Deng Xiaoping: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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After the founding of the PRC in October 1949, Deng held several key regional roles, eventually rising to a central position in the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] during the 1950s. As [[Vice Premier of China]] and [[Secretary-General of the Chinese Communist Party]] under Mao Zedong, Deng presided over economic reconstruction efforts. Deng played a significant role in the [[Anti-Rightist Campaign]], which persecuted intellectuals and critics of the CCP. The campaign led to the persecution of an estimated 550,000 people, including writers and political activists, and is viewed as a key event in solidifying his support for Mao's hardline policies at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=The Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200180001-9.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP88-01350R000200180001-9.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref> He fell out of favor during the [[Cultural Revolution]] due to his pragmatic, market-oriented policies. He was twice purged by Mao, but after Mao's death, Deng emerged as the paramount leader by outmaneuvering his rivals.

Upon coming to power, Deng began a massive overhaul of China's infrastructure and political system. Due to the institutional disorder and political turmoil from the later [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|Mao-era]], he and his allies launched the ''[[Boluan Fanzheng]]'' program which sought to restore order afterby therehabilitating Culturalveteran Revolution,CCP rehabilitatingleadership tensas ofwell as millions of people who were persecuted during Mao'sthe eraCultural Revolution. Deng wasHe also creditedinitiated fora initiating the "[[Reform and opening up|Reform and Opening Up-up]]" ofprogram mainlandthat China,introduced whichelements introducedof market elementscapitalism andto foreignthe investment into China'sChinese economy, theby institution ofdesignating [[CompulsorySpecial education#China|nineeconomic yearszones of compulsoryChina|special educationeconomic zones]] for all Chinese citizens andthroughout the establishmentcountry. ofIn theAugust [[863 Program]] to stimulate science and technology1980, allDeng ofembarked whichon transformed China into one of the world's fastest-growing economies.a [[History of the People's Republic of China#Political reforms|A parallel setseries of political reforms]], weresetting alsoconstitutional introduced[[term limit]]s for state officials and other systematic revisions, includingwhich awere revisedincorporated in [[1982 Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Chinathe country's Constitutionfourth constitution]]. thatDeng imposedlater presidentialchampioned terma limit.[[one-child Onpolicy]] theto otherdeal hand,with DengChina's playedperceived a[[Human centraloverpopulation|overpopulation rolecrisis]], inhelped shapingestablish China's foreign[[Compulsory relationseducation#China|nine-year compulsory education]], normalizingand tiesoversaw withthe launch of the [[United863 StatesProgram]] into 1979promote science and technology. The reforms carried out by Deng and his allies gradually led China away from a [[Sovietcommand Unioneconomy]] inand 1989[[Maoism|Maoist dogma]], whileopened proposingit up to foreign investments and technology, and introduced its vast labor force to the [[OneGlobalization Country,in TwoChina|global Systemsmarket]] modelthereby fortransforming theChina returninto one of [[Hongthe Kong]]world's andfastest-growing [[Macau]]economies.<ref>{{citeCite booknews |last=PalmowskiDenmark |first=JanAbraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.oxfordreferencewashingtonpost.com/displaynews/10.1093monkey-cage/oiwp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/authority.20110803095710190 |titleurl-status=Deng Xiaopinglive |publisheraccess-date=[[Oxford19 UniversityApril Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=97801992956782021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2024082722295420190508043643/https://www.oxfordreferencewashingtonpost.com/displaynews/10.1093monkey-cage/oiwp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/authority.20110803095710190 |archive-date=2024-08-278 May 2019 |urlissn=0190-status=live8286}}</ref>

During the course of his leadership, Deng was named the [[Time Person of the Year|''Time'' Person of the Year]] for 1978 and 1985.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 1979 |title=Man of the Year: Teng Hsiao-p'ing: Visions of a New China |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419041030/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19790101,00.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 January 1986 |title=Man of the Year: Deng Xiaoping |url=http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209202013/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19860106,00.html |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 April 2021 |magazine=Time}}</ref> Despite his contributions to China's modernization, Deng's legacy is also marked by controversy. He ordered the military crackdown on the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], which ended his political reforms and remains a subject of global criticism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wu |first=Wei |date=2015-06-04 |title=Why China's Political Reforms Failed |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413104706/https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/why-chinas-political-reforms-failed/ |archive-date=2023-04-13 |access-date=2020-05-03 |website=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref> The [[one-child policy]] introduced in Deng's era also drew criticism. Nonetheless, his policies laid the foundation for China's emergence as a major global power.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Denmark |first=Abraham |title=40 years ago, Deng Xiaoping changed China — and the world |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/12/19/40-years-ago-deng-xiaoping-changed-china-and-the-world/ |archive-date=8 May 2019}}</ref>