Deng Xiaoping: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Chinese communist leader (1904–1997)}}

<!-- This article uses footnote surname clarification. Do NOT add {{family name hatnote}} here. -->

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| native_name = {{nobold|邓小平}}

| native_name_lang = zh-Hans-CN

| image = Deng Xiaoping at the arrival ceremony for the Vice Premier of China (cropped).jpg

| caption = Deng during [[Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States|a visit to the U.S.United States]] in 1979

| office = Chairman of the [[Central Advisory Commission]]

| 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|General Secretary}}

Line 14 ⟶ 13:

* Jiang Zemin

}}

| deputy1 = {{plainlistflatlist|

* [[Ye Jianying]]

* Zhao Ziyang

Line 25 ⟶ 24:

| predecessor1 = [[Hua Guofeng]]

| successor1 = [[Jiang Zemin]]

| term2 = {{longitem|'''State Commission''': {{avoid wrap|{{nowrap|6 June 1983}} – {{snd}}{{nowrap|19 March 1990}}}}}}

| predecessor2 = ''Office established''

| successor2 = [[Jiang Zemin]]

| office1 = [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]]

| 1blankname = {{nowrap|General Secretary}}

| 1namedata = {{plainlistflatlist|

* [[Hu Yaobang]]

* Zhao Ziyang (acting)
}}

| president = [[Li Xiannian]]

| premier = [[Zhao Ziyang]]

| deputy = {{plainlistflatlist|

* [[Bo Yibo]]

* [[Xu Shiyou]]

Line 41:

* [[Li Weihan]]

* [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]]

* [[Song Renqiong]]
}}

| term_start = 13 September 1982

| term_end = 2 November 1987

Line 52 ⟶ 53:

| predecessor3 = [[Zhou Enlai]] (until 1976)

| successor3 = [[Deng Yingchao]]

{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional positions}}

| office4 = [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretary-General of the Central Secretariat]]

| term_start4 = 13 September 1956

| term_end4 = 25 March 1967

| 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Party Chairman}}

| 1namedata4 = [[Mao Zedong]]

| predecessor4 = ''Office established''

| successor4 = Hu Yaobang (from 1980)

| office5 = [[Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army|Chief of the General Staff of the {{nowrap|People's Liberation Army}}]]

| term_start5 = 5 January 1975

| term_end5 = 7 April 1976

| predecessor5 = [[Huang Yongsheng]] (until 1971)

| successor5 = ''Himself'' (from 1977)

| term_start6 = 7 July 1977

| term_end6 = 2 March 1980

| predecessor6 = ''Himself'' (until 1977)

| successor6 = [[Yang Dezhi]]

| office7 = [[Minister of Finance (China)|Minister of Finance]]

| term_start7 = 18 September 1953

| term_end7 = 19 June 1954

| premier7 = Zhou Enlai

| predecessor7 = Bo Yibo

| successor7 = Li Xiannian

{{Collapsed infobox section end}}

| birth_name = Deng Xiansheng

| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|08|22|df=y}}

| birth_place = [[Guang'an]], [[Sichuan]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]

| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|2|19|1904|8|22|df=y}}

| death_place = [[Beijing]], China

| party = [[Chinese Communist Party|CCP]] (from 1924)

| spouse = {{plainlist|

* {{marriage|Zhang Xiyuan ({{lang|zh|张锡瑗}})|1928|1929|end=d}}

* {{marriage|{{ill|v=ib|Jin Weiying|lt=Jin Weiying (|zh|金维映)}} ({{lang|zh|金维映}})|1931|1939}}

* {{marriage|[[Zhuo Lin]] (卓琳)|1939}}}}

| children = 6, including:{{plainlistflatlist|

*6, including:

* [[Deng Pufang]]

* [[Deng Nan]]

* [[Deng Rong]]
}}

| relatives = [[Deng Zhuodi]] (grandson)

| allegiancebranch = China =

| branch = {{tree list}}

* [[Chinese Red Army]]

* [[Eighth Route Army]]

* [[People's Liberation Army]]

| serviceyears = {{indented1929–1952, plainlist|1975–1980▼

{{tree list/end}}

▲| serviceyears = {{indented plainlist|

*1929–1952 (in the {{enum|Chinese Red Army|Eighth Route Army|{{abbr|PLA|People's Liberation Army}}}})

*1975–1980 (in the PLA)}}

| rank = {{indented plainlist|

* [[Political Commissar]] {{nwr|(1929–1952)}}

* [[Chief of the General Staff]] {{nwr|(1975–1976, 1977–1980)}}

* Chairman, Central Military Commission of China}}

| unit = {{indented plainlist|

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* Eighth Route Army

* [[Second Field Army]]

* [[People's Liberation Army General Staff Department]]
}}

| battles = {{indented plainlist|

* [[Chinese Civil War]]

* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
}}

| mawards =

| signature = Signature of Deng Xiaoping 19840126.svg

| footnotes = {{collapsibleInfobox listChinese|child=yes

| s = {{linktext|邓|小|平}}▼

| titlestyle = background-color:#FCF; text-align:center;

| t = {{linktext|鄧|小|平}}▼

| title = Central institution membership

| p = Dèng Xiǎopíng▼

| bullets = on

| order = st▼

| 1975–1976, 1977–1987: [[10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|10th]], [[11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|11th]], [[12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|12th]] [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]]

}} <div style="text-align: center;">'''[[Paramount leader|Paramount Leader of<br />the People's Republic]] of China]]'''<br />▼

| 1956–1967: [[8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|8th]] Politburo Standing Committee

| 1975–1976, 1977–1987: 10th, 11th, 12th [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]]

| 1956–1967: 8th Politburo

| 1945–1967, 1973–1976, 1977–1987: [[7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|7th]], [[8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|8th]], [[10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|10th]], [[11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|11th]], [[12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|12th]] [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Central Committee]]

| 1954–1967, 1973–1976, 1977–1989: 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]]

| 1978–1997: [[5th National People's Congress|5th]], [[6th National People's Congress|6th]], [[7th National People's Congress|7th]], [[8th National People's Congress]]

| 1959–1964: [[2nd National People's Congress]]

}}

----

{{collapsible list

|titlestyle = background-color:#FCF; text-align:center;

|title = Other political offices held

|bullets = on

| 1977–1982: [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Vice Chairman]], Central Committee

| 1977–1980: 1st-ranked [[Vice Premier of China|Vice Premier]]

| 1975–1976: Vice Chairman, Central Committee

| 1975–1976: 1st-ranked Vice Premier

| 1973–1975: Vice Premier

| 1964–1965: Head, [[Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party|Organization Department]]

| 1954–1967: Vice Premier

| 1953–1954: Director, Office of Communications

}}

----

{{collapsible list

|titlestyle = background-color:#FCF; text-align:center;

|title = Military offices held

|bullets = on

| 1977–1981: Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission

| 1975–1976: Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission

| 1954–1967: Vice Chairman, [[National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China|National Defense Commission]]

}}

▲<div style="text-align: center;">'''[[Paramount leader|Paramount Leader of<br />the People's Republic of China]]'''<br />

{{flatlist|

* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Hua Guofeng]]

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}}

</div>

| website = {{URL|http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/|cpc.people.com.cn}}

{{Infobox Chinese|child=yes

▲| s = {{linktext|邓|小|平}}

▲| t = {{linktext|鄧|小|平}}

▲| p = Dèng Xiǎopíng

▲| order = st

}}

}}

'''Deng Xiaoping''' ({{zh|s=邓小平}};{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|ŋ|_|ʃ|aʊ|ˈ|p|ɪ|ŋ}}, {{IPAc-en|alsoUK|ˈ|d|ɛ|ŋ|_|-|,_|-|_|ˈ|s|j|aʊ|p|ɪ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite webdictionary |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |websitedictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031146/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019}} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-03-08 |title=Deng Xiaoping |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Teng Hsiao-p'ing |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> {{lang-zh|s=邓小平|t=|p=Dèng Xiǎopíng}}; also [[Romanization of Chinese|romanised]] traditionally as '''Teng Hsiao-p'ing''';<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1976 |title=Mao's last hurrah: the campaign against Teng Hsiao-Ping |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413100236/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2021 |websitepublisher=[[CIA]]}}</ref> born '''Xiansheng''' ({{lang|zh|先圣}}). {{Family name explanation|[[Deng (Chinese surname)|Deng]]|lang=Chinese}}}}; 22 August 1904 – {{snd}}19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary, politician, and statesman. He served as the [[paramount leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) from 1978 to 1989. After [[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|the death]] of [[Mao Zedong]] in 1976, Deng rose to power and led China through a period of [[Reform and Opening Up]] that transformed itsChina's economy into a [[socialist market economy]]. DengHe is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to [[socialism with Chinese characteristics]] and [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]].<ref>{{citeCite webnews |last=Faison |first=Seth |date=20 February 1997 |title=Deng Xiaoping is Dead at 92; Architect of Modern China |url=https://www.oxfordreferencenytimes.com/display1997/1002/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.1093html |url-status=live |archive-url=https:/oi/authorityweb.archive.org/web/20170123203613/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.20110803095710190html |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Deng Xiaoping: Architect of modern China |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623152008/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html |archive-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Vogel|2011}}{{pn|date=September 2024}}

BornDeng was born in [[Sichuan]] nearduring the endfinal years of the [[Qing dynasty]],; Denghe studiedfirst became interested in France[[Marxism-Leninism]] in the 1920s, wherewhile hestudying became interestedabroad in [[Marxism-Leninism]]France. HeIn 1924, he joined the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP), intraveled 1924to andMoscow studiedto incontinue Moscowhis studies, and beforesubsequently returningreturned to China, where he became a [[political commissar]] in the Red Army. Deng playedwas a key rolemember of CCP leadership during the [[Chinese Civil War]], andexemplified wasby athe prominentpart figurehe played in the Communists' survival during the [[Long March]]. He later helped to lead the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) to victory in the civil war, andincluding participating in the PLA's capture of [[Nanjing]].

After the foundingproclamation of the PRC in October 1949, Deng held several key regional roles, eventually rising to a central position in the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] during the 1950s. As [[Vice Premier of China]] and [[Secretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party]] under Mao Zedong, Deng presided over economic reconstruction efforts. Deng played a significant role in the [[Anti-Rightist Campaign]], which persecuted intellectuals and critics of the Communist PartyCCP. The campaign led to the persecution of an estimated 550,000 people, including writers and political activists, and is viewed as a key event in solidifying his support for Mao's hardline policies at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=The Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200180001-9.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200180001-9.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> He fell out of favor during the [[Cultural Revolution]] due to his preference for pragmatic, market-oriented policies. He was twice purged twice by Mao, but after Mao's death, Deng emerged as the paramount leader by outmaneuvering his rivals.

Upon coming to power, Deng began a massive overhaul of China's infrastructure and political system. Due to the institutional disorder and political turmoil from the [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|Mao era]], he and his allies launched the ''[[Boluan Fanzheng]]'' program which sought to restore order by rehabilitating veteran CCP leadership as well as millions of people who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. He also initiated a [[Reform and opening up|reform and opening up]] program that introduced elements of market capitalism to the Chinese economy by designating [[Special economic zones of China|special economic zones]] throughout the country. In August 1980, Deng embarked on a [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|series of political reforms]], setting constitutional term limits for state officials and other systematic revisions, which were incorporated in [[1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China|the country's fourth constitution]]. Deng later championed a [[one-child policy]] to deal with China's perceived [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation crisis]], helped establish China's [[Compulsory education#China|nine-year compulsory education]], and oversaw the launch of the [[863 Program]] to promote science and technology. The reforms carried out by Deng and his allies gradually led China away from a [[command economy]] and [[Maoism|Maoist dogma]], opened it up to foreign investments and technology, and introduced its vast labor force to the [[Globalization in China|global market]]—thereby transforming China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

Deng and his allies launched the ''[[Boluan Fanzheng]]'' program which sought to restore order after the Cultural Revolution, rehabilitating tens of millions of people who were persecuted during Mao's era. Deng was also credited for initiating the "[[Reform and Opening Up]]" of mainland China, which introduced market elements and foreign investment into China's economy, the institution of [[Compulsory education#China|nine years of compulsory education]] for all Chinese citizens and the establishment of the [[863 Program]] to stimulate science and technology, all of which transformed China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies. [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|A parallel set of political reforms]] were also introduced, including a revised [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|China's Constitution]] that imposed presidential term limit. On the other hand, Deng played a central role in shaping China's foreign relations, normalizing ties with the United States in 1979 and proposing the [[One Country, Two Systems]] model for the return of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].

During the course of his leadership, Deng was named the [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] for 1978 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 1979 |title=Man of the Year: Teng Hsiao-p'ing: Visions of a New China |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419041030/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 January 1986 |title=Man of the Year: Deng Xiaoping |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202013/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 April 2021 |magazine=Time}}</ref> Despite his contributions to China's modernization, Deng's legacy is also marked by controversy. He ordered the military crackdown on the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], which ended his political reforms and remains a subject of global criticism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wu |first=Wei |date=4 June 2015-06-04 |title=Why China's Political Reforms Failed |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413104706/https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/ |archive-date=2023-04-13 April 2023 |access-date=3 May 2020-05-03 |website=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref> The [[one-child policy]] introduced in Deng's era also drew criticism. Nonetheless, his policies laid the foundation for China's emergence as a major global power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==

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Mao feared that the [[reformist]] economic policies of Deng and Liu could lead to restoration of capitalism and end the Chinese Revolution.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news |last=Minqi Li |date=December 2008 |title=Socialism, capitalism, and class struggle: The Political economy of Modern china |work=Economic & Political Weekly}}</ref> For this and other reasons, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, during which Deng fell out of favor and was forced to retire from all his positions.

During the Cultural Revolution, he and his family were targeted by [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]], who imprisoned Deng's eldest son, Deng Pufang. Deng Pufang was tortured and jumped out, or was thrown out, of the window of a four-story building in 1968, becoming a [[paraplegic]]. In October 1969 Deng Xiaoping was sent to the Xinjian County Tractor Factory in rural Jiangxi province to work as a regular worker.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shambaugh |first=David |date=1993 |title=Deng Xiaoping: The Politician |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/654098 |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=135 |issue=135 |pages=457–490 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000013874 |issn=0305-7410 |jstor=654098 |s2cid=154440131 |access-date=23 February 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/654098 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|466}} In his four years there,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2004 |title=Film makers flock to tractor factory to shoot Deng's stories |publisher=News Guandong |url=http://www.newsgd.com/specials/deng100thbirthanniversary/newspictures/200407280046.htm |url-status=live |access-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917215515/http://www.newsgd.com/specials/deng100thbirthanniversary/newspictures/200407280046.htm |archive-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> Deng spent his spare time writing. He was purged nationally, but to a lesser scale than President [[Liu Shaoqi]].

In 1971, Mao's second official successor and the sole Vice Chairman of the party, [[Lin Biao]], [[Lin Biao incident|was killed in an air crash]]. According to official reports, Lin was trying to flee from China after a failed coup against Mao. Mao purged all of Lin's allies, who made up nearly all of the senior ranks of the PLA, leaving Deng (who had been political commissar of the 2nd Field Army during the civil war) the most influential of the remaining army leaders.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In the time that followed, Deng wrote to Mao twice to say that he had learned a lesson from the Lin Biao incident, admitted that he had "capitalist trends" and did not "hold high the great banner of Mao Zedong Thought", and expressed the hope that he could work for the Party to make up for his mistakes.<ref name="Yan1996">{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Jiaqi |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824865313/html |title=Turbulent decade : a history of the cultural revolution |date=1996 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=9780824865313 |editor-last=Kwok |editor-first=Daniel W. Y. |location=[[Honolulu]] |doi=10.1515/9780824865313 |author-link=Yan Jiaqi |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>{{rp|454}} Premier Zhou Enlai was Mao's third successor but he fell ill with cancer and made Deng his choice as successor. In February 1973, Deng returned to Beijing, after Zhou brought him back from exile in order for Deng to focus on reconstructing the Chinese economy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341 |title=The Story of China: A portrait of a civilisation and its people |date=3 September 2020 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK |isbn=978-1-4711-7600-5 |pages=341 |quote=In 1973, Premier Zhou Enlai had brought Deng back to Beijing from exile to focus on reconstructing the Chinese economy. |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180611/https://books.google.com/books?id=wrueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Yan1996" />{{rp|455}} Zhou was also able to convince Mao to bring Deng back into politics in October 1974 as [[Vice Premier of China|First Vice-Premier]], in practice running daily affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title=Deng Xiaoping: The Man who Made Modern China |date=27 October 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-467-0 |pages=201 |quote=A major confrontation erupted on 4 October 1974 when Mao agreed, on the advice of Zhou Enlai, that Deng should be appointed first deputy premier of the State Council. |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180612/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBGMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> He remained careful, however, to avoid contradicting Maoist ideology on paper. In January 1975, he was additionally elected Vice Chairman of the party by the [[10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|10th Central Committee]] for the first time in his party career; [[Li Desheng]] had to resign in his favour. Deng was one of five Vice Chairmen, with Zhou being the First Vice Chairman.

[[File:Gerald and Betty Ford meet with Deng Xiaoping, 1975 A7598-20A.jpg|thumb|Deng Xiaoping (centre) with US president [[Gerald Ford]] (left), 1975]]

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During his paramount leadership, his official state positions were [[Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] from 1978 to 1983 and [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] (an ''ad hoc'' body comprising the most senior members of the party elite) of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1990, while his official party positions were [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] from 1977 to 1982, Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party from 1981 to 1989 and Chairman of the [[Central Advisory Commission]] from 1982 to 1987. He was offered the rank of General First Class in 1988 when the PLA restored military ranks, but as in 1955, he once again declined. Even after retiring from the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]] in 1987 and the Central Military Commission in 1989, Deng continued to exert influence over China's policies until his death in 1997.

Important decisions were always taken in Deng's home at No. 11 Miliangku Hutong with a caucus of eight senior party cadres, called "[[Eight Elders]]", especially with [[Chen Yun]] and Li Xiannian.<ref>{{cite web |title=百年老胡同米粮库中的那些名人"住客" |url=https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47QrNuQyRVf |website=visitbeijing.com |publisher=Beijing Tourism Network |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430003858/https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47QrNuQyRVf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="家庭园艺师"邓小平 |url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0907/c69113-30278378.html |website=people.com |publisher=People's Daily |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830004907/http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0907/c69113-30278378.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite Deng's recognition as paramount leader, in practice these elders governed China as a small collective leadership.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book |last=Ang |first=Yuen Yuen |url= |title=How China Escaped the Poverty Trap |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5017-0020-0 |doi= |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j |author-link=Yuen Yuen Ang}}</ref>{{Rp|page=78}} Deng ruled as "paramount leader" although he never held the top title of the party, and was able to successively remove three party leaders, including Hu Yaobang.<ref name="scmp20120420xiang">Xiang, Lanxin (20 April 2012). "Bo Xilai probe shows up China's outdated system of government". ''South China Morning Post''</ref> Deng stepped down from the Central Committee and its Politburo Standing Committee. However, he remained as the chairman of the State and Party's Central Military Commission and was still seen as the paramount leader of China rather than General Secretary [[Zhao Ziyang]] and Presidents Li Xiannian and [[Yang Shangkun]].

=== Boluan Fanzheng ===

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=== International affairs ===

[[File:Visit of Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping to Johnson Space Center - GPN-2002-000077.jpg|thumb|left|Deng Xiaoping (left) and his wife Zhuo Lin (right) are briefed by [[Johnson Space Center]] director [[Christopher C. Kraft]] (extreme right)]]Deng prioritized China's modernization and opening up to the outside world, stating that China's "strategy in foreign affairs is to seek a peaceful environment" for the [[Four Modernizations]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=9 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref> Under Deng's leadership, China opened up to the outside world, to learn from more advanced countries.<ref name=":2" /> Deng developed the principle that in foreign affairs, China should keep a low-profile and bide its time.<ref name=":2" /> He continued to seek an independent position between the United States and the Soviet Union.<ref name=":2" /> Although Deng retained control over key national security decisions, he also delegated power to bureaucrats in routine matters, ratifying consensus decisions and stepping in if a bureaucratic consensus could not be reached.<ref name=":2" /> In contrast to the Mao-era, Deng involved more parties in foreign policy decision-making, decentralizing the foreign policy bureaucracy.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=175–176 |oclc=1331741429 |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |url-status=live }}</ref> This decentralized approach led to consideration of a number of interests and views, but also fragmentation of policy institutions and extensive bargaining between different bureaucratic units during the policy-making process.<ref name=":04" />

In November 1978, after the country had stabilized following political turmoil, Deng visited [[Bangkok]], Kuala Lumpur and Singapore and met with Singapore's Prime Minister [[Lee Kuan Yew]]. Deng was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge. [[Lee Kuan Yew]], on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, advice that according to Lee, Deng later followed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2005 |title=MFA, Singapore Press Release |url=http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press_print.asp?post_id=1538 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193654/http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/press/view_press_print.asp?post_id=1538 |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=App.mfa.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>Lee Kuan Yew, ''From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000, Volume 2'', (HarperCollins: 2000), pp. 595–603</ref> In late 1978, the aerospace company [[Boeing]] announced the sale of [[Boeing 747|747 aircraft]] to various airlines in the PRC, and the beverage company [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] made public their intention to open a production plant in Shanghai.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

On 1 January 1979, the United States recognized the People's Republic of China, leaving the (Taiwan) Republic of China's nationalist government to one side, and business contacts between China and the West began to grow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States announces that it will recognize communist China {{!}} December 15, 1978 {{!}} HISTORY |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205211107/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-announces-that-it-will-recognize-communist-china |archive-date=December 5, December 2023 |access-date=January 15, January 2024 |website=HISTORY}}</ref>

In early 1979, Deng undertook an [[1979 visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States|official visit to the United States]], meeting President Jimmy Carter in Washington as well as several Congressmen. The Chinese insisted that former President [[Richard Nixon]] be invited to the formal White House reception, a symbolic indication of their assertiveness on the one hand, and their desire to continue with the Nixon initiatives on the other. As part of the discussions with Carter, Deng sought United States approval for China's contemplated invasion of Vietnam in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War|Sino-Vietnamese war]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1346366969 |title=The Dragon Roars Back Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford |pages=56 |oclc=1346366969}}</ref> According to United States National Security Advisor [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], Carter reserved judgment, an action which Chinese diplomats interpreted as tacit approval, and China launched the invasion shortly after Deng's return.<ref name=":33" />

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Deng responded to the Western sanctions following the Tiananmen Square protests by adopting the "twenty-four character guidelines" for China's international affairs: observe carefully (冷静观察), secure China's positions (稳住阵脚), calmly cope with the challenges (沉着应付), hide China's capacities and bide its time (韬光养晦), be good at maintaining a low profile (善于守拙), and never claim leadership (绝不当头).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |location=Stanford, California |pages=62 |oclc=1332788951}}</ref>

The end of the Cold War and [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] removed the original motives underlying rapprochement between China and the United States.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152 |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |date=2022 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2 |pages=51 |doi=10.1515/9781503634152 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413153307/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503634152/html |url-status=live }}</ref> Deng was motivated by concerns that the United States might curtail support for China's modernization, and adopted a low-profile foreign policy to live with the fact of United States hegemony and focus primarily on domestic development.<ref name=":7" /> In this period of its foreign policy, China focused on building good relations with its neighbors and actively participating in multi-lateral institutions.<ref name=":7" /> As academic [[Suisheng Zhao]] writes in evaluating Deng's foreign policy legacy, "Deng's developmental diplomacy helped create a favorable external environment for China's rise in the twenty-first century. His hand-picked successors, Jiang Zemin and [[Hu Jintao]], faithfully followed his course."<ref name=":7" />

In 1990 when he met Canadian Prime Minister [[Pierre Trudeau]] he stated "The key principle governing the new international order should be noninterference in other countries’ internal affairs and social systems. It won't work to require all the countries in the world to copy the patterns set by the United States, Britain and France."<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Foreign Policy Under Xi |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=115}}</ref> Deng championed the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".<ref>{{cite book |title=Comparative Development of India & China Economic, Technological, Sectoral & Socio-cultural Insights |date=2020 |publisher=SAGE Publications |page=372}}</ref>

=== Reform and Opening-up ===

{{Main|Chinese economic reform}}At the outset of China's reform and opening up, Deng set out the [[Four Cardinal Principles]] that had to be maintained in the process: (1) the leadership of the Communist Party, (2) the socialist road, (3) Marxism, and (4) the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |title=The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages=136 |oclc=1331741429 |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306101710/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429 |url-status=live }}</ref> Overall, reform proceeded gradually, with Deng delegating specific issues to proteges such as Hu Yaobang or Zhao Ziyang, who in turn addressed them under the guiding principle of "seeking truth from facts" - meaning that the correctness of an approach had to be gauged by its economic results.<ref name=":26" /> Deng described reform and opening up as a "large scale experiment" requiring thorough "experimentation in practice" instead of textbook knowledge.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Heilmann |first=Sebastian |url= |title=Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise |date=2018 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |isbn=978-962-996-827-4 |author-link=Sebastian Heilmann}}</ref>{{Rp|page=65}}

==== Four modernizations ====

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However, in sharp contrast to the similar, but much less successful reforms in the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] and the [[People's Republic of Hungary]], these investments were not government mandated. The capital invested in heavy industry largely came from the banking system, and most of that capital came from consumer deposits. One of the first items of the Deng reforms was to prevent reallocation of profits except through taxation or through the banking system; hence, the reallocation in state-owned industries was somewhat indirect, thus making them more or less independent from government interference. In short, Deng's reforms sparked an industrial revolution in China.<ref>FlorCruz, Jaime (19 December 2008) [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/18/china.reform.florcruz/index.html "Looking back over China's last 30 years"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230717/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/18/china.reform.florcruz/index.html|date=20 March 2018}} ''CNN''</ref>

These reforms were a reversal of the Maoist policy of economic self-reliance. China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. In October 1978, to exchange the instruments of ratification for the "Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China", Deng Xiaoping visited Japan for the first time and was warmly received by Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda and others. Deng Xiaoping was only Vice Premier during the time of his meetings with Japanese officials, but the Japanese government received Deng as the effective paramount leader of China due to his long history with the CCP, nonetheless. Deng was deemed the first Chinese leader to receive an audience in addition to Japanese Emperor Showa. A news article from NHK Japan in 1978 reported that Deng diplomatically stated "we talked about our past, but His Majesty's focus on building a better future is something I noticed." Deng’s statement suggests the new era of China’s political reform through foreign economic diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=NHK JAPAN |title=鄧小平副首相 天皇皇后両陛下と会見 |url=https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/movies/?id=D0009170072_00000 |website=NHK JAPAN |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314235114/https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/movies/?id=D0009170072_00000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China is an ongoing pact between the two nations to this day. Article 1 of the treaty describes mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, and mutual non-interference in internal affairs. Article 2 proclaims anti-hegemony. Article 3 discusses the further development of economic and cultural relations between the two countries, and Article 4 addresses the relationship of this treaty with third countries. Although it took six years from the restoration of diplomatic relations for the peace treaty negotiations to be concluded as the "anti-hegemony" clause and the "third country" clause were considered the most contentious, the agreement still informs much of contemporary Sino-Japanese relations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Chae-Jin |title=The Making of the Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1979 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=420–445 |doi=10.2307/2757656 |jstor=2757656 }}</ref> By participating in such export-led growth, China was able to step up the Four Modernizations by attaining certain foreign funds, market, advanced technologies and management experiences, thus accelerating its economic development. From 1980, Deng attracted foreign companies to a series of [[Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China|Special Economic Zones]], where foreign investment and market liberalization were encouraged.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stoltenberg |first=Clyde D. |date=1984 |title=China's Special Economic Zones: Their Development and Prospects |journal=Asian Survey |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=637–654 |doi=10.2307/2644396 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2644396}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Frank |date=21 April 2017 |title=China's New Special Economic Zone Evokes Memories Of Shenzhen |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/04/21/chinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322005508/https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/04/21/chinas-new-special-economic-zone-evokes-memories-of-shenzhen/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=22 March 2019 |website=Forbes}}</ref>

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Officially, Deng decided to retire from top positions when he stepped down as Chairman of the [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]] in November 1989 and his successor Jiang Zemin became the new [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]] and [[paramount leader]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Faison |first=Seth |date=20 February 1997 |title=Deng Xiaoping Is Dead at 92; Architect of Modern China |language=en-US |page=A1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123203613/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html |archive-date=23 January 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |date=19 December 2018 |title=Analysis {{!}} 40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China—and the world |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> China, however, was still in the ''era of Deng Xiaoping''. He continued to be widely regarded as the ''de facto'' leader of the country, believed to have backroom control despite no official position apart from being chairman of the Chinese [[Contract bridge|Contract Bridge]] Association,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/party_elders.stm How China is ruled] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/02/china_party_congress/china_ruling_party/how_china_is_ruled/html/party_elders.stm |date=11 September 2017}}, BBC 2003.</ref> and appointed [[Hu Jintao]] as Jiang's successor at the [[14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|14th Party Congress]] in 1992.{{according to whom|date=August 2020}} Deng was recognized officially as "the chief architect of China's economic reforms and China's socialist modernization". To the Communist Party, he was believed to have set a good example for communist cadres who refused to retire at old age. He broke earlier conventions of holding offices for life. He was often referred to as simply ''Comrade Xiaoping'', with no title attached.

Because of the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], Deng's power had been significantly weakened and there was a growing formalist faction opposed to Deng's reforms within the Communist Party. To reassert his economic agenda, in the spring of 1992, Deng made a tour of southern China, visiting [[Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen]], [[Zhuhai]] and spending the New Year in Shanghai, using his travels as a method of reasserting his economic policy after his retirement from office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=2 June 2014 |title=This 1989 speech is one of China's most important |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/5772016/this-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727204832/https://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/5772016/this-1989-speech-is-one-of-the-most-important-in-chinas-history-and |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=27 July 2019 |website=Vox}}</ref><ref name="SuishengZhao">{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |author-link=Suisheng Zhao |date=1993 |title=Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: Elite Politics in Post-Tiananmen China |journal=Asian Survey |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=739–756 |doi=10.2307/2645086 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2645086}}</ref> The 1992 Southern Tour is widely regarded as a critical point in the [[History of the People's Republic of China|modern history of China]], as it saved the [[Chinese economic reform]] and preserved the stability of the society.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour |url=http://chinaconnectu.com/wp-content/pdf/DengXiaopingsSouthernTour.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517044420/http://chinaconnectu.com/wp-content/pdf/DengXiaopingsSouthernTour.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=Berkshire Publishing Group LLC}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Damien |date=23 January 2012 |title=After 20 Years of 'Peaceful Evolution,' China Faces Another Historic Moment |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/after-20-years-of-peaceful-evolution-china-faces-another-historic-moment/251764/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816112722/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/after-20-years-of-peaceful-evolution-china-faces-another-historic-moment/251764/ |archive-date=16 August 2019 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title='How my father's speeches saved Chinese economic reform': Deng Xiaoping's daughter pays tribute |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1578453/how-my-fathers-speeches-saved-chinese-economic-reform-deng-xiaopings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081210/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1578453/how-my-fathers-speeches-saved-chinese-economic-reform-deng-xiaopings |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=1 May 2020 |website=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news |date=18 December 2008 |title=The great pragmatist: Deng Xiaoping |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/18/globaleconomy-economics |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502094413/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/dec/18/globaleconomy-economics |archive-date=2 May 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |date=1993 |title=Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour: Elite Politics in Post-Tiananmen China |journal=Asian Survey |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=739–756 |doi=10.2307/2645086 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2645086}}</ref> Deng's health deteriorated drastically sinceafter 1994. In January 1995, Deng's daughter told the press that "A year ago, he could walk for 30 minutes twice a day, but now he cannot walk … He needs two people to support him."<ref name="Tampa Bay Times 1995 k697">{{cite web | title=Health of China's Deng worsens | website=Tampa Bay Times | date=14 Jan 1995 | url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/01/14/health-of-china-s-deng-worsens/?outputType=amp | access-date=30 Nov 2023 | archive-date=2 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202170359/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/01/14/health-of-china-s-deng-worsens/?outputType=amp | url-status=live }}</ref> It was also reported that Parkinson's experts were sent to Beijing to help him in 1995.<ref name="South China Morning Post 1995 b711">{{cite web | title=Parkinson's experts sent to help Deng | website=South China Morning Post | date=26 Jan 1995 | url=https://www.scmp.com/article/104772/parkinsons-experts-sent-help-deng | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130174822/https://www.scmp.com/article/104772/parkinsons-experts-sent-help-deng | archive-date=30 Nov 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=30 Nov 2023}}</ref>

== Death ==

{{Main|Death and state funeral of Deng Xiaoping}}

[[File:Deng Funeral.jpg|thumb|Deng Xiaoping's ashes lie in state in Beijing whose banner reads "Memorial Service of Comrade Deng Xiaoping", February 1997]]

Deng died on 19 February 1997 at 9:08&nbsp;p.m. Beijing time, aged 92 from a lung infection and [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hsü |first=Immanuel C.Y. |title=The Rise of Modern China |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195125047 |edition=6th |location=New York |page=974 |author-link=Immanuel C. Y. Hsu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping, leader of China's economic reforms, dies |url=https://apnews.com/c47e171cfed30e65e724dd709474c8fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026221211/https://apnews.com/c47e171cfed30e65e724dd709474c8fa |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> The public was largely prepared for his death, as there had been rumors that his health was deteriorating. At 10:00 on the morning of 24 February, people were asked by Premier [[Li Peng]] to pause in silence for three minutes. The nation's flags flew at [[half-mast]] for over a week. The nationally televised funeral, which was a simple and relatively private affair attended by the country's leaders and Deng's family, was broadcast on all cable channels. After the funeral, his organs were donated to medical research, the remains were cremated at [[Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery]], and his ashes were subsequently scattered at sea, according to his wishes. For the next two weeks, Chinese state media ran news stories and documentaries related to Deng's life and death, with the regular 19:00 ''[[Xinwen Lianbo|National News]]'' program in the evening lasting almost two hours over the regular broadcast time.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

Deng's successor, Jiang Zemin, maintained Deng's [[Deng Xiaoping Theory|political and economic philosophies]]. Deng was eulogized as a "great Marxist, great Proletarian Revolutionary, statesman, military strategist, and diplomat; one of the main leaders of the Chinese Communist Party, the [[People's Liberation Army]] of China, and the People's Republic of China; the great architect of China's socialist opening-up and modernized construction; the founder of [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]]".<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/24/china.deng/ CNN: China officially mourns Deng Xiaoping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021119122614/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/24/china.deng/ |date=19 November 2002 }} 24 February 1997</ref> Some elements, notably modern Maoists and radical reformers (the far left and the far right), had negative views, however. In the following year, songs like "[[Story of Spring]]" by [[Dong Wenhua]], which were created in Deng's honour shortly after Deng's southern tour in 1992, once again were widely played.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

Deng's death drew international reaction. UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] said Deng was to be remembered "in the international community at large as a primary architect of China's modernization and dramatic economic development". French President [[Jacques Chirac]] said "In the course of this century, few men have, as much as Deng, led a vast human community through such profound and determining changes"; British Prime Minister [[John Major]] commented about Deng's key role in the return of Hong Kong to Chinese control; Canadian Prime Minister [[Jean Chrétien]] called Deng a "pivotal figure" in Chinese history. The [[Kuomintang]] chair in Taiwan also sent its condolences, saying it longed for peace, cooperation, and prosperity. The [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] voiced regret that Deng died without resolving questions over Tibet.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/19/deng.world.reax/index.html CNN:World leaders praise Deng's economic legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816133436/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9702/19/deng.world.reax/index.html |date=16 August 2007 }} 24 February 1997</ref>