Elizabeth II: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{Short description|Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022}}

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'''Elizabeth&nbsp;II''' (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21&nbsp;April 1926{{Sndash}}8&nbsp;September 2022) was <!-- please don't add "the" -->[[Queen of the United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s from 6&nbsp;February 1952 until [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|her death]] in 2022. She washad been [[queen regnant]] of [[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|32 sovereign states]] over the course ofduring her lifetime and remainedwas the monarch of 15 realms by the time ofat her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest of any British monarch]] or [[female monarch]], and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|second-longest verified reign of any monarch of a sovereign state in history]].

Elizabeth was born in [[Mayfair]], London, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, [[King George&nbsp;V]]. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later [[King George&nbsp;VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon [[Abdication of Edward VIII|the abdication]] of his brother [[Edward&nbsp;VIII]], making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the [[heir presumptive]]. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]]. In November 1947, [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten|she married]] [[Philip Mountbatten]], a former [[prince of Greece and Denmark]]. Their marriage lasted 73 years until [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|his death in 2021]]. They had four children: [[Charles III|Charles]], [[Anne, Princess Royal|Anne]], [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Andrew]], and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Edward]].

When [[Death and state funeral of George VI|her father died]] in February 1952, Elizabeth—thenElizabeth, then 25 years old—becameold, became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as [[head of the Commonwealth]]. Elizabeth reigned as a [[constitutional monarch]] through major political changes such as [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, [[devolution in the United Kingdom]], the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and [[decolonisation of Asia|Asia]], and the [[United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities]] as well as its [[Brexit|subsequent withdrawal]]. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|became republics]]. As queen, Elizabeth was served by [[List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II|more than 170 prime ministers]] across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to China in 1986, [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|to Russia]] in 1994, and [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|to the Republic of Ireland]] in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents.

Significant events included [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|Elizabeth'sher coronation]] in 1953 and the celebrations of her [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver]], [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden]], [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond]], and [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum]] [[jubilee]]s in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although shethere facedwas occasional [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]] sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her ''[[annus horribilis#Elizabeth II|annus horribilis]]'' in 1992, and [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|the death]] in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]]—support for the monarchy and her personal popularity in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died at the age ofaged 96 at [[Balmoral Castle]], and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles&nbsp;III.<!--Charles already has a wikilink in the 2nd paragraph of the lead. Please don't link again without checking-->

== Early life ==

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The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, [[Ian Smith]], in opposition to moves towards [[majority rule]], [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] while expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, declaring her "[[Queen of Rhodesia]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Williams (historian) |date=18 August 2019 |title=As The Crown returns, watch out for these milestones |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704002344/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/aug/18/tv-show-the-crown-returns-series-three-historian-kate-williams |archive-date=4 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=66|Pimlott|2001|2pp=345–354}} As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the [[European Community]], a goal it [[Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities|achieved in 1973]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1pp=123, 154, 176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=301, 315–316, 415–417}}

In 1966, the Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before visiting the village of [[Aberfan]], where [[Aberfan disaster|a mining disaster]] claimed the lives ofkilled 116 children and 28 adults. Martin Charteris said that the delay, made on his advice, was a mistake that she later regretted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2022 |title=Aberfan disaster: The Queen's regret after tragedy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=How filming the agony of Aberfan for The Crown revealed a village still in trauma |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221000005/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth toured [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a [[communist country]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2022|page=58}} She was received at the airport by President [[Josip Broz Tito]], and a crowd of thousands greeted her in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1972 |title=Big Crowds in Belgrade Greet Queen Elizabeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |mode=cs2}}</ref>

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From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the [[Falklands War]], for which she reportedly felt anxiety{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=115|Pimlott|2001|2p=487}} and pride.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=487|Shawcross|2002|2p=127}} On 9&nbsp;July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, [[Michael Fagan]], in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=297–298|Pimlott|2001|2p=491}} After hosting US president [[Ronald Reagan]] at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting [[Rancho del Cielo|his California ranch]] in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|his administration]] ordered the [[invasion of Grenada]], one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=188|Pimlott|2001|2p=497}}

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' tabloid.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=488–490}} As [[Kelvin MacKenzie]], editor of ''The Sun'', told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=521}} Newspaper editor [[Donald Trelford]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'' of 21&nbsp;September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of&nbsp;... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' of 20&nbsp;July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Thatcherism#economicposition|economic policies]] fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, [[1981 England riots|a series of riots]], the violence of [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|a miners' strike]], and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide [[Michael Shea (diplomat)|Michael Shea]] and Commonwealth secretary-general [[Shridath Ramphal]], but Shea claimed his remarks were taken [[out of context]] and embellished by speculation.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Hardman|2011|pp=216–217}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=503–515}}; {{Nowrap|see also}} | {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=195–207}}; {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=129–132}}}}</ref> Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]]—Thatcher's political opponents.<ref>{{Multiref|Thatcher to [[Brian Walden]], quoted in {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=207}}; | Neil quoted in {{Harvnb|Wyatt|1999|loc= diary of 26&nbsp;October 1990}}}}</ref> Thatcher's biographer [[John Campbell (biographer)|John Campbell]] claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".{{Sfn|ps=none|Campbell|2003|p=467}} Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=167, 171–173}} and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the [[Order of Merit]] and the [[Order of the Garter]]—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by [[John Major]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Roberts|2000|1p=101|Shawcross|2002|2p=139}} [[Brian Mulroney]], Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.<ref name="Geddes">{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |year=2012 |title=The day she descended into the fray |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |page=72 |edition=Special Commemorative <!-- Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years --> |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="MacQueen">{{Cite magazine |lastlast1=MacQueen |firstfirst1=Ken |last2=Treble |first2=Patricia |year=2012 |title=The Jewel in the Crown |magazine=Maclean's |pages=43–44 |edition=Special Commemorative <!-- Edition: The Diamond Jubilee: Celebrating 60 Remarkable years --> |mode=cs2}}</ref>

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen fulfills a Royal Goal: To visit China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155118/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |mode=cs2}}</ref> The tour included the [[Forbidden City]], the [[Great Wall of China]], and the [[Terracotta Warriors]].{{Sfn|ps=none|BBC Books|1991|page=181}} At a [[state banquet]], Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with [[Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;I]]'s letter to the [[Wanli Emperor]], and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2019|page=437}} Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that [[Handover of Hong Kong|sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred]] from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bogert |first=Carroll R. |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II Arrives In Peking for 6-Day Visit |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033204/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=12 October 2022 |worknewspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=293–294|Pimlott|2001|2p=541}} The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show ''[[It's a Royal Knockout]]'' in 1987 was ridiculed.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1pp=82–83|Lacey|2002|2p=307|Pimlott|2001|3pp=522–526}} In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive [[Meech Lake Accord|constitutional amendments]], prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.<ref name=Geddes /> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|a military coup]]. As [[monarch of Fiji]], Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General [[Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau]] to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=515–516}}

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[[File:A private audience with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Virtual meeting]] with [[Cindy Kiro]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], October 2021]]

On 5&nbsp;April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24&nbsp;million viewers in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's message seen by 24 million |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710073241/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; [[We'll Meet Again|we will meet again]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825205418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 8&nbsp;May, the 75th anniversary of [[VE Day]], in a television broadcast at 9&nbsp;pm—the exact time at which her father had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=VE Day: UK's streets not empty as filled with love, says Queen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709230720/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> In 2021, she received her first and second [[COVID-19 vaccinations]] in January and April respectively.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Busby |first=Mattha |date=9 January 2021 |title=The Queen and Prince Philip receive first dose of Covid vaccine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184958/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=The Guardian |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite web |last=Petit |first=Stephanie |date=1 April 2021 |title=Queen Elizabeth Received Her Second COVID-19 Vaccine Before First Maskless Outing of the Year |url=https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020126/https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=People |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref>

Prince Philip [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|died on 9&nbsp;April 2021]], after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a [[widow]] or widower since Queen Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: After over 70 years by her side, the Queen faces a future without her 'strength and stay' |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409125554/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |archive-date=9 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=ITV News |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Caitlin |date=9 April 2021 |title=Queen will complete her reign in the same sad way as great-great grandmother Queen Victoria |work=GoodtoKnow |url=https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611164919/https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tominey |first=Camilla |author-link=Camilla Tominey |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip's peaceful passing reflects a remarkable life lived in self-effacing dignity |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160905/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=The Telegraph |mode=cs2}}</ref> and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: The Queen says his death has 'left a huge void' – Duke of York |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Abraham |first=Ellie |date=17 April 2021 |title=Social Media Reacts to 'heartbreaking' Image of Queen Sitting Alone at Prince Philip's Funeral |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706220849/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Independent |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Jennifer |date=17 April 2021 |title=Image of Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II sitting alone at Philip's funeral breaks hearts around the world |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512191857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip |archive-date=12 May 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him."<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen's Christmas message pays tribute to 'beloved' Philip |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220143732/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen remembers 'mischievous twinkle' of Prince Philip in emotional Christmas message |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215133432/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message |archive-date=15 February 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref>

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[[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee celebrations]] began on 6&nbsp;February 2022, marking 70 years since her accession.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=5 February 2022 |title=Queen holds reception to mark Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221164719/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> In her [[accession day]] message, she renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=5 February 2022 |title=Accession Day 2022 |url=https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174327/https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Royal Family |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Later that month, Elizabeth fell ill with COVID-19 along with several family members, but she only exhibited "mild cold-like symptoms" and recovered by the end of the month.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |lastlast1=Lee |firstfirst1=Dulcie |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |date=20 February 2022 |title=The Queen tests positive for Covid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220115305/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=BBC News |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=20 February 2022 |title=Britain's Queen Elizabeth tests positive for Covid-19 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527235154/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinton |first=Megan |date=28 February 2022 |title=Queen enjoys time with family after recovering from Covid |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305043126/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=[[LBC]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> She was present at [[A Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Duke of Edinburgh|the service of thanksgiving for her husband]] at Westminster Abbey on 29&nbsp;March,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lauren |first=Turner |date=29 March 2022 |title=Queen attends Prince Philip memorial service at Westminster Abbey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> but was unable to attend both the annual [[Commonwealth Day]] service that month<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thompson |first=Eliza |date=14 March 2022 |title=Prince Charles Fills in for Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II at Commonwealth Day Service Alongside Prince William |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314202741/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |magazine=Us Weekly |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the [[Royal Maundy]] service in April, because of "episodic mobility problems".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Charley |date=14 April 2022 |title=Prince Charles stands in for Queen at Maundy Service |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> In May, she missed the [[State Opening of Parliament]] for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend the state openings in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament – Prince of Wales to read speech instead |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195207/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

The Queen was largely confined to balcony appearances during the public jubilee celebrations, and she missed the [[Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving|National Service of Thanksgiving]] on 3&nbsp;June.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=2 June 2022 |title=The Queen to miss service of thanksgiving after suffering discomfort |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627180802/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Telegraph |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 13&nbsp;June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history (among those whose exact dates of reign are known), with 70 years and 127 days on the throne—surpassing King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=13 June 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II becomes second-longest serving monarch |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615204423/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 6&nbsp;September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, [[Liz Truss]], at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This was the only occasion on which Elizabeth received a new prime minister at a location other than Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news |lastlast1=Foster |firstfirst1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=31 August 2022 |title=Queen won't return to London to appoint new British PM, for first time in her reign |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902004500/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=CNN |mode=cs2}}</ref> No other British monarch appointed as many prime ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Little known facts about British Prime Ministers |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010155323/https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Sky HISTORY |mode=cs2}}</ref> The Queen's last public message was issued on 7&nbsp;September, in which she expressed her sympathy for those affected by the [[Saskatchewan stabbings]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=In last public statement, Queen Elizabeth extended condolences following Saskatchewan stabbing rampage |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908193354/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=[[The StarPhoenix]] |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Elizabeth did not plan to [[abdicate]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=370–371|Marr|2011|2p=395}} though she took on fewer public engagements in her later years and Prince Charles performed more of her duties.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |lastlast1=Mansey |firstfirst1=Kate |last2=Leake |first2=Jonathan |last3=Hellen |first3=Nicholas |date=19 January 2014 |title=Queen and Charles start to 'job-share' |url=https://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203044636/https://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=20 January 2014 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=395}}}}</ref> She told Canadian {{Not a typo|governor-general}} [[Adrienne Clarkson]] in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying, "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=19 September 2022 |title=Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010752/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=15 October 2022 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, [[Justin Welby]], who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen had no fear of death, says archbishop of Canterbury |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909105236/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Death ==

{{Main|Death and state funeral of Elizabeth&nbsp;II}}

[[File:Memorial Offerings to Queen Elizabeth II at the George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial (11).jpg|thumb|left|Tributes left in [[The Mall, London]]]]

On 8&nbsp;September 2022, Buckingham Palace stated, "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen's doctors concerned for her health – palace |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision at Balmoral after doctors' concerns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[immediate family]] rushed to Balmoral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113720/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=8 September 2022 |title=Duke of York, Princess Anne and Prince Edward all called to Queen's side |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Plymouth Live |mode=cs2}}</ref> She died peacefully at 15:10 [[British Summer Time|BST]] at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=12 January 2024 |title=King found out his mother had died while 'driving back to Balmoral from picking mushrooms' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/12/king-picking-mushrooms-when-told-mother-had-died/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003842/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/12/king-picking-mushrooms-when-told-mother-had-died/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="COD">{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prynn |first=Jonathan |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen died 'with Charles and Anne by side as other royals dashed to Balmoral' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161357/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Evening Standard |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II has died |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |lastlast1=Kottasová |firstfirst1=Ivana |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |last3=Foster |first3=Max |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II dies at 96 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908200025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=CNN |mode=cs2}}</ref> setting in motion [[Operation London Bridge]] and, because she died in Scotland, [[Operation Unicorn (Scotland)|Operation Unicorn]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Operation Unicorn: what happens after the Queen's death in Scotland? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172120/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title="Operation Unicorn", Not "London Bridge": The Codename For Queen's Death |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144025/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since [[James&nbsp;V]] in 1542.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2022 |title=Elizabeth, the last Queen of Scots? |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161115/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[death certificate]] recorded her cause of death as "[[old age]]".<ref name="COD" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth died of 'old age', death certificate says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115424/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref> BiographerAccording [[Gylesto Brandreth]]her reportedformer thatprime Elizabeth was sufferingminister [[multipleBoris myelomaJohnson]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=DawsonKeate |first=BethanyNoah |date=2024-09-30 |title=Boris Johnson says Queen Elizabeth&nbsp; II was battlinghad bone marrow cancer before she died, claims new book |url=https://www.businessinsiderpolitico.comeu/ukarticle/boris-queenjohnson-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302151635/https://www.businessinsider.com/uksays-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-bone-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |archive-date=2 March 2024uk/ |access-date=2024-0309-0230 |website=Business Insider[[Politico]] |language=en-USGB |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the biographer [[Gyles Brandreth]], she was suffering from a form of [[bone marrow cancer]], whenwhich sheBrandreth diedwrote was [[multiple myeloma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Bethany |date=2022-11-26 November 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II was battling bone marrow cancer before she died, claims new book |url=https://www.insiderbusinessinsider.com/uk-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |accessurl-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302151635/https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |archive-date=52 JanuaryMarch 2024 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |mode=cs2}}</ref>

On 12&nbsp;September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the [[Royal Mile]] in a procession to [[St&nbsp;Giles' Cathedral]], where the [[Crown of Scotland]] was placed on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2022 |title=The quiet symbolism of the Queen's farewell to Scotland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923025129/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the [[Royal Company of Archers]], during which around 33,000 people filed past it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Queen's coffin vigil in Edinburgh witnessed by 33,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 13&nbsp;September, the coffin was flown to [[RAF Northolt]] in west London to be met by Liz Truss, before continuing its journey by road to Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Plane carrying coffin of Queen Elizabeth lands in London |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/plane-carrying-coffin-queen-elizabeth-lands-london-2022-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607051309/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/plane-carrying-coffin-queen-elizabeth-lands-london-2022-09-13/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Reuters |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 14&nbsp;September, her coffin was taken in a military procession to [[Westminster Hall]], where Elizabeth's body [[lay in state]] for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]] and the [[Household Division]]. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=In Photos: World Leaders Join Public to Pay Respects to Queen |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=At least 250,000 people lined up to see queen's coffin |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920150200/https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=AP News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 16&nbsp;September, Elizabeth's children held [[Vigil of the Princes#Queen Elizabeth II|a vigil]] around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<ref name="secondvigil">{{Cite web |last=Therrien |first=Alex |date=16 September 2022 |title=Royals hold sombre watch over Queen's coffin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923001332/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |lastlast1=Bowden |firstfirst1=George |last2=Faulkner |first2=Doug |date=16 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II's grandchildren to observe lying-in-state vigil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122319/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral and Procession (19.Sep.2022) - 23.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth's coffin on the [[State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy]], during the procession to [[Wellington Arch]]]]

Elizabeth's [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey on 19&nbsp;September, which marked the first time a monarch's funeral service was held at the Abbey since [[George II of Great Britain|George&nbsp;II]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Royal Burials and Funerals |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912200155/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |publisher=Westminster Abbey |mode=cs2}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> More than a million people lined the streets of [[central London]],<ref name="SkyN-Crowds">{{Cite news |last=Minelle |first=Bethany |date=19 September 2022 |title=Tens of thousands in London and Windsor as world says goodbye to the Queen at her funeral |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919090242/https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.<ref name="BBC News-2022">{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="SkyN-Crowds" /> Elizabeth's [[fell pony]] and two [[royal corgis]] stood at the side of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heald |first=Claire |date=19 September 2022 |title=Queen's corgis and pony wait at Windsor Castle as coffin approaches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924014502/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> After a committal service at [[St&nbsp;George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], Elizabeth's body was interred with her husband Philip's in the [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]] later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Family say final goodbye as Queen buried next to Philip |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919001031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Sophie |date=19 September 2022 |title=The State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925015510/https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=The Royal Family |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN2vT_jpW1o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918203110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TN2vT_jpW1o |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

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In November 1999, [[1999 Australian republic referendum|a referendum in Australia]] on the future of the [[Australian monarchy]] favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=310|Lacey|2002|2p=387|Roberts|2000|3p=101|Shawcross|2002|4p=218}} Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2010 |title=Australia's PM says Elizabeth&nbsp;II should be country's last British monarch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |archive-date=27 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |location=Canberra |agency=Associated Press |mode=cs2}}</ref> Gillard's successor, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Judith |date=15 July 2017 |title=We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701064241/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |mode=cs2}}</ref> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=9 March 2021 |title=Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202052213/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Times |mode=cs2 |location=Sydney}}</ref> Similarly, referendums in both [[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum|Tuvalu in 2008]] and [[2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009]] saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2009 |title=Vincies vote 'No' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010073408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=26 November 2009 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Monarchy poll |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163103/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchy-poll-april-2006 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]] |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite web |date=16 December 2007 |title=Monarchy Survey |url=https://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201056/https://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=[[Populus Ltd]] |page=9 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |date=28 December 2007 |title=Poll respondents back UK monarchy |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182109/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=Monarchy/Royal Family Trends&nbsp;– Satisfaction with the Queen |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163208/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Ipsos MORI |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], [[Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew|his lawsuit]] with [[Virginia Giuffre]] amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan]]'s [[Megxit|exit from the working royal family]] and subsequent move to the United States.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=7 September 2019 |title=Epstein, Andrew and private jets: The royals have had a tumultuous summer |url=https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923210841/https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=Sky News |ref=none |mode=cs2}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sophie |last2=Hall |first2=Harriet |date=19 May 2021 |title=How the couple who were supposed to 'modernise the monarchy' turned their backs on it |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133622/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |archive-date=27 September 2021 |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |lastlast1=Skinner |firstfirst1=Giden |last2=Garrett |first2=Cameron |date=11 January 2022 |title=Three in five favour Britain remaining a monarchy, although support falls from 2012 peak as more become uncertain |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712192545/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914104959/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071842/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=2 June 2022 |title=Poll: Dramatic decline in support for monarchy in decade since Diamond Jubilee |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205309/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |archive-date=22 July 2022 |ref=none |mode=cs2}};|{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=13 September 2022 |title=How have Britons reacted to Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II's death? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011172024/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}}}}</ref> and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |lastlast1=Beaver |firstfirst1=Kelly |last2=Skinner |first2=Gideon |last3=Garrett |first3=Cameron |date=30 May 2022 |title=The Queen remains the nations' favourite royal as the public associate her with tradition and a positive symbol of Britain at home and abroad |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170513/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos |ref=none |mode=cs2}};

|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013402/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};

|{{Cite web |last=Ibbetson |first=Connor |date=31 May 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063147/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none |mode=cs2}};

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=== Arms ===

{{See also|Flags of Elizabeth&nbsp;II}}

From 21&nbsp;April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge]] bearing the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] differenced with a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]], the centre point bearing a [[Tudor rose]] and the first and third a [[cross of Saint George]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |url=https://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/https://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |publisher=[[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign, with a subsequently modified representation of the crown. Elizabeth also possessed [[Heraldic banner|royal standards]] and personal flags for use [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], [[Royal standards of Canada|Canada]], [[Queen's Personal Australian Flag|Australia]], [[Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag|New Zealand]], [[Queen's Personal Jamaican Flag|Jamaica]], and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=15 January 2016 |title=Personal flags |url=https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180249/https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=Royal Household |mode=cs2}}</ref>

{{image frame|align=center|border=no|caption=|content=

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* [[List of special addresses made by Elizabeth&nbsp;II]]

* [[Royal eponyms in Canada]]

* [[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|List of covers of ''Time'' magazine {{text|(|1920s)}}]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1940s)|1940s]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (1950s)|1950s]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|2010s)]]

==Notes==

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* {{Cite book |last=Bedell Smith |first=Sally |author-link=Sally Bedell Smith |title=Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-4059-3216-5 |mode=cs2}}

* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Jennie |author-link=Jennie Bond |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabetheightyg0000bond |title=Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years |date=2006 |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |isbn=1-8444-2260-7 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}

* {{Cite book |lastlast1=Bousfield |firstfirst1=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsqueent0000bous |title=Fifty Years the Queen |last2=Toffoli |first2=Gary |date=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-5500-2360-2 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}

* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Bradford |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-1419-3333-7 |edition=2nd |mode=cs2}}

* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |url=https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe0000brad |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II: Her Life in Our Times |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-6709-1911-6 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}

Line 436:

* {{Cite book |last=Knappett |first=Gill |title=The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir |date=2016 |publisher=Pitkin |isbn=978-0-7509-7031-0 |mode=cs2}}

* {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Lacey |title=Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II |date=2002 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-3168-5940-0 |mode=cs2}}<!-- Two instances of this book are now on the Internet Archive, but take your pick. -->

* {{Cite book |lastlast1=Louda |firstfirst1=Jiří |author-link=Jiří Louda |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Maclagan |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-3168-4820-6 |edition=2nd |location=London |mode=cs2 |orig-year=1981}}

* {{Cite book |last=Macmillan |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/pointingway1959100macm |title=Pointing the Way 1959–1961 |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3331-2411-1 |mode=cs2 |url-access=registration}}

* {{Cite book |last=Marr |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Marr |title=The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth&nbsp;II and Her People |date=2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-2307-4852-1 |mode=cs2}} <!-- Three instances of this book are now in the Internet Archive, but take your pick. -->

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{{Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{Heads of State of Uganda}}

{{Windsor family}}

{{Mountbatten-Windsor}}

}}

{{Subject bar|Monarchy|British Empire|United Kingdom|England|London|Scotland|Wales|Northern Ireland|Australia|Belize|Canada|Jamaica|New Zealand|Tuvalu

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[[Category:House of Windsor]]

[[Category:Jewellery collectors]]

[[Category:Lord Highhigh Admiralsadmirals of the United Kingdom]]

[[Category:Monarchs of Ceylon]]

[[Category:Monarchs of the Isle of Man]]

[[Category:Monarchs ofin South Africa]]

[[Category:Monarchs of the United Kingdom]]

[[Category:Mothers of British monarchs]]