Developmental coordination disorder: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| prognosis =

| frequency = 5–6% (of all age groups)

| differential = Motor impairments due to another medical condition, [[autism spectrum disorder]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[dysgraphia]], [[joint hypermobility syndrome]], [[Hypotonia]], [[fetal alcohol spectrum disorder]]

| image = File:Black Chuck Taylors.jpg

| alt = Shoes with undone laces

| caption = Many people with dyspraxia have difficulty with tying shoelaces.

}}

'''Developmental coordination disorder''' ('''DCD'''), also known as '''developmental motor coordination disorder''', '''developmental dyspraxia''' or simply '''dyspraxia''' (from [[Ancient Greek]] ''praxis'' 'activity'), is a [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]{{sfn|DSM-5-TR|p=xxix}} characterized by impaired [[Motor planning|coordination of physical movements]] as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. Deficits in [[fine motor skill|fine]] or [[gross motor skill]]s movements interfere with activities of daily living. It is often described as disorder in skill acquisition, where the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age. Difficulties may present as clumsiness, slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching objects, using cutlery, handwriting, riding a bike, use of tools or participating in team sports or swimming). It is often accompanied by difficulty with organisation and/or problems with attention, working memory and time management.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], or [[Parkinson's disease]]. The condition is lifelong and its onset is in early childhood. It is thought to affect about 5% of the population.

== Signs and symptoms ==

[[File:Signs of Dyspraxia 1.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Signs of dyspraxia]]

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recognise DCD as a condition, and have published their definition in the [[International Classification of Diseases]]. This describes DCD as:

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|The ICD-11 International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (2018){{sfn|ICD-11}}}}

The [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA)'s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, [[DSM-5]] classifies Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) as a discrete motor disorder under the broader heading of neurodevelopmental disorders.{{sfn|DSM-5-TR|p=xxix}} It is often described as a disorder in skill acquisition or motor learning, where the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age.{{sfn|Smits-Engelsman et al. 2015}} Various areas of development can be affected by DCD and these may persist into adulthood.{{sfn|Blank et al. 2019}}{{sfn|Saban & Kirby 2018}}{{sfn|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}}

In children, DCD may exhibit as delays in early development of sitting, crawling, walking; poor ability or difficulties with childhood activities such as running, jumping, hopping, catching, sports and swimming; slowness; frequent tripping and bruising; poor handwriting skills; difficulties with self care; difficulties with skills such as using cutlery or tying shoelaces; poor spatial understanding; difficulty following instructions; poor time management; and often losing objects.{{sfn|Dyspraxia Foundation 2022}}

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=== Associated disorders and secondary consequences ===

DCD is known to co-occur with other neurodevelopmental disorders. Most commonly,common is [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD), co-occurs inwith an estimated 50% of cases,people with ADHD also having DCD and vice versa.{{sfn|Fliers, Franke & Buitelaar 2011}} but otherOther co-occurring conditions are [[autistic spectrum disorder]] (ASD),{{sfn|Dziuk et al. 2007}}{{sfn|Jeste 2011}}{{sfn|Miyahara 2013}} Developmental Speech and Language Disorder{{sfn|Alloway 2008}} and Developmental Learning Disorder.{{sfn|ICD-11}}

People who have developmental coordination disorder may also have one or more of these other co-morbid conditions:

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* [[Dysgraphia]] (an inability to write neatly or draw).{{sfn|Van Waelvelde et al. 2012}}

* [[Dyslexia]] (difficulty with reading and spelling).{{sfn|Pickering 2012|p=28}}

* [[Hypermobility (joints)|Hypermobility]]

* [[Hypotonia]] (low muscle tone).{{sfn|Barnhart et al. 2003}}

* [[Nonverbal learning disorder]].{{sfn|Poletti 2011}}

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'''Psychological domain:''' Children with DCD may struggle with lower [[self-efficacy]] and lower self-perceived competence in peer and social relations. Some demonstrate greater aggressiveness and hyperactivity.{{sfn|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}}

'''Social domain:''' Children may be more vulnerable to [[social rejection]] and bullying, possibly resulting in higher levels of loneliness.{{sfn|Zwicker, Harris & Klassen 2013}}

== Diagnosis ==

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* Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WAIT-II){{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

* [[Test Of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition]] (TOWRE-2){{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

* Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD-Q).{{sfn|Schoemaker et al. 2006}} The DCD-Q has been translated into many languages. For French-speaking populations, a Canadian-French version {{sfn|Martini, St-Pierre & Wilson 2011}} and a European-French version{{sfn|Ray-Kaeser et al. 2019}} are available.

* Children's Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in, and Predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA){{sfn|Hay, Hawes & Faught 2004}}

|}

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=== Classification ===

Developmental coordination disorder is classified in the fifth revision of the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' ([[DSM-5]]) as a [[motor disorder]], in the category of [[neurodevelopmental disorder]]s.{{sfn|DSM-5-TR|p=74xxix}}

== Prevalence ==

The exact proportion of people with the disorder is unknown since the disorder can be difficult to detect due to a lack of specific laboratory tests, thus making diagnosis of the condition one of elimination of all other possible causes/diseases. Approximately 5–6% of [[children]] and adults are affected by this condition.{{sfn|DSM-5-TR}}{{sfn|Blank et al. 2012}}{{sfn|Zwicker 2012}}{{sfn|Gaines et al. 2008}}{{sfn|CanChild 2016}} and approximately 2% are severely affected.{{sfn|Dyspraxia Foundation 2022}}

DCD is a lifelong [[neurological]] condition that is expected to be as common in [[males]] as it is in [[females]].{{sfn|Blank et al. 2019}}{{sfn|Saban & Kirby 2018}}{{sfn|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}} Currently however, the diagnosis criteria favour males which results in over 80% of males being diagnosed before the age of 16 compared to only 22% for females. {{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Management==

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* [[Gage Golightly]], actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BFYtiY-Rn_a/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BFYtiY-Rn_a |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |url-access=registration|title=May 14th is Apraxia Awareness Day.|date=May 14, 2016|last=Golightly|first=Gage|access-date=May 8, 2018|publisher=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

* [[Olive Gray]], actor{{sfn|Anchor 2021a}}

* [[Tom Hunt (politician)|Tom Hunt]], politician<ref>Hunt, Tom (14 January 2020). "[https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2020-01-14/debates/10029540-3911-4F21-9FC8-E32E31F06F90/details Education and Local Government]". ''Hansard''.</ref>

* [[Harriet Kemsley]], comedian{{sfn|Kemsley 2018}}

* [[Emma Lewell-Buck]], politician{{sfn|Irvine 2013}}{{sfn|Beater 2019}}

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* [[Autism spectrum]]

* [[Deficits in attention, motor control and perception]]

* [[Fetal alcohol spectrum disordersdisorder]]

* [[Global developmental delay|GDD]]

* [[Hypermobility (joints)|Hypermobility]]

* [[KE family]]

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* <!-- to cite use {{sfn|Lucas et al. 2016}} -->{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Barbara R |last2=Doney |first2=Robyn |last3=Latimer |first3=Jane |last4=Watkins |first4=Rochelle E |last5=Tsang |first5=Tracey W |last6=Hawkes |first6=Genevieve |last7=Fitzpatrick |first7=James P |last8=Oscar |first8=June |last9=Carter |first9=Maureen |last10=Elliott |first10=Elizabeth J |title=Impairment of motor skills in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in remote Australia: The Lililwan Project |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26879822/ |journal=Drug and Alcohol Review |year=2016 |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=719–727 |publisher=Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs |doi=10.1111/dar.12375 |pmid=26879822 |access-date=10 December 2021 |ref={{harvid|Lucas et al. 2016}} }}

<!-- M -->

* <!-- to cite use {{sfn|Magalhães, Missiuna & Wong 2006}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Magalhães LC, Missiuna C, Wong S | title = Terminology used in research reports of developmental coordination disorder | journal = Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 937–41 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17044965 | doi = 10.1017/S0012162206002040 | doi-broken-date = 7 May 2024 |ref={{harvid|Magalhães, Missiuna & Wong 2006}} }}

* <!-- to cite use {{sfn|Martini, St-Pierre & Wilson 2011}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Martini R, St-Pierre MF, Wilson BN | s2cid = 26036407 | title = French Canadian cross-cultural adaptation of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire '07: DCDQ-FC | journal = Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy | volume = 78 | issue = 5 | pages = 318–27 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22338299 | doi = 10.2182/cjot.2011.78.5.7 |ref={{harvid|Martini, St-Pierre & Wilson 2011}} }}

* <!-- to cite use {{sfn|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}} -->{{cite journal | vauthors = Meachon EJ, Zemp M, Alpers GW | title = Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): Relevance for Clinical Psychologists in Europe | journal = Clinical Psychology in Europe | volume = 4 | issue = 2 |date = June 2022 | pages = e4165 | doi = 10.32872/cpe.4165| pmid = 36397944 | pmc = 9667416 | s2cid = 250194848 |ref={{harvid|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}} }}

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=== Further reading ===

{{Spoken Wikipedia|date=2023-10-05|Developmental coordination disorder Part One.ogg|Developmental coordination disorder Part Two.ogg|Developmental coordination disorder Part Three.ogg}}

* {{cite journal|author1-link=Helene Polatajko | vauthors = Polatajko H, Fox M, Missiuna C | s2cid=75856620| title=An International Consensus on Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder|journal=Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy|volume=62| issue=1|year=1995|pages=3–6 |doi=10.1177/000841749506200101}}

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[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

[[Category:Specific developmental disorders]]

[[Category:NeurodevelopmentalSyndromic disordersautism]]