|657}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|}}
|{{val|}}
Line 308 ⟶ 306:
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Total Western Europe
|{{val|2470024,700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2541325,413}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5726857,268}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7377873,778}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8146081,460}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|132888132,888}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|187532187,532}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|261007261,007}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|305060305,060}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|358390358,390}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|388399388,399}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|419639419,639}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Albania|Albania]]
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|437}}
||||
|{{val|12151,215}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|22962,296}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|31083,108}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|28782,878}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12501,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12501,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|21872,187}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||
|{{val|42004,200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|72517,251}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|86218,621}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|82578,257}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|69176,917}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]
|{{val|10001,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12501,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|30003,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|45004,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|45004,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|71907,190}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||
|{{val|}}
|{{val|1239312,393}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1456314,563}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1568615,686}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1636616,366}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of the Czech Republic|- Czech Rep.]]
Line 371 ⟶ 369:
||
|
|{{val|10,221}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|8,930}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,295}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,702}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Slovakia|- Slovakia]]
Line 385 ⟶ 383:
||
|{{val|}}
|{{val|34633,463}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|46424,642}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|53915,391}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|54605,460}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Hungary|Hungary]]
|{{val|300}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12501,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12501,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|15001,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|45714,571}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|||
|{{val|93389,338}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1043210,432}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1023710,237}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|97709,770}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Poland|Poland]]
|{{val|450}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1,200}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10,426}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|||
|{{val|25,753}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|33,363}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|38,666}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|38,268}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Romania|Romania]]
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|6,389}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||
|{{val|7,360}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,311}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,828}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|22,503}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|19,266}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
!scope="row"| [[demographics of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
|{{val|15001,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|17501,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|22502,250}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|27502,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|27502,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|52155,215}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
||||
|{{val|1657816,578}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|2108821,088}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|
|
Line 446 ⟶ 444:
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Eastern Europe
|{{val|47504,750}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|65006,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1350013,500}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1695016,950}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|1880018,800}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3641536,415}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5218252,182}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7960479,604}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|139428139,428}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|173037173,037}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|164513164,513}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|151529151,529}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Former USSR
|{{val|3,900}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|7,100}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|16,950}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|20,700}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|26,550}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|54,765}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|88,672}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|156,192}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|180,050}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|249,748}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|290,866}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|299,173}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| [[Demographics of Russia|- Russia]]
Line 483 ⟶ 481:
|
|
|{{val|102833102,833}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|132434132,434}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|147671147,671}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|146171146,171}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| [[Demographics of Ukraine|- Ukraine]]
Line 496 ⟶ 494:
|
|
|{{val|3114231,142}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|3690536,905}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4827448,274}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|5037050,370}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|4190241,902}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| World
|{{val|230820230,820}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|268273268,273}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|437818437,818}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|555828555,828}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|603410603,410}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|10410921,04,1092}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|12700141,270,014}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|17910201,791,020}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|25245312,524,531}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|39134823,913,482}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|59076805,907,680}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|{{val|78000007,800,000}}<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+(%) Percentages of world population, by year<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|-
! scope="col" |Country/region
Line 535 ⟶ 533:
|-
!scope="row"| Austria
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.5
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|
|-
!scope="row"| Belgium
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|
|-
!scope="row"| Denmark
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|
|-
!scope="row"| Finland
|0.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.0
|0.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.0
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|
|-
!scope="row"| France
|2.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.2
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4
|3.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.4
|3.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.3
|3.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.6
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0
|2.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.3
|1.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.7
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3
|1.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.0
|
|-
!scope="row"| Germany
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3
|2.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.7
|2.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.9
|2.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.5
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4
|3.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.1
|3.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.6
|2.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.7
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4
|
|-
!scope="row"| Italy
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4
|2.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.2
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9
|2.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.2
|2.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.1
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4
|1.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.0
|
|-
!scope="row"| Netherlands
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|
|-
!scope="row"| Norway
|0.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.0
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|
|-
!scope="row"| Sweden
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|
|-
!scope="row"| Switzerland
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.1
|
|-
!scope="row"| United Kingdom
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.7
|0.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.9
|1.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.1
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0
|2.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.5
|2.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.5
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0
|1.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.4
|1.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.0
|
|-
!scope="row"| Portugal
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|0.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.2
|
|-
!scope="row"| Spain
|1.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.9
|1.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.5
|1.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.6
|1.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.5
|1.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.5
|1.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.2
|1.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.3
|1.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.1
|1.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.1
|0.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.9
|0.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.7
|
|-
!scope="row"| Other
|0.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.9
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.5
|0.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.4
|0.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|0.3
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Total Western Europe
|10.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|10.7
|9.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|9.5
|13.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.1
|13.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.3
|13.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.5
|12.8<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|12.8
|14.8<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.8
|14.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.6
|12.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|12.1
|9.2<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|9.2
|6.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|6.6
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Eastern Europe
|2.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.1
|2.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.4
|3.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.1
|3.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.0
|3.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.1
|3.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.5
|4.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.1
|4.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.4
|3.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.5
|2.8<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.8
|2.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.0
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Former USSR
|1.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|1.7
|2.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|2.6
|3.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.9
|3.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|3.7
|4.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.4
|5.3<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|5.3
|7.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|7.0
|8.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|8.7
|7.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|7.1
|6.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|6.4
|4.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|4.9
|
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| Total Europe
|14.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.5
|14.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|14.5
|20.1<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|20.1
|20.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|20.0
|21.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|21.0
|21.6<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|21.6
|25.9<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|25.9
|27.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|27.7
|22.7<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|22.7
|18.4<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|18.4
|13.5<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|13.5
|9.8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/europe-population/|title=Europe Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info}}</ref>
|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"
!scope="row"| World
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|100.0<ref name="ggdc.net"/>
|}
Line 824 ⟶ 822:
330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916.<ref>{{cite book|year=1916|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=John C. Winston Company|editor=Charles Morris|title=Winston's Cumulative ...: Encyclopedia; a Comprehensive Reference Book, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNFAAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> In 1950 there were 549,000,000.<ref name="UNPP 2012" /> The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the [[United Nations]],<ref name="UNPP 2012">{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/|title=World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision|publisher=UN – Department of Economic and Social Affairs|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> which was slightly less than 11% of the [[world population]]. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of [[Europe]]. The population of the [[European Union]] (EU) was 509 million as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Eurostat: Population on 1 January|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref> Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entirety<ref>Population in million: [[Albania]] 2.9, [[Belarus]] 9.5, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] 3.5, [[Iceland]] 0.3, [[Moldova]] 4.1, [[North Macedonia]] 2.1, [[Norway]] 5.2, [[Serbia]] and [[Kosovo]] 8.9, [[Switzerland]] 8.3, [[Ukraine]] 44.7.</ref> account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countries<ref>Population in million: [[Armenia]] 2.9, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 4.0, [[Kazakhstan]] 17.8, [[Russia]] 144, [[Turkey]] 78.3.</ref> have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.
As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate.<ref name="UNPP 2012" /> (The decline in the [[percentage]] is partly due to high [[fertility rate]]s in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a single [[ethnic group]] to a [[multiculturalism|multicultural society]]. These trends can change [[society|societies']] [[economy|economies]] as well as their [[political system|political]] and social [[institution]]s. {{how|date=August 2021}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
==Vital statistics==
Line 1,714 ⟶ 1,712:
{{further|List of European countries by life expectancy}}
{{update|Population by country: Several censuses have been taken, starting with Albania, with vastly different/lower population numbers;Serbia, Netherlands (15 August 2024 18 mill. inh.);etc., etc.|date=August 2024}}
{{update|date=April 2023}}
According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of [[Central Europe]], the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.
Line 2,084 ⟶ 2,082:
Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of [[secularization]]. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 [[Eurobarometer]] survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer.<ref name="eurobarometer 2010">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204 |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}</ref> The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the [[British Humanist Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/campaigns/census-2011 |title=Census 2011 |publisher=Humanism.org.uk |date=2012-09-17 |access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20677321 |title=BBC News – At-a-glance: Census 2011 findings |publisher=BBC |date=2012-12-11 |access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref>
Despite its decline, [[Christianity]] is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2014-01-19 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061838/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/ |title=The Global Religious Landscape: Christians |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2012-12-18 |access-date=2014-01-19}}</ref> [[Catholics]] were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.<ref name="Christianity in Europe">[http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx Christianity in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104153842/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx |date=4 January 2012 }}, excluding the Asian part of Russia, including the European part of Turkey</ref> The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]], who made up 32% of European Christians.<ref name="Christianity in Europe"/> And about 19% of European Christians were part of the [[Protestant]] tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms the [[Christianity by country|world's largest Christian population]].<ref name="Survey1">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),<ref name="ReligiousDemography2017">{{cite book|title=Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017| first1=Gina|last1=Zurlo| first2=Vegard |last2=Skirbekk| first3=Brian |last3=Grim|year=2019| isbn=9789004346307| page=85|publisher=BRILL}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity| first1=Joseph|last1=Ogbonnaya|year=2017| isbn=9781443891592| pages=2–4|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}}</ref> these changes were largely result of the [[collapse of Communism]] and [[convert to Christianity|switching to Christianity]] in the former Soviet Union and [[Eastern Bloc]] countries.<ref name="ReligiousDemography2017"/>
According to a 2003 study,<ref>[[Mattei Dogan|Dogan, Mattei]], ''Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline'', 2003</ref> 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "[[Post-Christian]] Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in [[Belgium]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Finland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]]) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012, [[atheists]] and [[agnostics]] make up about 18.2% of the European population.<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated"/> According to the same survey the [[Irreligion|religiously unaffiliated]] make up the majority of the population only in two [[Europe]]an countries: [[Czech Republic]] (75%) and [[Estonia]] (60%).<ref name="Religiously Unaffiliated">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|date=18 December 2012|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730043126/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
According to another survey about Religiosity in the [[European Union]] from 2012 by Eurobarometer, [[Christianity]] was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population), [[Catholics]] were with 48% the largest [[Christians|Christian]] group in the Union, [[Protestant]]s made up 12%, [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |journal=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=European Union |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Agnostic|non-believers/agnostics]] accounted for 16%, [[atheists]] accounted for 7% and [[Muslims]] accounted for 2%.<ref>{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |location=[[European Union]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }} The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.</ref>
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{{Main|Ethnic groups in Europe}}
{{Further|White people|Immigration to Europe}}
Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "'''peoples of Europe'''", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute [[ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]]. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia)<ref>Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,''Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen'' (2002). [http://www.living-diversity.eu/Introduction.html Living-diversity.eumissing], English translation 2004.</ref>
The largest ethnic groups are the [[Russians]], with 117 million, and the [[Germans]], with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of [[nationality]] may controversially take on [[ethnicity|ethnic]] aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as [[Scottish people|Scots]], [[Welsh people|Welsh]], [[Cornish people|Cornish]], [[Northern Irish]], [[Breton people|Bretons]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], and [[Basque people|Basques]], making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.
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[[File:Rectified_Languages_of_Europe_map.png | thumb|upright=1.5 | Map of Europe showing the major languages]]
Most of the languages of Europe belong to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]]. This family is divided into a number of branches, including [[Romance languages|Romance]], [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]], [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Celtic language|Celtic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]. The [[Uralic languages]], which include [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]], [[Mordvin language|Mordvin]] and [[Sami language|Sami]] also have a significant presence in Europe. The [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] family also has several European members, while the [[North Caucasian languages|North Caucasian]] and [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] families which include [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The [[Basque language]] of the western [[Pyrenees]] is an [[language isolate|isolate]] unrelated to any other group, while [[Maltese language|Maltese]] is the only [[Semitic language]] in Europe with national language status, although [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]/[[Syriac language|Syriac]] are spoken by migrant populations. The [[Kalmyk language]], is ana [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]], spoken in [[Kalmykia]], located directly north of the [[North Caucasus]] in [[Eastern Europe]]. The most spoken language of Europe is [[Russian language|Russian]], which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.
Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as [[Catalan language|Catalan]] and [[Basque language|Basque]] in Spain, [[Frisisn langusge|Frisian]] in the [[Netherlands]], as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Manx language|Manx]] and [[Scottish Gaelic]] in the United Kingdom, and [[Romansch language|Romansch]] in [[Switzerland]].
== Genetic origins ==
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[[File:Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg | thumb|upright=1.5 | Bronze Age spread of [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|Steppe pastoralist]] ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]].]]
''[[Homo sapiens]]'' appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the [[Cro-Magnon]]s, followed by European hunter-gatherers and [[Early European Farmers]] (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]] who migrated west after the advent of the [[Neolithic revolutionRevolution]].<ref>''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', s.v. "Europe : The people".</ref>
=== Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA ===
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=== Population structure ===
A study in May 2009<ref name="PLOS-Nelis">{{cite journal |last1=Nelis |first1=Mari |last2=Esko |first2=Tõnu |last3=Mägi |first3=Reedik |last4=Zimprich |first4=Fritz |last5=Zimprich |first5=Alexander |last6=Toncheva |first6=Draga |last7=Karachanak |first7=Sena |last8=Piskáčková |first8=Tereza |last9=Balaščák |first9=Ivan |last10=Peltonen |first10=Leena <!--and 35 others--> |display-authors=5 |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 May 2009 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5472 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |pmid=19424496 |language=en |issn=1932-6203|pmc=2675054 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N }}</ref> that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:
* [[Finland]]
* the [[Baltic states]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]), western [[Russia]] and [[Poland]]