Fresh water: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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In [[desert]] areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up [[sand]] and [[dust]] and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of [[iron]] may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the [[Sahara]] in [[north Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizzolo |first1=Joana A. |last2=Barbosa |first2=Cybelli G. G. |last3=Borillo |first3=Guilherme C. |last4=Godoi |first4=Ana F. L. |last5=Souza |first5=Rodrigo A. F. |last6=Andreoli |first6=Rita V. |last7=Manzi |first7=Antônio O. |last8=Sá |first8=Marta O. |last9=Alves |first9=Eliane G. |last10=Pöhlker |first10=Christopher |last11=Angelis |first11=Isabella H. |last12=Ditas |first12=Florian |last13=Saturno |first13=Jorge |last14=Moran-Zuloaga |first14=Daniel |last15=Rizzo |first15=Luciana V. |date=22 February 2017 |title=Soluble iron nutrients in Saharan dust over the central Amazon rainforest |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314247273 |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=2673–2687 |doi=10.5194/acp-17-2673-2017 |bibcode=2017ACP....17.2673R |via=ResearchGate|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30091978 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In Africa, it was revealed that groundwater controls are complex and do not correspond directly to a single factor. Groundwater showed greater resilience to climate change than expected, and areas with an increasing threshold between 0.34 and 0.39 aridity index exhibited significant sensitivity to climate change. Land-use could affect infiltration and runoff processes. The years of most recharge coincided with the most precipitation anomalies, such as during [[El Niño]] and [[La Niña]] events. Three precipitation-recharge sensitivities were distinguished: in super arid areas with more than 0.67 aridity index, there was constant recharge with little variation with precipitation; in most sites (arid, semi-arid, humid), annual recharge increased as annual precipitation remained above a certain threshold; and in complex areas down to 0.1 aridity index (focused recharge), there was very inconsistent recharge (low precipitation but high recharge). Understanding these relationships can lead to the development of sustainable strategies for water collection. This understanding is particularly crucial in Africa, where water resources are often scarce and climate change poses significant challenges.<ref>{{Citation |title=Global climate change impacts on Sub-Sahara Africa: The case of Nigeria’s shorelines |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-04584-0/15 |work=The Impact of Climate Change on Sub-Sahara Africa |access-date=2023-12-19 |publisher=Peter Lang}}</ref>

== Water distribution ==