Eshmun: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| temples = [[Temple of Eshmun]] at Bostan el-Sheikh, Sidon

| symbol = Serpent

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}}'''Eshmun''' (or '''Eshmoun''', less accurately '''Esmun''' or '''Esmoun'''; {{lang-phn|𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍}} ''{{transliteration|sem|ʾšmn}}''; {{lang-akk|𒅀𒋢𒈬𒉡}} ''Yasumunu'') was a [[Phoenicia]]n god of healing and the [[tutelary deity|tutelary god]] of [[Sidon]].▼

{{Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)}}

{{Middle Eastern deities}}

▲}}'''Eshmun''' (or '''Eshmoun''', less accurately '''Esmun''' or '''Esmoun'''; {{lang-phn|𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍}} ''{{transliteration|sem|ʾšmn}}''; {{lang-akk|𒅀𒋢𒈬𒉡}} ''Yasumunu'') was a [[Phoenicia]]n god of healing and the [[tutelary deity|tutelary god]] of [[Sidon]].

==History==

Eshmun was known at least from the [[Iron Age]] period at [[Sidon]] and was worshipped also in [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], [[Beirut]], [[Cyprus]], [[Sardinia]], and in [[Carthage]] where the site of Eshmun's temple is now occupied by the [[acropolium of Carthage]].{{Citation neededSfn|dateLipiński|1995|pp=February 2023160-166}}

According to [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], Phoenician author [[Sanchuniathon]] wrote that [[Sydyk]], 'The Righteous', first fathered seven sons equated with the Greek [[Cabeiri]] or [[Dioscuri]], no mother named, and then afterwards fathered an eighth son by one of the seven Titanides or Artemides. (See [[Kotharat]]). The name ''Eshmun'' appears to mean 'the Eighth'.

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==Worship==

The [[Eshmun Temple|temple toof Eshmun]] is found 1 km from Sidon on the Bostrenus (now called the [[BostrenusAwali River(river)|Awali]], thein modernsouthwestern [[River AwwaliLebanon]]). Building was begun at the end of the 6thsixth century BCE during the reign of [[Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II|Eshmunazar]], II[[King of Sidon]], and later additions were made up into the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period. It was excavated by Maurice Dunand in 1963–1978. Many votive offerings were found in the form of statues of persons healed by the god, especially babies and young children.

Also found near the temple was a gold plaque of Eshmun and the goddess [[HygeiaHygieia]] (meaning "Health") showing Eshmun holding a staff in his right hand around which a serpent is entwined. A coin of the 3rd century CE from Beirut shows Eshmun standing between two serpents.

== Place names ==

A village near Beirut named Qabr Shmoun, "Eshmoun's grave," still exists.{{Citation neededSfn|dateLipiński|1995|pp=|p=February 2023160}}

==See also==

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*{{Cite book |last=Cassel |first=Paulus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tOedtu4uJ8C |title=Esmun. Eine archäologische Untersuchung aus der Geschichte Kenaans ... Mit einem einleitenden Sendschreiben über Studien des Alten Testaments |date=1872 |publisher=Gustav Schlössmann |location=Gotha |language=de |trans-title=Esmun. An archaeological study from the history of Kenaan ... With an introductory missive on Old Testament studies.}}'

*{{Cite book |last=Court de Gébelin |first=Antoine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-AFv9-HgDQC&dq=All%C3%A9gories+orientales+esmunus&pg=PA68 |title=Allégories orientales, ou, le fragment de Sanchoniaton, qui contient l'histoire de saturne: suivie de celles de mercure et d'hercule, et de ses douze travaux ... |date=1773 |publisher=chez l'auteur |location=Paris |language=fr |trans-title=Oriental allegories, or, the fragment of Sanchoniaton, which contains the story of Saturn: followed by those of Mercury and Hercules, and his twelve labors. |author-link=Antoine Court de Gébelin}}

*{{Cite book |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKxLnTEqXwIC |title=Dieux et Déesses de l'Univers Phénicien et Punique |date=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6831-690-2 |location=Leuven |pages=154–168 |language=fr |trans-title=Gods and Goddesses of the Phoenician and Punic Universe |oclc=33211400 |author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)}}

*

==External links==

{{Middle Eastern mythology}}{{Authority control}}▼

* '''Temple of Eshmun near Sidon'''

[[Category:Eshmun| ]]

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606075052/http://www.lebmania.com/photos/eshmoun/welcome.htm Lebmania: Eshmoun]

** [http://www.atlastours.net/lebanon/eshmoun.html Atlas Tours: Lebanon: Eshmun]

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912200051/http://www.ikamalebanon.com/national_heritage/south_nh/sth_cities_nh/eshmoun.htm Ikama: Eshmoun]

* [http://eshmunit.bterram.com/ Bterram: Eshmunit] (On the temple of Eshmunit in Bterram.)

▲{{Authority control}}

[[Category:West Semitic gods]]

[[Category:Tutelary deitiesgods]]

[[Category:Health gods]]

[[Category:Phoenician mythology]]

[[Category:Temple of Eshmun]]

[[Category:Melqart]]