Elizabeth II: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Elizabeth&nbsp;II''' (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21&nbsp;April 1926{{Sndash}}8&nbsp;September 2022) was <!-- please don't add "the" -->[[Queen of the United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s from 6&nbsp;February 1952 until [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|her death]] in 2022. She washad been [[queen regnant]] of [[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|32 sovereign states]] over the course ofduring her lifetime and remainedwas the monarch of 15 realms by the time ofat her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest of any British monarch]] or [[female monarch]], and the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|second-longest verified reign of any monarch of a sovereign state in history]].

Elizabeth was born in [[Mayfair]], London, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, [[King George&nbsp;V]]. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later [[King George&nbsp;VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon [[Abdication of Edward VIII|the abdication]] of his brother [[Edward&nbsp;VIII]], making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the [[heir presumptive]]. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]]. In November 1947, [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten|she married]] [[Philip Mountbatten]], a former [[prince of Greece and Denmark]]. Their marriage lasted 73 years until [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|his death in 2021]]. They had four children: [[Charles III|Charles]], [[Anne, Princess Royal|Anne]], [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York|Andrew]], and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Edward]].

When [[Death and state funeral of George VI|her father died]] in February 1952, Elizabeth—thenElizabeth, then 25 years old—becameold, became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as [[head of the Commonwealth]]. Elizabeth reigned as a [[constitutional monarch]] through major political changes such as [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, [[devolution in the United Kingdom]], the [[decolonisation of Africa]], and the [[United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities]] as well as its [[Brexit|subsequent withdrawal]]. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|became republics]]. As queen, Elizabeth was served by [[List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II|more than 170 prime ministers]] across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to China in 1986, [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|to Russia]] in 1994, and [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|to the Republic of Ireland]] in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents.

Significant events included [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|Elizabeth'sher coronation]] in 1953 and the celebrations of her [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver]], [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden]], [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond]], and [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum]] [[jubilee]]s in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although shethere facedwas occasional [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]] sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her ''[[annus horribilis#Elizabeth II|annus horribilis]]'' in 1992, and [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|the death]] in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]]—support for the monarchy and her personal popularity in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died at the age ofaged 96 at [[Balmoral Castle]], and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles&nbsp;III.<!--Charles already has a wikilink in the 2nd paragraph of the lead. Please don't link again without checking-->

== Early life ==

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{{Main|Death and state funeral of Elizabeth&nbsp;II}}

[[File:Memorial Offerings to Queen Elizabeth II at the George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial (11).jpg|thumb|left|Tributes left in [[The Mall, London]]]]

On 8&nbsp;September 2022, Buckingham Palace stated, "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen's doctors concerned for her health – palace |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision at Balmoral after doctors' concerns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[immediate family]] rushed to Balmoral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113720/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=8 September 2022 |title=Duke of York, Princess Anne and Prince Edward all called to Queen's side |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Plymouth Live |mode=cs2}}</ref> She died peacefully at 15:10 [[British Summer Time|BST]] at the age of 96.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=12 January 2024 |title=King found out his mother had died while 'driving back to Balmoral from picking mushrooms' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/12/king-picking-mushrooms-when-told-mother-had-died/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003842/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/12/king-picking-mushrooms-when-told-mother-had-died/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235 |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="COD">{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prynn |first=Jonathan |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen died 'with Charles and Anne by side as other royals dashed to Balmoral' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161357/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Evening Standard |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her death was announced to the public at 18:30,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II has died |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |last3=Foster |first3=Max |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II dies at 96 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908200025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=CNN |mode=cs2}}</ref> setting in motion [[Operation London Bridge]] and, because she died in Scotland, [[Operation Unicorn (Scotland)|Operation Unicorn]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Operation Unicorn: what happens after the Queen's death in Scotland? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172120/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title="Operation Unicorn", Not "London Bridge": The Codename For Queen's Death |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144025/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Agence France-Presse |mode=cs2}}</ref> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since [[James&nbsp;V]] in 1542.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2022 |title=Elizabeth, the last Queen of Scots? |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161115/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her [[death certificate]] recorded her cause of death as "[[old age]]".<ref name="COD" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth died of 'old age', death certificate says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115424/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian |mode=cs2}}</ref> BiographerAccording [[Gylesto Brandreth]]her reportedformer thatprime Elizabeth was sufferingminister [[multipleBoris myelomaJohnson]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=DawsonKeate |first=BethanyNoah |date=2024-09-30 |title=Boris Johnson says Queen Elizabeth&nbsp; II was battlinghad bone marrow cancer before she died, claims new book |url=https://www.businessinsiderpolitico.comeu/ukarticle/boris-queenjohnson-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302151635/https://www.businessinsider.com/uksays-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-bone-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |archive-date=2 March 2024uk/ |access-date=2024-0309-0230 |website=Business Insider[[Politico]] |language=en-USGB |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the biographer [[Gyles Brandreth]], she was suffering from a form of [[bone marrow cancer]], whenwhich sheBrandreth diedwrote was [[multiple myeloma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Bethany |date=2022-11-26 November 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II was battling bone marrow cancer before she died, claims new book |url=https://www.insiderbusinessinsider.com/uk-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |accessurl-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302151635/https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |archive-date=52 JanuaryMarch 2024 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |mode=cs2}}</ref>

On 12&nbsp;September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the [[Royal Mile]] in a procession to [[St&nbsp;Giles' Cathedral]], where the [[Crown of Scotland]] was placed on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2022 |title=The quiet symbolism of the Queen's farewell to Scotland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923025129/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the [[Royal Company of Archers]], during which around 33,000 people filed past it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Queen's coffin vigil in Edinburgh witnessed by 33,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 13&nbsp;September, the coffin was flown to [[RAF Northolt]] in west London to be met by Liz Truss, before continuing its journey by road to Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Plane carrying coffin of Queen Elizabeth lands in London |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/plane-carrying-coffin-queen-elizabeth-lands-london-2022-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607051309/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/plane-carrying-coffin-queen-elizabeth-lands-london-2022-09-13/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Reuters |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 14&nbsp;September, her coffin was taken in a military procession to [[Westminster Hall]], where Elizabeth's body [[lay in state]] for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]] and the [[Household Division]]. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=In Photos: World Leaders Join Public to Pay Respects to Queen |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=At least 250,000 people lined up to see queen's coffin |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920150200/https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=AP News |mode=cs2}}</ref> On 16&nbsp;September, Elizabeth's children held [[Vigil of the Princes#Queen Elizabeth II|a vigil]] around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<ref name="secondvigil">{{Cite web |last=Therrien |first=Alex |date=16 September 2022 |title=Royals hold sombre watch over Queen's coffin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923001332/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=George |last2=Faulkner |first2=Doug |date=16 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth&nbsp;II's grandchildren to observe lying-in-state vigil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122319/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref>

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[[File:Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral and Procession (19.Sep.2022) - 23.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth's coffin on the [[State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy]], during the procession to [[Wellington Arch]]]]

Elizabeth's [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey on 19&nbsp;September, which marked the first time a monarch's funeral service was held at the Abbey since [[George II of Great Britain|George&nbsp;II]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite newsweb |title=A History of Royal Burials and Funerals |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912200155/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |newspaperpublisher=Westminster Abbey |mode=cs2 |last1=Pixeltocode. Uk |first1=Pixeltocode }}{{Cbignore}}</ref> More than a million people lined the streets of [[central London]],<ref name="SkyN-Crowds">{{Cite news |last=Minelle |first=Bethany |date=19 September 2022 |title=Tens of thousands in London and Windsor as world says goodbye to the Queen at her funeral |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919090242/https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News |mode=cs2}}</ref> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.<ref name="BBC News-2022">{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="SkyN-Crowds" /> Elizabeth's [[fell pony]] and two [[royal corgis]] stood at the side of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heald |first=Claire |date=19 September 2022 |title=Queen's corgis and pony wait at Windsor Castle as coffin approaches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924014502/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref> After a committal service at [[St&nbsp;George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], Elizabeth's body was interred with her husband Philip's in the [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]] later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Family say final goodbye as Queen buried next to Philip |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919001031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=BBC News |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Sophie |date=19 September 2022 |title=The State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925015510/https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=The Royal Family |mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN2vT_jpW1o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918203110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TN2vT_jpW1o |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube |mode=cs2}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

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{{Heads of State of Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{Heads of State of Uganda}}

{{Windsor family}}

{{Mountbatten-Windsor}}

}}

{{Subject bar|Monarchy|British Empire|United Kingdom|England|London|Scotland|Wales|Northern Ireland|Australia|Belize|Canada|Jamaica|New Zealand|Tuvalu

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[[Category:Monarchs of Ceylon]]

[[Category:Monarchs of the Isle of Man]]

[[Category:Monarchs ofin South Africa]]

[[Category:Monarchs of the United Kingdom]]

[[Category:Mothers of British monarchs]]