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'''Deng Xiaoping''' ({{zh|s=邓小平}}{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|ŋ|_|ʃ|aʊ|ˈ|p|ɪ|ŋ}}, {{IPAc-en|alsoUK|ˈ|d|ɛ|ŋ|_|-|,_|-|_|ˈ|s|j|aʊ|p|ɪ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031146/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019}} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-03-08 |title=Deng Xiaoping |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Teng Hsiao-p'ing |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> {{lang-zh|s=邓小平|t=|p=Dèng Xiǎopíng}}; also [[Romanization of Chinese|romanised]] traditionally as '''Teng Hsiao-p'ing''';<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1976 |title=Mao's last hurrah: the campaign against Teng Hsiao-Ping |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413100236/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2021 |website=[[CIA]]}}</ref> born '''Xiansheng''' ({{lang|zh|先圣}}). {{Family name explanation|[[Deng (Chinese surname)|Deng]]|lang=Chinese}}}}; 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary, politician, and statesman. whoHe served as the [[paramount leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989. After [[Chinesethe Communist Party]] (CCP) [[Chairmandeath of the Chinese Communist Party|chairman]] [[Mao Zedong]]'s [[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|death in 1976]], Deng rose to power and led China through itsa processperiod of [[Reform and Opening Up]] andthat thetransformed developmentits ofeconomy theinto country'sa [[socialist market economy]]. Deng developedis awidely reputationregarded as the "Architect of Modern China" andfor his ideological contributions to [[socialism with Chinese characteristics]] are described asand [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095710190 | title=Deng Xiaoping }}</ref>
Born in [[Sichuan]] near the end of the [[Qing dynasty]], Deng wentstudied toin France in 1921the on1920s, a [[Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement|work-study program]] that placed students in factory jobs; seeing working conditionswhere he became attractedinterested toin [[Marxism–Leninism|the theoriesMarxism-Leninism]]. ofHe joined the [[VladimirChinese LeninCommunist Party]], and(CCP) in 1924 heand joinedstudied thein CCP.Moscow Inbefore early 1926, Deng travelledreturning to MoscowChina, towhere studyhe political science, becomingbecame a [[political commissar|commissar]] forin the [[Chinese Red Army|Red Army]] upon his return to China. Near the end of 1929, Deng ledplayed locala Redkey Army uprisings in [[Guangxi]]. In 1931, he was demoted within because of his support for Mao, but was again promotedrole during the [[ZunyiChinese ConferenceCivil War]]. Dengand was ana importantprominent figure throughout the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1949), including duringin the [[Long March]] (1934–1935) and in fighting against [[Second Sino-Japanese War|the Japanese]] (1937–1945). He, [[Liulater Bocheng]]helped and [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]] ledlead the newly formed [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) intoto victory in the formercivil [[Kuomintang]]war capitaland the capture of [[Nanjing]] during the final stretch of the civil war.
FollowingAfter the proclamationfounding of the People'sPRC Republic of China on 1 Octoberin 1949, Deng servedheld inseveral [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] and southwestern China as thekey regional party chief where he worked to consolidate the party's control. In 1952roles, heeventually returnedrising to Beijing and held a central position in the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] during the 1950s. As the[[Vice party'sPremier of China]] and [[SecretariatSecretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretary-General]] under Chairman Mao Zedong, andDeng [[Vicepresided Premierover ofeconomic China|Vicereconstruction Premier]]efforts. underDeng Premierplayed [[Zhoua Enlai]]significant duringrole in the 1950s, Deng presided over Mao's [[Anti-Rightist Campaign]], which persecuted intellectuals and becamecritics instrumentalof inthe China'sCommunist [[SevenParty. ThousandThe Cadrescampaign Conference|economicled reconstruction]] followingto the [[Greatpersecution Leapof Forward]]an (1958–1960).estimated However550,000 hispeople, right-leaningincluding writers and political activists, and economicis stancesviewed eventuallyas causeda himkey toevent fallin outsolidifying ofhis favorsupport withfor Mao,'s andhardline hepolicies wasat the targettime.<ref>{{Cite ofweb purges|date=May twice2006 during|title=The theAnti-Rightist [[CulturalCampaign Revolution]]of (1966–1976)1957 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200180001-9.pdf Following|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200180001-9.pdf Mao's|archive-date=8 deathMay in2019}}</ref> SeptemberHe 1976,fell Dengout outmaneuveredof Mao'sfavor chosenduring successorthe [[HuaCultural GuofengRevolution]], anddue becameto China'shis [[paramountpragmatic, leader]]market-oriented duringpolicies. theHe [[3rdwas Plenarytwice Sessionpurged ofby theMao, 11thbut Centralafter CommitteeMao's ofdeath, theDeng Chineseemerged Communist Party|3rd Plenary Session ofas the 11thparamount Centralleader Committee]]by inoutmaneuvering Decemberhis 1978rivals.
Deng launched significant economic reforms, introducing market elements and foreign investment into China's economy. His [[Reform and Opening Up]] policies helped transform China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies. In addition, Deng initiated political reforms, including constitutional term limits and the [[one-child policy]]. Deng also played a central role in shaping China's foreign relations, normalizing ties with the United States in 1979 and proposing the [[One Country, Two Systems]] model for the return of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].
Upon coming to power, Deng began a massive overhaul of China's infrastructure and political system. Because of the institutional disorder and political turmoil from the later [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|Mao-era]], he and his allies launched the ''[[Boluan Fanzheng]]'' program which sought to restore order by rehabilitating veteran CCP leadership as well as millions of people who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. He also initiated a [[Reform and opening up|Reform and Opening-up]] program that introduced elements of market capitalism to the Chinese economy by designating [[Special economic zones of China|special economic zones]] throughout the country. In August 1980, Deng embarked on a [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|series of political reforms]], setting constitutional [[term limit]]s for state officials and other systematic revisions, which were incorporated in [[1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China|the country's fourth constitution]]. Deng later championed a [[one-child policy]] to deal with China's perceived [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation crisis]], helped establish China's [[Compulsory education#China|nine-year compulsory education]], and oversaw the launch of the [[863 Program]] to promote science and technology. The reforms carried out by Deng and his allies gradually led China away from a [[command economy]] and [[Maoism|Maoist dogma]], opened it up to foreign investments and technology, and introduced its vast labor force to the [[Globalization in China|global market]] thereby transforming China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
Despite his contributions to China's modernization, Deng's legacy is also marked by controversy. He ordered the military crackdown on the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], which remains a subject of global criticism. Nonetheless, his policies laid the foundation for China's emergence as a major global power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>
Still embroiled in the [[Sino-Soviet split]] that began during the 1960s, Deng's China fought a one-month [[Sino-Vietnamese War|war with Vietnam]]. On 1 January 1979, the PRC [[China–United States relations|officially established diplomatic relations]] with the United States after years of prelude, and Deng became the [[Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States|first paramount leader of China to visit the US]]. In the 1980s, Deng also proposed the [[One Country, Two Systems]] principle for the governance of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], as well as the future unification with [[Taiwan]].
Despite never holding office as either the PRC's [[List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China|head of state]] or [[List of premiers of the People's Republic of China|head of government]] nor as the Communist Party's [[Leader of the Chinese Communist Party|leader]], Deng is generally viewed as the "[[Leadership core|core]]" of the [[Generations of Chinese leadership|CCP's second-generation leadership]], a status enshrined within [[Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party|the party's constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the Communist Party of China |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/download/Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026032331/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/download/Constitution_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |publisher=[[Xinhuanet]]}}</ref> During the course of his leadership, he was named the [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] for 1978 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 1979 |title=Man of the Year: Teng Hsiao-p'ing: Visions of a New China |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419041030/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 January 1986 |title=Man of the Year: Deng Xiaoping |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202013/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Under Deng's leadership, his protégés [[Hu Yaobang]] and [[Zhao Ziyang]] were leader of the party and head of government respectively, but both were later ousted from power. However, by November 1989, Deng ultimately stepped down from all his official positions in the wake of [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests|the protests in Tiananmen Square]].
Deng and his chosen successors [[Jiang Zemin]] and [[Hu Jintao]] significantly contributed to China becoming the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2010 |title=China overtakes Japan as world's second-largest economy |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/aug/16/china-overtakes-japan-second-largest-economy1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612191236/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/aug/16/china-overtakes-japan-second-largest-economy1 |archive-date=12 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barboza |first=David |date=16 August 2010 |title=China Passes Japan as Second-Largest Economy |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/business/global/16yuan.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411041855/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/business/global/16yuan.html |archive-date=11 April 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He was praised for his reaffirmation of the reform program in his [[Deng Xiaoping's Southern Tour|Southern Tour of 1992]] as well as the [[Handover of Hong Kong|reversion of Hong Kong to Chinese control]] in 1997 and the [[Handover of Macau|return of Macau]] in 1999. Nevertheless, he was criticized for ordering a military crackdown in response to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests as well as the important role he played during the [[Anti-Rightist Campaign]].
== Early life and family ==
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