Developmental coordination disorder: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| caption = Many people with dyspraxia have difficulty with tying shoelaces.

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'''Developmental coordination disorder''' ('''DCD'''), also known as '''developmental motor coordination disorder''', '''developmental dyspraxia''' or simply '''dyspraxia''' (from [[Ancient Greek]] ''praxis'' 'activity'), is a [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] {{sfn|DSM-5-TR|p=xxix}} characterized by impaired [[Motor planning|coordination of physical movements]] as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. Deficits in [[fine motor skill|fine]] or [[gross motor skill]]s movements interfere with activities of daily living. It is often described as disorder in skill acquisition, where the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills is substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age. Difficulties may present as clumsiness, slowness and inaccuracy of performance of motor skills (e.g., catching objects, using cutlery, handwriting, riding a bike, use of tools or participating in team sports or swimming). It is often accompanied by difficulty with organisation and/or problems with attention, working memory and time management. {{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

A diagnosis of DCD is reached only in the absence of other neurological impairments such as [[cerebral palsy]], [[multiple sclerosis]], or [[Parkinson's disease]]. The condition is lifelong and its onset is in early childhood. It is thought to affect about 5% of the population.

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* Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WAIT-II){{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

* [[Test Of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition]] (TOWRE-2){{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

* Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD-Q).{{sfn|Schoemaker et al. 2006}} The DCD-Q has been translated into many languages. For French-speaking populations, a Canadian-French version {{sfn|Martini, St-Pierre & Wilson 2011}} and a European-French version{{sfn|Ray-Kaeser et al. 2019}} are available.

* Children's Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in, and Predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA){{sfn|Hay, Hawes & Faught 2004}}

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The exact proportion of people with the disorder is unknown since the disorder can be difficult to detect due to a lack of specific laboratory tests, thus making diagnosis of the condition one of elimination of all other possible causes/diseases. Approximately 5–6% of [[children]] and adults are affected by this condition.{{sfn|DSM-5-TR}}{{sfn|Blank et al. 2012}}{{sfn|Zwicker 2012}}{{sfn|Gaines et al. 2008}}{{sfn|CanChild 2016}} and approximately 2% are severely affected.{{sfn|Dyspraxia Foundation 2022}}

DCD is a lifelong [[neurological]] condition that is expected to be as common in [[males]] as it is in [[females]].{{sfn|Blank et al. 2019}}{{sfn|Saban & Kirby 2018}}{{sfn|Meachon, Semp & Alpers 2022}} Currently however, the diagnosis criteria favour males which results in over 80% of males being diagnosed before the age of 16 compared to only 22% for females. {{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Management==

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=== Fictional characters ===

* Helen Burns, a character from [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'', is alleged to have been based on the author's dyspraxic elder sister [[Maria Brontë]].{{sfn|Psynso 2022}}

* [[Neville Longbottom]], a character in the [[Harry Potter]] books, a [[Gryffindor]] pupil at [[Hogwarts]], noted for his clumsiness.

* [[Ryan Sinclair]], a character in the [[BBC]] [[Science fiction on television|science fiction television]] programme ''[[Doctor Who]]''.{{sfn|Gerken 2018}}

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* [[Autism spectrum]]

* [[Deficits in attention, motor control and perception]]

* [[Fetal alcohol spectrum disordersdisorder]]

* [[Global developmental delay|GDD]]

* [[Hypermobility (joints)|Hypermobility]]

* [[KE family]]

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[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

[[Category:Specific developmental disorders]]

[[Category:NeurodevelopmentalSyndromic disordersautism]]

[[Category:Syndromes with autism]]