Deng Xiaoping: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox officeholder

| native_name = {{nobold|邓小平}}

| native_name_lang = zh~~-Hans-CN~~

| image = Deng Xiaoping at the arrival ceremony for the Vice Premier of China (cropped).jpg

| caption = Deng during [[Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States|a visit to the ~~U.S.~~United States]] in 1979

| office = Chairman of the [[Central Advisory Commission]]

| 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|General Secretary}}

Line 14 ⟶ 13:

* Jiang Zemin

}}

| deputy1 = {{~~plainlist~~flatlist|

* [[Ye Jianying]]

* Zhao Ziyang

Line 25 ⟶ 24:

| predecessor1 = [[Hua Guofeng]]

| successor1 = [[Jiang Zemin]]

| term2 = {{longitem|'''State Commission''': {{avoid wrap|{{nowrap|6 June 1983}} – {{snd}}{{nowrap|19 March 1990}}}}}}

| predecessor2 = ''Office established''

| successor2 = [[Jiang Zemin]]

| office1 = [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)|Chairman of the Central Military Commission]]

| 1blankname = {{nowrap|General Secretary}}

| 1namedata = {{~~plainlist~~flatlist|

* [[Hu Yaobang]]

* Zhao Ziyang (acting)
}}

| president = [[Li Xiannian]]

| premier = [[Zhao Ziyang]]

| deputy = {{~~plainlist~~flatlist|

* [[Bo Yibo]]

* [[Xu Shiyou]]

Line 41:

* [[Li Weihan]]

* [[Wang Zhen (general)|Wang Zhen]]

* [[Song Renqiong]]
}}

| term_start = 13 September 1982

| term_end = 2 November 1987

Line 52 ⟶ 53:

| predecessor3 = [[Zhou Enlai]] (until 1976)

| successor3 = [[Deng Yingchao]]

~~{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional positions}}~~

~~| office4 = [[Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party|Secretary-General of the Central Secretariat]]~~

~~| term_start4 = 13 September 1956~~

~~| term_end4 = 25 March 1967~~

~~| 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Party Chairman}}~~

~~| 1namedata4 = [[Mao Zedong]]~~

~~| predecessor4 = ''Office established''~~

~~| successor4 = Hu Yaobang (from 1980)~~

~~| office5 = [[Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army|Chief of the General Staff of the {{nowrap|People's Liberation Army}}]]~~

~~| term_start5 = 5 January 1975~~

~~| term_end5 = 7 April 1976~~

~~| predecessor5 = [[Huang Yongsheng]] (until 1971)~~

~~| successor5 = ''Himself'' (from 1977)~~

~~| term_start6 = 7 July 1977~~

~~| term_end6 = 2 March 1980~~

~~| predecessor6 = ''Himself'' (until 1977)~~

~~| successor6 = [[Yang Dezhi]]~~

~~| office7 = [[Minister of Finance (China)|Minister of Finance]]~~

~~| term_start7 = 18 September 1953~~

~~| term_end7 = 19 June 1954~~

~~| premier7 = Zhou Enlai~~

~~| predecessor7 = Bo Yibo~~

~~| successor7 = Li Xiannian~~

~~{{Collapsed infobox section end}}~~

| birth_name = Deng Xiansheng

| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|08|22|df=y}}

| birth_place = [[Guang'an]], [[Sichuan]], [[Qing dynasty~~|Qing China~~]]

| death_date = {{death date and age|1997|2|19|1904|8|22|df=y}}

| death_place = [[Beijing]], China

| party = [[Chinese Communist Party~~|CCP~~]] (from 1924)

| spouse = {{plainlist|

* {{marriage|Zhang Xiyuan ({{lang|zh|张锡瑗}})|1928|1929|end=d}}

* {{marriage|{{ill|v=ib|Jin Weiying|lt=Jin Weiying (|zh|金维映)}} ({{lang|zh|金维映}})|1931|1939}}

* {{marriage|[[Zhuo Lin]] ~~(卓琳)~~|1939}}}}

| children = 6, including:{{~~plainlist~~flatlist|

*6, including:

* [[Deng Pufang]]

* [[Deng Nan]]

* [[Deng Rong]]
}}

| relatives = [[Deng Zhuodi]] (grandson)

| ~~allegiance~~branch = ~~China~~ =

~~| branch = {{tree list}}~~

* [[Chinese Red Army]]

* [[Eighth Route Army]]

* [[People's Liberation Army]]

| serviceyears = ~~{{indented~~1929–1952, ~~plainlist|~~1975–1980▼

~~{{tree list/end}}~~

▲| serviceyears = {{indented plainlist|

*1929–1952 (in the {{enum|Chinese Red Army|Eighth Route Army|{{abbr|PLA|People's Liberation Army}}}})

*1975–1980 (in the PLA)}}

| rank = {{indented plainlist|

* [[Political Commissar]] {{nwr|(1929–1952)}}

* [[Chief of the General Staff]] {{nwr|(1975–1976, 1977–1980)}}

* Chairman, Central Military Commission of China}}

| unit = {{indented plainlist|

Line 109 ⟶ 82:

* Eighth Route Army

* [[Second Field Army]]

* [[People's Liberation Army General Staff Department]]
}}

| battles = {{indented plainlist|

* [[Chinese Civil War]]

* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
}}

~~| mawards =~~

| signature = Signature of Deng Xiaoping 19840126.svg

| footnotes = {{~~collapsible~~Infobox ~~list~~Chinese|child=yes

| s = {{linktext|邓|小|平}}▼

~~| titlestyle = background-color:#FCF; text-align:center;~~

| t = {{linktext|鄧|小|平}}▼

~~| title = Central institution membership~~

| p = Dèng Xiǎopíng▼

~~| bullets = on~~

| order = st▼

| 1975–1976, 1977–1987: [[10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|10th]], [[11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|11th]], [[12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|12th]] [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee]]

}} <div style="text-align: center;">'''[[Paramount leader~~|Paramount Leader of<br />the People's Republic~~]] of China]]'''~~<br />~~▼

~~| 1956–1967: [[8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|8th]] Politburo Standing Committee~~

~~| 1975–1976, 1977–1987: 10th, 11th, 12th [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]]~~

~~| 1956–1967: 8th Politburo~~

| 1945–1967, 1973–1976, 1977–1987: [[7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|7th]], [[8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|8th]], [[10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|10th]], [[11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|11th]], [[12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|12th]] [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Central Committee]]

~~| 1954–1967, 1973–1976, 1977–1989: 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th [[Central Military Commission (China)|Central Military Commission]]~~

~~| 1978–1997: [[5th National People's Congress|5th]], [[6th National People's Congress|6th]], [[7th National People's Congress|7th]], [[8th National People's Congress]]~~

~~| 1959–1964: [[2nd National People's Congress]]~~

}}

~~----~~

~~{{collapsible list~~

~~|titlestyle = background-color:#FCF; text-align:center;~~

~~|title = Other political offices held~~

~~|bullets = on~~

~~| 1977–1982: [[Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Vice Chairman]], Central Committee~~

~~| 1977–1980: 1st-ranked [[Vice Premier of China|Vice Premier]]~~

~~| 1975–1976: Vice Chairman, Central Committee~~

~~| 1975–1976: 1st-ranked Vice Premier~~

~~| 1973–1975: Vice Premier~~

~~| 1964–1965: Head, [[Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party|Organization Department]]~~

~~| 1954–1967: Vice Premier~~

~~| 1953–1954: Director, Office of Communications~~

}}

~~----~~

~~{{collapsible list~~

~~|titlestyle = background-color:#FCF; text-align:center;~~

~~|title = Military offices held~~

~~|bullets = on~~

~~| 1977–1981: Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission~~

~~| 1975–1976: Vice Chairman, Central Military Commission~~

~~| 1954–1967: Vice Chairman, [[National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China|National Defense Commission]]~~

}}

▲<div style="text-align: center;">'''[[Paramount leader|Paramount Leader of<br />the People's Republic of China]]'''<br />

{{flatlist|

* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Hua Guofeng]]

Line 157 ⟶ 100:

}}

</div>

| website = {{URL|http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/69112/69113/|cpc.people.com.cn}}

~~{{Infobox Chinese|child=yes~~

▲| s = {{linktext|邓|小|平}}

▲| t = {{linktext|鄧|小|平}}

▲| p = Dèng Xiǎopíng

▲| order = st

}}

'''Deng Xiaoping''' ({{zh|s=邓小平}}{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|ŋ|_|ʃ|aʊ|ˈ|p|ɪ|ŋ}}, {{IPAc-en|alsoUK|ˈ|d|ɛ|ŋ|_|-|,_|-|_|ˈ|s|j|aʊ|p|ɪ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/deng-xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deng Xiaoping |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604031146/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/deng_xiaoping |archive-date=4 June 2019}} (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308000000/http://www.lexico.com/definition/Deng+Xiaoping |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-03-08 |title=Deng Xiaoping |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Teng Hsiao-p'ing |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> {{~~lang-~~zh|s=邓小平|t=|p=Dèng Xiǎopíng}}; also [[Romanization of Chinese|romanised]] ~~traditionally~~ as '''Teng Hsiao-p'ing''';<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1976 |title=Mao's last hurrah: the campaign against Teng Hsiao-Ping |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413100236/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP79T00889A000800030001-8.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2021 |website=[[CIA]]}}</ref> born '''Xiansheng''' ({{lang|zh|先圣}}). {{Family name explanation|[[Deng (Chinese surname)|Deng]]|lang=Chinese}}}}; 22 August 1904 – {{snd}}19 February 1997) was a Chinese ~~[[communist]]~~revolutionary, ~~revolutionary~~politician, and statesman. He served as the [[paramount leader|paramount leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) from 1978 to 1989. After [[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|the death]] of [[Mao Zedong]] in 1976, Deng rose to power and led China through a period of [[Reform and Opening Up]] that transformed China's economy into a [[socialist market economy]]. Deng is widely regarded as the "Architect of Modern China" for his contributions to [[socialism with Chinese characteristics]] and [[Deng Xiaoping Theory]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Faison |first=Seth |date=20 February 1997 |title=Deng Xiaoping is Dead at 92; Architect of Modern China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123203613/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/20/world/deng-xiaoping-is-dead-at-92-architect-of-modern-china.html |archive-date=23 January 2017 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] ~~|language=en-US~~ |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Deng Xiaoping: Architect of modern China |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623152008/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/dengxiaoping.html |archive-date=2024-06-23 |access-date= |website=[[China Daily]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Vogel|2011}}{{pn|date=September 2024}}

Born in [[Sichuan]] near the end of the [[Qing dynasty]], Deng studied in France in the 1920s, where he became interested in [[Marxism-Leninism]]. He joined the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) in 1924 and studied in Moscow before returning to China, where he became a [[political commissar]] in the Red Army. Deng played a key role during the [[Chinese Civil War]] and was a prominent figure in the [[Long March]]. He later helped lead the [[People's Liberation Army]] to victory in the civil war and the capture of [[Nanjing]].

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Deng and his allies launched the ''[[Boluan Fanzheng]]'' program which sought to restore order after the Cultural Revolution, rehabilitating tens of millions of people who were persecuted during Mao's era. Deng was also credited for initiating the "[[Reform and Opening Up]]" of mainland China, which introduced market elements and foreign investment into China's economy, the institution of [[Compulsory education#China|nine years of compulsory education]] for all Chinese citizens and the establishment of the [[863 Program]] to stimulate science and technology, all of which transformed China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies. [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|A parallel set of political reforms]] were also introduced, including a revised [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|China's Constitution]] that imposed presidential term limit. On the other hand, Deng played a central role in shaping China's foreign relations, normalizing ties with the [[United States]] in 1979 and [[Soviet Union]] in 1989, while proposing the [[One Country, Two Systems]] model for the return of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Palmowski |first=Jan |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095710190 |title=Deng Xiaoping |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780199295678 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827222954/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095710190 |archive-date=2024-08-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the course of his leadership, Deng was named the [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] for 1978 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 1979 |title=Man of the Year: Teng Hsiao-p'ing: Visions of a New China |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419041030/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 January 1986 |title=Man of the Year: Deng Xiaoping |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202013/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 April 2021 |magazine=Time}}</ref> Despite his contributions to China's modernization, Deng's legacy is also marked by controversy. He ordered the military crackdown on the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], which ended his political reforms and remains a subject of global criticism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wu |first=Wei |date=2015-06-04 |title=Why China's Political Reforms Failed |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413104706/https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/ |archive-date=2023-04-13 |access-date=2020-05-03 |website=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref> The [[one-child policy]] introduced in Deng's era also drew criticism. Nonetheless, his policies laid the foundation for China's emergence as a major global power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world ~~|language=en-US~~ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==