Digital immortality: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Hypothetical concept of storing a personality in digital form}}

'''Digital immortality''' (or "'''virtual immortality'''")<ref>{{Cite journal~~|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240849~~|jstor=4240849|last1=Farnell|first1=Ross|title=Attempting Immortality: AI, A-Life, and the Posthuman in Greg Egan's "Permutation City"|journal=Science Fiction Studies|year=2000|volume=27|issue=1|pages=69–91}}</ref> is the hypothetical yet increasingly realistic concept of storing (or ~~transferring~~emulating) a person's personality in digital [[Substrate (materials science)|substrate]], i.e., a [[computer]], [[robot]] or [[cyberspace]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Graziano|first=Michael S. A.~~|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084330876~~|title=Rethinking consciousness : a scientific theory of subjective experience|date=2019|isbn=978-0-393-65261-1~~|edition=1~~ |location=New York, NY|publisher=W.W. Norton |oclc=1084330876}}</ref> ([[mind uploading]]). The result might look like an [[Avatar (computing)|avatar]] behaving, reacting, and thinking like a person on the basis of that person's digital archive.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Parkin|first1=Simon|title=Back-up brains: The era of digital immortality|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150122-the-secret-to-immortality|publisher=BBC|access-date=7 June 2015|date=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="vhum">{{cite book|last1=Rothblatt|first1=Martine|title=Virtually Human: The Promiseand the Perilof Digital Immortality|date=2014|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing |isbn=978-~~1491532911~~1-4915-3291-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7JzAwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="dyi">{{cite book|last1=Sofka|first1=Carla|title=Dying, Death, and Grief in an Online Universe: For Counselors and Educators|date=February 2012|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-~~0826107329~~0-8261-0732-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkcGiLeATe8C&q=digital+immortality&pg=PA25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=DeGroot|first1=Doug|title=Intelligent Virtual Agents: 4th International Workshop, IVA 2003, Kloster Irsee, Germany, September 15-17, 2003, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in ... / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence)|date=5 November 2003|isbn=978-~~3540200031~~3-540-20003-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZtCQAAQBAJ&q=digital+immortality&pg=PA136|access-date=7 June 2015|chapter=VideoDIMs as a framework for Digital Immortality Applications|publisher=Springer }}</ref> After the death of the individual, this avatar could remain static or continue to learn and self-improve autonomously (possibly becoming [[seed AI]]).

A considerable portion of [[transhumanists]] and [[singularitarians]] place great hope into the belief that they may eventually become [[Immortality|immortal]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cohan|first1=Peter|title=Google's Engineering Director: 32 Years To Digital Immortality|website=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2013/06/20/googles-engineering-director-32-years-to-digital-immortality/|access-date=7 June 2015|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> by creating one or many non-biological functional copies of their brains, thereby leaving their "biological shell". These copies may then "live eternally" in a version of digital "heaven" or paradise.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lewis|first1=Tanya|title=The Singularity Is Near: Mind Uploading by 2045?|url=http://www.livescience.com/37499-immortality-by-2045-conference.html|website=livescience.com|access-date=7 June 2015|date=17 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Strickland|first1=Jonathan|title=How Digital Immortality Works|url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/digital-immortality.htm|website=howstuffworks.com|date=12 April 2011|access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>

Following the rapid advancement of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) technology in the 21st century, technological scholars now believe the vision of digital immortality to be imminent—raising not only new technical, but also ethical and legal questions.<ref name="ohman">{{cite journal |last1=Ohman |first1=Carl |last2=Floridi |first2=Luciano |date=2018 |title=An Ethical Framework for the Digital Afterlife Industry |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3172038 |journal=Nature Human Behavior |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=318-320 |doi=10.1038/s41562-018-0335-2}}</ref><ref name="ppm">{{cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Jan-Philipp |date=2021 |title=Conjuring up the departed in virtual reality: The good, the bad, and the potentially ugly. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000315%C2%A0 |journal=Psychology of Popular Media |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=505-510 |doi=10.1037/ppm0000315}}</ref> Along these lines, it has been suggested that the emerging field of digital afterlife technology and its impact on human mortality and grief might prompt a new scientific discipline (''cyberthanatology'').<ref name="cyberthan">{{cite journal | last=Beaunoyer | first=Elisabeth | last2=Guitton | first2=Matthieu J. | title=Cyberthanathology: Death and beyond in the digital age | journal=Computers in Human Behavior | volume=122 | date=2021 | doi=10.1016/j.chb.2021.106849 | page=106849}}</ref>

== Realism ==

The [[National Science Foundation]] has awarded a half-million-dollar grant to the universities of Central Florida at Orlando and Illinois at Chicago to explore how researchers might use [[artificial intelligence]], archiving, and computer imaging to create convincing, digital versions of real people, a possible first step toward virtual immortality.<ref>[http://bioethics.com/?p=2717 US Government funds virtual reality research], bioethics.com, 14 June 2007 </ref>

The Digital Immortality Institute explores three factors necessary for digital immortality. First, at whatever level of implementation, avatars require guaranteed [[Internet]] accessibility. Next, avatars must be what users specify, and they must remain so. Finally, future representations must be secured before the living users are no more.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digital-immortality.org/whatis.html |title=What is Digital Immortality? |publisher=Digital-immortality.org |access-date=2012-03-20 |archive-date=2013-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605093616/http://www.digital-immortality.org/whatis.html ~~|url-status=dead~~ }}</ref>

The aim of [[Dmitry Itskov]]'s [[2045 Initiative]] is to "create technologies enabling the ~~transfer~~clone of an ~~individual’s~~individual's personality to a non-biological carrier, and extending existence, including to the point of immortality".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eördögh|first1=Fruzsina|title=Russian Billionaire Dmitry Itskov Plans on Becoming Immortal by 2045|url=http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/russian-billionaire-dmitry-itskov-plans-on-becoming-immortal-by-2045|access-date=7 June 2015|date=7 May 2013~~|url-status=dead~~|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524041430/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/russian-billionaire-dmitry-itskov-plans-on-becoming-immortal-by-2045|archive-date=24 May 2015}}</ref>

== Method ==

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# archiving and [[digitizing]] people,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/pallav-gogoi/digital-immortality-is-re_b_9571254.html|title=Ghost In The Machine: Living Forever As A Digital Avatar|date=2016-04-18|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>

# making the avatar live

Digital immortality has been argued to go beyond technical processes of digitization of people, and encompass social aspects as well. For example, Joshua Hurtado <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hurtado|first=Joshua Hurtado|date=2021-01-25|title=Towards a postmortal society of virtualised ancestors? The Virtual Deceased Person and the preservation of the social bond|journal=Mortality|volume=28 |pages=90–105|doi=10.1080/13576275.2021.1878349|issn=1357-6275|doi-access=free|hdl=10138/353467|hdl-access=free}}</ref> has presented a four-step framework in which the digital immortalization of people could preserve the social bond between the living and the dead. These steps are: 1) data gathering, 2) data codification, 3) data activation, and 4) data embodiment. Each of these steps is linked to a form of preserving the social bond, either through talk, embodied emotionality (expressing emotions through one's form of embodiment) or monumentalism (creating a monument, in this case in digital form, to remember the dead).

=== Archiving and digitizing people ===

According to [[Gordon Bell]] and [[Jim Gray (computer scientist)|Jim Gray]] from [[Microsoft Research]], retaining every conversation that a person has ever heard is already realistic: it needs less than a [[terabyte]] of [[computer data storage|storage]] (for adequate quality).<ref name="microsoft">[~~http~~https://~~research~~www.microsoft.com/~~pubs~~en-us/~~69927~~research/trpublication/digital-~~2000-101.pdf~~immortality/ Digital Immortality], by Gordon Bell and Jim Gray, Microsoft Research</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bainbridge|first1=William Sims|title=Personality Capture and Emulation|date=November 2013|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4471-5604-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiq8BAAAQBAJ&q=digital+immortality&pg=PA2}}</ref> The [[speech recognition|speech]] or [[optical character recognition|text recognition]] technologies are one of the biggest challenges of the concept.

A second possibility would be to archive and analyze social Internet use to map the personality of people. By analyzing social Internet use during 50 years, it would be possible to model a society's culture, a society's way of thinking, and a society's interests.

Rothblatt envisions the creation of "mindfiles" – collections of data from all kinds of sources, including the photos we upload to Facebook, the discussions and opinions we share on forums or blogs, and other social media interactions that reflect our life experiences and our unique self.<ref name="vhum"/><ref name="esc">{{cite web|last1=Desat|first1=Marla|title=Would You Clone Your Mind to Live Forever? Virtually Human|url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/scienceandtech/12297-Review-Maxime-Rothblatt-s-Virtually-Human-Digital-Immortality|publisher=The Escapist|access-date=7 June 2015|date=23 September 2014|archive-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609185457/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/scienceandtech/12297-Review-Maxime-Rothblatt-s-Virtually-Human-Digital-Immortality}}</ref>

Richard Grandmorin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/soon_immortal |title=soon immortal (@soon_immortal) op Twitter |publisher=Twitter.com |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> summarized the concept of digital immortality by the following equation: "semantic analysis + social internet use + Artificial Intelligence = immortality".

Some find that photos, videos, soundclips, social media posts and other data of oneself could already be regarded as such an archiving.<ref name="sterkul">{{cite book|title=Computertechnik und Sterbekultur|isbn=978-3-643-11071-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chnMBQAAQBAJ&q=caprica+digital+immortality&pg=PA129|access-date=7 June 2015|last1=Böhle|first1=Knud|last2=Berendes|first2=Jochen|last3=Gutmann|first3=Mathias|last4=Trotha|first4=Caroline Robertson-von|last5=Scherz|first5=Constanze|year=2014|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster }}</ref><ref name="vhum"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=McQuade|first1=Zan|title=What happens to us on the internet when we die?|url=https://theweek.com/articles/554466/what-happens-internet-when-die|publisher=The Week|access-date=7 June 2015|date=16 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="esc"/>

Susanne Asche states:

{{pull quote|text=As a hopefully minimalistic definition then, digital immortality can be roughly considered as involving a person-centric repository containing a copy of everything that a person sees, hears, says, or engenders over his or her lifespan, including photographs, videos, audio recordings, movies, television shows, music albums/CDs, newspapers, documents, diaries and journals, interviews, meetings, love letters, notes, papers, art pieces, and so on, and so on; and if not everything, then at least as much as the person has and takes the time and trouble to include. The ~~person’s~~person's personality, emotion profiles, thoughts, beliefs, and appearance are also captured and integrated into an artificially intelligent, interactive, con-versational agent/avatar. This avatar is placed in charge of (and perhaps "equated" with) the collected material in the repository so that the agent can present the illusion of having the factual memories, thoughts, and beliefs of the person him/herself.|author=Susanne Asche|source=Kulturelles Gedächtnis im 21. Jahrhundert: Tagungsband des internationalen Symposiums, Digital Immortality & Runaway Technology<ref>{{cite book|last1=Asche|first1=Susanne|title=Kulturelles Gedächtnis im 21. Jahrhundert: Tagungsband des internationalen Symposiums|date=23 April 2005|publisher=KIT Scientific Publishing|url=http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/documents/3296701|access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>}}

=== Making the avatar alive ===

Defining the avatar to be alive allows it to communicate with the future in the sense that it continues to learn, evolve and interact with people, if they still exist. Technically, the operation exists to implement an artificial intelligence system to the avatar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} This artificial intelligence system is then assumed to think and will react on the base of the archive.

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During the calibration process, the biological people are living at the same time as their artifact in silicon. The artifact in silicon is calibrated to be as close as possible to the person in question.

During this process ongoing updates, synchronization, and interaction between the two minds would maintain the twin minds as one.<ref name="vhum"/><ref name="esc"/>

== Ethical and legal issues ==

The rapid advancement of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) is increasingly blurring the boundaries between technology and biology.<ref name="bostonmagazine">{{Cite web |title=The Line Between Biology and Technology Has Blurred—There's No Going Back |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2022/line-between-biology-and-technology-has-blurred/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Boston University |language=en}}</ref> However, according to research from different social scientific disciplines, these advancements invoke a myriad of ethical and legal dilemmas, particularly concerning digital remains and postmortem privacy.<ref name="ohman"/><ref name="ppm"/><ref name="rothblatt">{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=Martine Rothblatt and the Virtually Human |journal=Internet Afterlife |pages=87–106 |doi=10.5040/9798400671654.ch-006|isbn=979-8-4006-7165-4 }}</ref> Specifically, it has been warned that potential benefits of a so-called "Digital Afterlife Industry"—e.g., helpful support for people who grieve a significant death—might be outweighed by numerous ethical and practical risks, including concerns about the privacy and autonomy of the deceased, as well as potential cases of misuse (e.g., by designing unwanted post-mortem interactions).

Further challenges regarding post-mortem simulations involve legal questions about the data rights of deceased individuals; many of which have not yet been answered conclusively, considering differences in national and international law.

== In fiction ==

* In 1967 the short story "I Have No Mouth, and I Must Scream" written by [[Harlan Ellison]] chronicles the digitally immortal life of protagonists living within a hellscape reality.

*In the TV series ''[[Caprica (TV series)|Caprica]]'' a digital copy of a person is created and outlives its real counterpart after the person dies in a terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite web|last1=MacIver|first1=Malcolm|title=Caprica Puzzle: If a Digital You Lives Forever, Are You Immortal?|url=https://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2010/10/05/caprica-puzzle-if-a-digital-you-lives-forever-are-you-immortal/|website=discovermagazine.com|access-date=7 June 2015|date=5 October 2010|archive-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525070355/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/2010/10/05/caprica-puzzle-if-a-digital-you-lives-forever-are-you-immortal/}}</ref><ref name="news">{{cite web|last1=Geddes|first1=Linda|title=Immortal avatars: Back up your brain, never die|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627631.100-immortal-avatars-back-up-your-brain-never-die.html|publisher=New Scientist|access-date=7 June 2015|date=7 June 2010}}</ref>

* In [[Greg Egan]]'s ''[[Permutation City]]'' people can achieve quasi digital immortality by [[mind uploading]] a digital copy of themselves into a [[simulated reality]].<ref name="sterkul"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pickover|first1=Clifford A.|title=A Beginner's Guide to Immortality: Extraordinary People, Alien Brains, and Quantum Resurrection|date=27 December 2006|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-~~1560259848~~1-56025-984-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfl4_StP_EIC&q=permutation+city+simulated+reality&pg=PA78}}</ref>

* ''[[Memories with Maya]]'' is a novel on the concept of digital immortality.

* ''[[Charles Platt (author)#Novels and novellas|The Silicon Man]]'' describes [[Cryonics]] as a precursor to digital immortality.

* In the 1998 novel ''[[Vast (novel)|Vast]]'' by [[Linda Nagata]] "ghosts" are recorded memories and personalities that can be ~~transferred~~cloned to another body or kept in electronic storage, granting a limited form of immortality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vast Review|url=https://www.sfsite.com/06b/vast83.htm|publisher=SF Site|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>

* In the TV series ''[[Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future]]'', Overmind and Lord Dread planned to digitize all human beings to be able to create a new world.

* In the TV series ''[[Black Mirror]]'' it commonly features the themes and ethics of digital humans, called "cookies," across multiple episodes. In ''San Junipero'', for example, people's consciences are uploaded to the cloud.

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*In ''[[Frictional Games]]''' ''[[Soma (video game)|SOMA]]'', the story revolves around the problem of existing as a digital personality scan taken from a physical person.

*In ''The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God and the Resurrection of the Dead'' by Frank Tipler.

* In the 2014 film ''[[~~Transcendence_~~Transcendence (~~2014_film~~2014 film)|Transcendence]]'' , Will's (Johnny Depp) consciousness is uploaded into the quantum computer project he developed

*In the 2015 film ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'', a robot and a flash drive are used for consciousness ~~transfer~~cloning.

*[[This (The X-Files)|'This']], episode 2 of series 11 of ''[[The X-Files]]'', concerns the uploading of [[The Lone Gunmen|Richard Langly]]'s consciousness into a virtual [[Tartarus]]; where people are exploited as 'digital [[Slavery|slaves]]'.

*The 2020 aired TV series [[Upload (TV series)|Upload]] features a narrative of the protagonist having their entire consciousness uploaded to a digital world after death.

*The 2020 video game ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]'' alludes to this philosophy by the protagonist becoming infected with the digitised consciousness of Johnny Silverhand (portrayed in game by [[Keanu Reeves]]), later using the same technology to overwrite Johnny or choose to allow Johnny to retain said body.

== See also ==