Ferry: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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{{Short description|Ship to carry people and goods on water}}

{{redirect|Ferryman|other uses|Ferry (disambiguation)|and|Ferryman (disambiguation)}}

{{Other uses}}

{{redirect|Ferryman}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Admiralty law}}

A '''ferry''' is a [[watercraftboat]] that carriestransports passengers, and sometimesoccasionally vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with manymultiple stops, suchlike asthose in [[Venice]], [[Italy]], is sometimes calledreferred to as a [[water bus|water taxi or water bus]].▼

▲A '''ferry''' is a [[watercraft]] that carries passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with many stops, such as in [[Venice]], [[Italy]], is sometimes called a [[water bus|water taxi or water bus]].

Ferries form a part of the [[public transport]] systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a [[capital cost]] much lower than [[bridge]]s or [[tunnel]]s. Ship connections of much larger distances (such as over long distances in water bodies like the [[Mediterranean Sea]]) may also be called ferry services, and many carry vehicles.

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In 1850 the roll-on roll-off (ro-ro) ferry, ''Leviathan'' designed to carry freight wagons efficiently across the Firth of Forth in Scotland started to operate between Granton, near Edinburgh, and Burntisland in Fife. The vessel design was highly innovative and the ability to move freight in great quantities and with minimal labour signalled the way ahead for sea-borne transport, converting the ro-ro ferry from an experimental and marginal ship type into one of central importance in the transport of goods and passengers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bruce |first1=Peter |last2=Dawson |first2=Philip |title=The Ferry – A drive through history |publisher=Ferry Publications |location=Isle of Man |page=9}}</ref>

In 1871, the world's first car ferry crossed the [[Bosphorus]] in Istanbul. The iron steamship, named ''Suhulet'' (meaning 'ease' or 'convenience') was designed by the general manager of Şirket-i Hayriye (Bosporus Steam Navigation Company), Giritli Hüseyin Haki Bey and built by the [[Greenwich]] shipyard of [[Maudslay, Sons and Field]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Mary Mills |date=2013-08-09 |title=MAUDSLAY SON AND FIELD’SFIELD'S GREENWICH SHIPYARD |url=https://greenwichpeninsulahistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/09/maudslay-son-and-fields-greenwich-shipyard/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Greenwich Peninsula History |language=en}}</ref> It weighed 157 tons, was {{convert|155|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, {{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} wide and had a draft of {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}. It was capable of travelling up to 6 knots with the side wheel turned by its 450-horsepower, single-cylinder, two-cycle steam engine. Launched in 1872, Suhulet's unique features consisted of a symmetrical entry and exit for horse carriages, along with a dual system of hatchways. The ferry operated on the Üsküdar-Kabataş route, which is still serviced by modern ferries today.

==Notable services==

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File:Yawatahama ferry.jpg|The number of actual seats has traditionally been very limited like on this Japanese passenger ferry, with larger spaces dedicated to [[tatami]] or [[broadloom]] areas where passengers can sit or lie down (on [[Shikoku]] and [[Kyushu]] ferry, 2014).

File:On Yamagawa-Nejime Ferry - Inside the ferry Nankyu (2023).jpg|Inside a short distance ferry, the {{ill|Yamagawa-Nejime Ferry|ja|}}, [[Kagoshima, Japan]] (2023)

File:東九フェリー船内バイク駐輪機.jpg|Long-distance ferries are also used by motorcyclists.(Ocean Tokyu Ferry, 2019)

File:オーシャン東九フェリー船内.jpg|A second-class cabin on the ferry connecting Tokyo and Kitakyushu. A simple bed with curtains.(Ocean Tokyu Ferry, 2019)

</gallery>

==== Bangladesh ====

{{transcluded section|source=Transport in Bangladesh|part=yes}}

{{#section-h:Transport in Bangladesh|Ferries}}

=== Russian Federation ===

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Large [[cruiseferry|cruiseferries]] sail in the [[Baltic Sea]] between [[Finland]], [[Åland]], [[Sweden]], [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. In many ways, these ferries are like [[cruise ship]]s, but they can also carry hundreds of cars on car decks. Besides providing passenger and car transport across the sea, [[Baltic Sea cruise-ferries]] are a popular tourist destination unto themselves, with multiple restaurants, nightclubs, bars, shops and entertainment on board. [[Helsinki]] was the busiest international passenger ferry port in the world in 2017 with over 11.8 million passengers whilst the second business international ferry port, Dover, had 11.7 million passengers. The Helsinki-[[Tallinn]] route alone accounted for nine million passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-10026577|title=in Finnish, "Helsinki nousi maailman vilkkaimmaksi matkustajasatamaksi"; YLE|date=17 January 2018|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404231111/https://yle.fi/a/3-10026577|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022 the port of Helsinki had almost 8 million passengers, of which 6.3 million travelled between Helsinki and Tallinn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lansivayla.fi/paikalliset/5689834|title=in Finnish "Laivamatkustus tuplaantui Helsingin satamissa – risteilyalukset olivat poikkeus"; Länsiväylä|date=30 January 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325100313/https://www.lansivayla.fi/paikalliset/5689834|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia.

The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic and cars. The ferry routes of [[Rødby]]-[[Puttgarden]], [[Trelleborg]]-[[Rostock]], [[Trelleborg]]-[[Travemünde]], [[Trelleborg]]-[[Świnoujście]], [[Gedser]]-[[Rostock]], [[Gdynia]]-[[Karlskrona]], and [[Ystad]]-[[Świnoujście]] are all typical ''transports'' ferries. On the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. TheSome [[Rødby]]-[[Puttgarden]]of routethese alsoroutes transportspreviously dayalso passengercarried trains, betweenbut [[Copenhagen]]since and2020 [[Hamburg]],these andtrains onare theinstead [[Trelleborg]]-[[Sassnitz]]routed route,around itthe alsoBaltic has capacities forvia the daily[[Great nightBelt trainsfixed between [[Berlinlink]] and [[MalmöJutland]].

==== Turkey ====

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==== United States ====

Due to the [[North Carolina]] coast's geography, consisting of numerous sounds, inlets, tidal arms, and islands, ferry transportation is essential in the region. The state operates twelve routes, eight of which are under the oversight of the [[North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division]], three of which are under the direct oversight of the [[North Carolina Department of Transportation]], and one of which is under the oversight of the [[North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferry Schedule {{!}} NC State Parks |url=https://www.ncparks.gov/state-parks/hammocks-beach-state-park/ferry-schedule |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.ncparks.gov |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727181959/https://www.ncparks.gov/state-parks/hammocks-beach-state-park/ferry-schedule |url-status=live }}</ref> Three of the Ferry Division routes are tolled, and all ferry routes operated by the North Carolina Department of Transportation carry both vehicles and pedestrians, although certain vessels only carry pedestrians and cyclists. The National Park Service additionally works with private companies to offer ferry service to locations such as [[Cape Lookout National Seashore|Cape Lookout]] and [[Portsmouth, North Carolina|Portsmouth]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Island |first1=Mailing Address: 131 Charles St Harkers |last2=Us |first2=NC 28531 Phone: 252 728–2250 Contact |title=List of Authorized Ferry Services – Cape Lookout National Seashore (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/calo/planyourvisit/ferry.htm |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610155000/https://www.nps.gov/calo/planyourvisit/ferry.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Washington State Ferries]] operates the most extensive ferry system in the continental United States and the second largest in the world by vehicles carried, with ten routes on [[Puget Sound]] and the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] serving [[Ferry terminal|terminals]] in Washington and Vancouver Island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/61B38EF5-0E39-420D-84F8-582A6A6CF476/0/WSFFactSheet2016_FINAL.pdf|title=WSDOT Ferries Division : Nation's Largest Ferry System|date=December 2016|website=Wsdot.wa.gov|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221120608/https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/61B38EF5-0E39-420D-84F8-582A6A6CF476/0/WSFFactSheet2016_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, Washington State Ferries carried 10.5&nbsp;million vehicles and 24.2&nbsp;million riders in total.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ferries/traffic_stats/annualpdf/2016.pdf|title=Washington State Ferries : Traffic Statistics Rider Segment report|date=2016|website=Wsdot.wa.gov|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021319/http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/ferries/traffic_stats/annualpdf/2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Alaska Marine Highway|Alaska Marine Highway System]] provides service between Bellingham, Washington, and various towns and villages throughout Southeast and Southwest Alaska, including crossings of the [[Gulf of Alaska]]. AMHS provides affordable access to many small communities with no road connection or airport.

The [[Staten Island Ferry]] in [[Transportation in New York City|New York City]], sailing between the boroughs of [[Manhattan]] and [[Staten Island]], is the nation's single busiest ferry route by passenger volume. Unlike riders on many other ferry services, Staten Island Ferry passengers do not pay any fare to ride it. New York City also has a network of smaller ferries, or ''water taxis'', that shuttle commuters along the [[Hudson River]] from locations in [[New Jersey]] and Northern [[Manhattan]] down to the midtown, downtown and Wall Street business centers. Several ferry companies also offer service linking midtown and lower Manhattan with locations in the boroughs of [[Queens]] and [[Brooklyn]], crossing the city's [[East River]]. New York City Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] announced in February 2015 that city would begin an expanded Citywide Ferry Service, and launched as [[NYC Ferry]] in 2017, linking heretofore relatively isolated communities such as [[Manhattan]]'s [[Lower East Side]], [[Soundview, Bronx|Soundview]] in [[The Bronx]], [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] and [[Rockaway, Queens|the Rockaways]] in [[Queens]] and such [[Brooklyn]] neighborhoods as [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], and [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] with existing ferry landings in [[Lower Manhattan]] and [[Midtown Manhattan]]. There was aA second expansion phase which connected [[Staten Island]] to the West Side of Manhattan, and added a stop in Throgs Neck, in the Bronx. NYC Ferry is now the largest passenger fleet in the United States.

The [[New Orleans]] area also has many ferries in operation that carry both vehicles and pedestrians. Most notable is the Algiers Ferry. This, servicewhich has been in continuous operation since 1827 and is one of the oldest operating ferries in North America.

In New England, vehicle-carrying ferry services between mainland [[Cape Cod]] and the islands of [[Martha's Vineyard]] and [[Nantucket]] are operated by [[The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority]], which sails year-round between [[Woods Hole]] and [[Vineyard Haven]] as well as [[Hyannis, Massachusetts|Hyannis]] and [[Nantucket]]. Seasonal service is also operated from Woods Hole to [[Oak Bluffs]] during the summer and fall. As there are no bridges or tunnels connecting the islands to the mainland, The Steamship Authority ferries in addition to being the only method for transporting private cars to or from the islands, also ferry heavy freight and supplies, such as construction materials and fuel, competing with tug and barge companies. Additionally, [[Hy-Line Cruises]] operates high -speed catamaran service from Hyannis to both islands, and several smaller operations run seasonal passenger -only service primarily geared towards tourist [[day-tripper]]s from other mainland ports, including [[New Bedford, MA|New Bedford]], (New Bedford Fast Ferry) [[Falmouth, MA|Falmouth]], (Island Queen ferry and Falmouth Ferry) and [[Harwich, MA|Harwich]] (Freedom Cruise Line). Ferries also bring riders and vehicles across [[Long Island Sound]] to such [[Connecticut]] cities as [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]] and [[New London, Connecticut|New London]], and to [[Block Island]] in [[Rhode Island]] from points on [[Long Island]].

Transbay commuting in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] was primarily ferry -based until the advent of automobiles in the 1940s, and most bridges in the area were built to supplant ferry services. By the 1970s, ferries were primarily used by tourists with [[Golden Gate Ferry]], an organization under the ownership asof the same governing body as the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], left as the sole commute operator. The [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake]] prompted the restoration of service to the [[East Bay]]. The modern ferry network is primarily under the authority of [[San Francisco Bay Ferry]], connecting with cities as far as [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]]. Tourist excursions are also offered by [[Blue & Gold Fleet]] and [[Red & White Fleet]]. A ferry serves [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island]] (which also accepts private craft). [[Alcatraz]] is served exclusively by ferry service administered by the [[National Park Service]].

{{main|Ferries of San Francisco Bay}}

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Numerous additional inland ferry routes exist in the United States, such as the [[Cave-In-Rock Ferry]] across the Ohio River, and the [[Tennessee State Route 147|Benton-Houston Ferry]] across the Tennessee River.

===== Modernization of ferry system =====

The FTA announced in September 2024 that it would award $300 million in grants to modernize ferry systems in the United States. These grants will support 18 projects across 14 states, emphasizing upgrading environmentally friendly [[Marine propulsion|propulsion]] systems. Eight of the 18 projects will receive funding for this purpose.<ref name="m614">{{cite web | title=INVESTING IN AMERICA: Biden-Harris Administration Announces Nearly $300 Million in Grants to Modernize America’s Ferry Systems | website=Federal Transit Administration | date=2024-09-16 | url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/news/investing-america-biden-harris-administration-announces-nearly-300-million-grants | access-date=2024-09-18}}</ref>

One notable project is the San Francisco ferry system, which will receive $11.5 million to improve the connection between Treasure Island and Mission Bay. In Maine, the ferry system will be upgraded in Lincolnville and Islesboro. Additionally, Alaska will receive a significant $106.4 million grant to replace a 60-year-old vessel operating in the southwest. This vessel is a crucial connector for the region.<ref name="m614" />

These grants are part of the FTA's efforts to improve ferry transportation in the United States and promote [[sustainable transportation]] options.<ref name="m614" />

==== Mexico ====

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===Busiest networks===

* Istanbul Ferry Network – 40 million passengers annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Şehir Hatları ® Tanıtım |url=https://www.sehirhatlari.istanbul/tr/kurumsal/hakkimizda-215 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.sehirhatlari.istanbul |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216123416/https://www.sehirhatlari.istanbul/tr/kurumsal/hakkimizda-215 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* [[Washington State Ferries]] – 24.2&nbsp;million passengers annually.<ref name="wsdotwa ridership high" />

* [[Staten Island Ferry]] in [[Transportation in New York City|New York City]] – 23.9&nbsp;million passengers annually; busiest single-line ferry in the world.

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== Sustainability ==

[[File:Tallink Star in 2013.JPG|thumb|Fast [[Ro-Pax ferries]], like [[MS Star (2006)|MS ''Star'']], have notable CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.]]

The contributions of ferry travel to climate change have received less scrutiny than land and air transport, and vary considerably according to factors like speed and the number of passengers carried. Average carbon dioxide emissions by ferries per passenger-kilometre seem to be {{convert|0.12|kg|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Philippe Holthof|title='SO<sub>x</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions once again Hot Topic at Ferry Shipping Conference' : ''Ferry Shipping Conference 08: Building Bridges in the Industry''|url=http://www.shippax.se/back%CB%8Cknet/ext/file/fileredirect.asp?id=229&file=bilaga_konferens_maj08.pdf|website=Shippax.se|date=10 April 2009|page=3|access-date=27 January 2018|archive-date=25 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025185917/https://www.shippax.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, {{convert|18|kn|mph km/h|adj=mid|lk=in}} ferries between Finland and Sweden produce {{convert|0.221|kg|oz|abbr=on}} of CO<sub>2</sub>, with total emissions equalling a CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent of {{convert|0.223|kg|oz|abbr=on}}, while {{convert|24|–|27|kn|mph km/h|adj=mid}} ferries between Finland and Estonia produce {{convert|0.396|kg|oz|abbr=on}} of CO<sub>2</sub> with total emissions equalling a CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent of {{convert|0.4|kg|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/vesiliikennee/autolauttae.htm |title=Unit emissions of ferries and Ropax |website=LIPASTO |first=Kari |last=Makela |access-date=3 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224329/http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/henkiloliikennee/vesiliikennee/autolauttae.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

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* {{ship|TEV|Wahine}} – (10 April 1968) 53 deaths

* [[Sinking of Namyoung-Ho|MV ''Namyoug-Ho'']] (15 December 1970) 323–326 deaths

* [[MV George Prince ferry disaster|MV ''George Prince'']] (20 October 1976) 78 deaths

* {{MS|Herald of Free Enterprise}} – (6 March 1987) 193 deaths

* {{MV|Doña Paz}} – (20 December 1987) 4,386 deaths

* {{MV|Doña Marilyn}} – (24 October 1988) ≈400 deaths

* {{MS|Scandinavian Star}} – (7 April 1990) 159 deaths

* {{MV|Salem Express}} – (15 December 1991) 470–850 deaths

* {{MS|Empress of Australia}} – (23 August 1992) 30 deaths

* [[Sinking of the MS Jan Heweliusz|MS ''Jan Heweliusz'']] – (14 January 1993) 55 deaths

* [[Sinking of MV Seohae|MV ''Seohae'']] – (10 October 1993) 292 deaths

* {{[[Sinking of the MS Estonia|MS ''Estonia}}'']] – (28 September 1994) 852 deaths

* {{MV|Cebu City}} – (2 December 1994) 140 deaths

* {{MV|Bukoba}} – (21 May 1996) 894 deaths

* {{MV|Princess of the Orient}} – (18 September 1998) 150 deaths

* {{MS|Express Samina}} – (26 September 2000) 81 deaths

* {{MV|Le Joola}} – (26 September 2002) 1,863 deaths