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Line 10: {{See also|Environmental impact of agriculture|Environmental impact of meat production|Environmental impact of fishing|Sustainable diet}} [[File:Cattle grazing Ochiltree County, TX IMG 6050.JPG|thumb|Cattle grazing in Texas]] The extent of environmental impacts depends on the methods of food production and types of food. The [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] advises that avoiding eating beef may potentially help the environment,<ref name="earthsave">{{cite web | url=http://www.earthsave.org/environment/foodchoices.htm | title=How Our Food Choices can Help Save the Environment | publisher=EarthSave | accessdate=August 15, 2015 | author=Boyan, Steve}}</ref> because of the large amounts of water needed to produce beef, the pollution from fecal, ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane waste associated with raising cows, the physical damage from grazing, and the destruction of wildlife habitat and rainforests to produce land for grazing.<ref name=earthsave /> Industrially produced meat, such as that from animals raised in [[ Packaging of commercially produced foods is also an area of concern,<ref name=time1208 /> because of the environmental impact of both the production of the packaging and the disposal of the packaging. Line 33: ===Meat=== [[File:Pigs at Polyface Farm.jpg|thumb|Free-range pigs grazing at [[Polyface Farm]], which promotes 'more sustainable' methods of animal husbandry {{Main|Ethics of eating meat}} Some ethicists argue that the keeping and killing of animals for human consumption is in itself unethical.<ref name="huffpo1501">{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/neil-zevnik/humane-animal-protein-an-_b_6482072.html | title=The Humane Omnivore: An Oxymoron? | work=The Huffington Post | date=January 26, 2015 | accessdate=August 13, 2015 | author=Zevnik, Neil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pilgrim|first=Karyn|date=2013-05-01|title=‘Happy Cows,’ ‘Happy Beef’: A Critique of the Rationales for Ethical Meat|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental-humanities/article/3/1/111/8092/Happy-Cows-Happy-Beef-A-Critique-of-the-Rationales|journal=Environmental Humanities|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=111–127|doi=10.1215/22011919-3611257|issn=2201-1919|doi-access=free}}</ref> Others point out that animal husbandry is "essential to sustainable farms, which don't rely on fossil fuels and chemicals," rather using animal waste as fertilizer and animal activity as weed and pest control and using animals to "convert vegetation that's inedible to humans, and growing on marginal, uncultivated land, into food."<ref name="nyt1204" /><ref name="atlantic11">{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/12/eating-animals/250179/ | title=Eating Animals | work=The Atlantic | date=December 20, 2011 | accessdate=August 13, 2015 | author=Niman, Nicolette Hahn}}</ref> Line 64: ==Further reading== *Kaplan, David M. (ed.). ''The Philosophy of Food'', University of California Press, 2012. *Hardy, Anne, (2016). {{Consumerism}} | |||