Galician language: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Western Ibero-Romance language}}

{{About|the Romance language spoken in the region of Galicia, northwestern Spain|the extinct Iberian Celtic language|Gallaecian|the language spoken in the Eastern European region of Galizia|Lesser Polish dialect|and|Ukrainian dialects}}

{{redirredirect|Galego|the creation myth from Bugis, Indonesia|Sureq Galigo|the type of primate|Galago}}▼

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{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}

▲{{redir|Galego|the creation myth from Bugis, Indonesia|Sureq Galigo|the type of primate|Galago}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Galician

| nativename = {{lang|gl|galego}}

| pronunciation = {{IPA-|gl|ɡaˈleɣʊ|}}

| region = [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and adjacent areas in [[Asturias]] and [[Castile and León]]

| ethnicity = [[Galician people|Galician]]

| speakers = {{significant figures|2.355|2}} million

| date = 2012

| ref = e18

| speakers2 = 58% of the population of Galicia ({{circa}} 1.56 million) are [[first language|L1]] speakers (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoriodalinguagalega.org/?q=node/115&ambito=1&subambito=1&bloque=14&apartado=2&miga=Cidadan%EDa%3ACidadan%EDa%3ALingua+habitual+e+inicial%3ALingua+inicial+%3ALingua+inicial+da+cidadan%EDa |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130822080251/http://www.observatoriodalinguagalega.org/?q=node/115&ambito=1&subambito=1&bloque=14&apartado=2&miga=Cidadan%EDa:Cidadan%EDa:Lingua+habitual+e+inicial:Lingua+inicial+:Lingua+inicial+da+cidadan%EDa |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2013 |title=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |publisher=Observatorio da Lingua Galega |access-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]

| fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]

| fam4 = [[Romance languages|RomanceLatin]]

| fam5 = [[Italo-WesternRomance languages|Italo-WesternRomance]]

| fam6 = [[Italo-Western Romance languages|Italo-Western Romance]]

| fam7 = [[Ibero-Western Romance languages|Ibero-Western Romance]]

| fam8 = [[West IberianIbero-Romance languages|West IberianIbero-Romance]]

| fam9 = [[Galician-PortugueseWest Iberian languages|West Iberian]]

| fam10 = [[Galician-Portuguese]]

| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]

| ancestor2ancestor = [[Proto-ItalicIndo-European language|Proto-ItalicIndo-European]]

| ancestor3ancestor2 = [[LatinoProto-FaliscanItalic languages#Phonologylanguage|Proto-Latino-FaliscanItalic]]

| ancestor3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages#Phonology|Proto-Latino-Faliscan]]

| ancestor4 = [[Old Latin]]

| ancestor5ancestor4 = [[VulgarOld Latin]]

| ancestor6ancestor5 = [[Proto-RomanceVulgar language|Proto-RomanceLatin]]

| ancestor7ancestor6 = [[GalicianProto-Romance language|Proto-PortugueseRomance]]

| ancestor8ancestor7 = Middle = [[Galician-Portuguese]]

| ancestor8 = Middle Galician
| script = [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[Galician alphabet]])<br />[[Galician Braille]]

| nation = [[Spain]]

*[[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]

| minority = [[El Bierzo]] ([[Castile and León]], Spain)

| agency = [[Royal Galician Academy]]

| iso1 = gl

| iso2 = glg

| iso3 = glg

| glotto = gali1258

| glottorefname = Galician

| lingua = 51-AAA-ab

| map = Idioma gallego bloques y áreas lingüísticas.png

| mapcaption = Distribution of the various dialects of Galician in Spain and the extreme north of Portugal{{imagefactimage reference needed|date=November 2022}}

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{{legend|#00FFD9|[[Fala language]]}}

{{col-end}}

| noticemap2 = IPA

| mapcaption2 =

| notice = IPA

}}

'''Galician''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|ʃ|ən}} {{respell|gə|LEE|shən}},<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/galician |title=galicia |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster|date=29 December 2023 }}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|s|i|ə|n}} {{respell|gə|LISS|ee|ən}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/galician |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011052946/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/galician |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2017 |title=Galician |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> {{lang|-gl|label=[[endonym]]|galego}}), also known as '''Galego''', is a [[Iberian Romance languages|Western Ibero-Romance]] language. Around 2.4&nbsp;million people have at least some degree of competence in the language, mainly in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], an [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] located in northwestern Spain, where it has official status along with [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The language is also spoken in some border zones of the neighbouring Spanish regions of [[Asturias]] and [[Castile and León]], as well as by Galician migrant communities in the rest of Spain, in Latin America including [[Puerto Rico]], the United States, Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe.

Modern Galician is classified as part of the [[West Iberian languages]] group, a family of [[Romance languages]]. Galician evolved locally from [[Vulgar Latin]] and developed intofrom what modern scholars have called [[Galician-Portuguese]]. The earliest document written integrally in the local Galician variety dates back to 1230, although the subjacent Romance permeates most written Latin local charters since the High Middle Ages, being specially noteworthy in personal and place names recorded in those documents, as well as in terms originated in languages other than Latin. The earliest reference to Galician-Portuguese as an international language of culture dates to 1290, in the ''Regles de Trobar'' by Catalan author [[Jofre de Foixà]], where it is simply called Galician (''gallego'').{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=142}}

Dialectal divergences are observable between the northern and southern forms of Galician-Portuguese in 13th-century texts but the two [[#Dialects|dialects]] were similar enough to maintain a high level of cultural unity until the middle of the 14th century, producing the medieval [[Galician-Portuguese lyric]]. The divergence has continued to this day, most frequently due to innovations in Portuguese,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valls Alecha |first1=Esteve |last2=González González |first2=Manuel |date=2016 |title=Variación e distancia lingüística na Romania Antiqua: unha contribución dialectométrica ao debate sobre o grao de individuación da lingua galega |trans-title=Linguistic variation and distance in the Romania Antiqua: A dialectometric contribution to the debate about the degree of individuality of the Galician language |url=http://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/elg/article/view/3175 |journal=Estudos de Lingüística Galega |language=gl |volume=8 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.15304/elg.8.3175 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.12328/1532 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> producing the modern languages of Galician and Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Azevedo Maia |first=Clarinda |title=História do galego-português: estado linguístico da Galiza e do noroeste de Portugal desde o século XIII ao século XVI |publisher=Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian |year=1997 |isbn=9789723107463 |edition=Reprint of the INIC 1986 |location=Lisboa |pages=883–891 |language=pt |trans-title=History of Galician-Portuguese: linguistic state of Galicia and northwestern Portugal from the 13th to the 16th centuries}}</ref>

The [[lexicon]] of Galician is predominantly of [[Latin]] extraction, although it also contains a moderate number of words of [[List of Galician words of Germanic origin|Germanic]] and [[List of Galician words of Celtic origin|Celtic]] origin, among other [[substratum (linguistics)|substrates]] and [[adstrate]]s, having also received, mainly via Spanish, a number of nouns from [[Andalusian Arabic]].

The language is officially regulated in Galicia by the [[Royal Galician Academy]]. Other organizations without institutional support, such as the [[Galician Association of Language]] consider Galician and Portuguese [[Reintegrationism|two forms of the Galician-Portuguese language]],<ref>{{Cite webnews |title=Reintegracionismo e Reintegracionistas |url=https://a.gal/reintegracionismo-e-reintegracionistas/ |website=Associaçom Galega da Língua |language=gl}}</ref> and other minoritary organizations such as [[Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language]] believe that Galician should be considered part of the Portuguese language for a wider international usage and level of '"normalization'".

== Classification and relation with Portuguese ==

{{further|Galician-Portuguese#Language}}

[[File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif|thumb|left|Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Galician (Galician and Portuguese) within the context of its linguistic neighbors between the year 1000 and 2000]]

Modern Galician and Portuguese originated from a common medieval ancestor designated variously by modern linguists as [[Galician-Portuguese]] (or as Medieval Galician, Medieval Portuguese, Old Galician or Old Portuguese). This common ancestral stage developed from [[Vulgar Latin]] in the territories of the old [[Kingdom of Galicia]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Northern Portugal]], as a Western [[Romance language]]. In the {{ordinal|13}} century it became a written and cultivated language with two main varieties,{{sfn|Fernández Rei|2003|p=17}} but during the {{ordinal|14}} century the standards of these varieties, Galician and Portuguese, began to diverge, as Portuguese became the official language of the independent [[kingdomKingdom of Portugal]] and its chancellery, while Galician was the language of the scriptoria of the lawyers, noblemen and churchmen of the Kingdom of Galicia, then integrated in the [[crown of Castile]] and open to influence from Spanish language, culture, and politics. During the 16th century the Galician language stopped being used in legal documentation, becoming de facto an oral language spoken by the vast majority of the Galicians, but having just some minor written use in lyric, theatre and private letters.

It was not until the {{ordinal|18}} century that linguists elaborated the first Galician dictionaries, and the language did not recover a proper literature until the {{ordinal|19}} century; only since the last quarter of the {{ordinal|20}} century is it taught in schools and used in lawmaking. The first complete translation of the [[Bible]] from the original languages dates from 1989. Currently, at the level of rural dialects, Galician forms a [[dialect continuum]] with Portuguese in the south,<ref name="instituto-camoes1971">{{Citation |last=Lindley |first=Luís F. |title=Nova Proposta de Classificação dos Dialectos Galego-Portugueses |date=1971 |url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf |work=Boletim de Filologia, Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Filológicos |language=pt |trans-title=New Proposal for the Classification of Galician-Portuguese Dialects |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102180041/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/cvc/hlp/biblioteca/novaproposta.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fernández Rei|2003|p=17}}. "Today, from a point of view which is exclusively linguistic, both banks of the Minho river speak the same language, since the Minhoto and Trás-os-Montes dialects are a continuation of the Galician varieties, sharing common traits that differentiate them from the dialect of Central and Southern Portugal; but at the level of the common language, and in a sociolinguistic perspective, in the west of the peninsula there are two modern languages, with differences in pronunciation, morphosyntax and vocabulary", ["Na actualidade, desde o ponto de vista estrictamente lingüístico, ás dúas marxes do Miño fálase o mesmo idioma, pois os dialectos miñotos e trasmontanos son unha continuación dos falares galegos, cos que comparten trazos comúns que os diferencian dos do centro e sur de Portugal; pero no plano da lingua común, e desde unha perspectiva sociolingüística, hai no occidente peninsular dúas línguas modernas, con diferencias fonéticas, morfosintácticas e léxicas"].</ref> and with [[Astur-Leonese]] in the east.{{sfn|Sánchez Rei|2011|pp=314–387}} [[Mutual intelligibility]] (estimated at 85% by [[Robert A. Hall Jr.]], 1989) is very high between Galicians and northern Portuguese.<ref name=e18 />

[[File:Estatuto de Galicia de 1936, pdf texto gl.pdf|thumb|upright|left|Statute of Galicia, 1936]]

The current linguistic status of Galician with respectregard to Portuguese is controversial in Galicia, and the issue sometimes carries political overtones. There are [[linguistics|linguists]] who consider Galician and Portuguese as two [[Standard language|norms]] or varieties of the [[Galician-Portuguese lyric|same language]].{{sfn|Sánchez Rei|2011|p=24}} Some authors, such as [[Luís Lindley Cintra|Lindley Cintra]],<ref name="instituto-camoes1971" /> consider that they are still co-dialects of a [[Galician-Portuguese lyric|common language]] in spite of differences in phonology and vocabulary, while others<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Àlvarez |editor-first=Rosario |display-editors=etal |title=Dialectoloxía e léxico |year=2002 |publisher=Instituto da Lingua Galega [u.a.] |isbn=978-84-95415-66-0 |location=Santiago de Compostela |pages=41–68, 193–222 |url=http://consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/CCG_2002_Dialectoloxia-e-lexico.pdf |language=gl |trans-title=Dialectology and lexicon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vázquez Cuesta |first=Pilar |title=Non son reintegracionista |url=http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2002/02/22/973946.shtml |date=22 February 2002 |website=La Voz de Galicia |language=gl |trans-title=I am not a reintegrationist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208141453/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2002/02/22/973946.shtml |archive-date=8 December 2011}} interview given to ''La Voz de Galicia'' published on 22 February 2002 (in Galician).</ref> argue that they have become separate languages due to differences in phonetics and vocabulary usage, and, to a lesser extent, morphology and syntax. Fernández Rei in 1990 stated that the Galician language is, with respect to Portuguese, an [[Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache|''ausbau'' language]], a language through elaboration, and not an [[Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache|''abstand'' language]], a language through detachment.{{sfn|Fernández Rei|2003|p=18}}

With respectregard to the external and internal perception of this relation, for instance in past editions of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', Galician was defined as a [[Portuguese dialects|"Portuguese dialect"]] spoken in northwestern Spain. On the other hand, the director of the [[Instituto Camões]] declared in 2019 that Galician and Portuguese were close kin, but different languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montero |first=Tamara |date=21 June 2019 |title=Luís Faro: "Son próximas, pero o portugués e o galego non son a mesma lingua" |url=https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/cultura/2019/06/21/luis-faro-proximas-portugues-galego-non-mesma-lingua/0003_201906G21P36991.htm |website=La Voz de Galicia |language=gl |trans-title=Luís Faro: "They are close, but Portuguese and Galician are not the same language" |access-date=21 June 2019}}</ref> According to the Galician government, universities and main cultural institutions, such as the [[Galician Language Institute]] or the [[Royal Galician Academy]], Galician and Portuguese are independent languages that stemmed from medieval Galician-Portuguese,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrimonio léxico da Gallaecia |url=http://ilg.usc.es/es/novidades/patrimonio-lexico-da-gallaecia |date=20 July 2018 |website=Instituto da Lingua Galega |language=es |trans-title=Lexical heritage of Gallaecia |access-date=2018-10-03}}</ref> and modern Galician must be considered an independent [[Romance language]] belonging to the group of [[Ibero-Romance]] languages having strong ties with Portuguese and its northern dialects. The standard [[orthography]] has its roots in the writing of relatively modern [[Rexurdimento]] authors, who largely adapted Spanish orthography to the then mostly unwritten language. Most Galician speakers regard Galician as a separate language,<ref>[http://alpi.csic.es/sites/default/files/PhotoSwipe/images/Atlas_Pag18.jpg Answers to the question "Name of the local language?"] in the ''Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica''.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Recalde |first=Montserrat |title=La vitalidad etnolingüística gallega |publisher=Centro de Estudios sobre Comunicación Interlingüistíca e Intercultural |year=1997 |isbn=9788437028958 |location=València |language=es |trans-title=Galician ethnolinguistic vitality}}</ref> which evolved without interruption and in situ from Latin, with Galician and Portuguese maintaining separate literary traditions since the 14th century.

Portuguese [[Early Modern Era]] grammars and scholars, at least since Duarte Nunes de Leão in 1606, considered Portuguese and Galician two different languages<ref>"Os diphtongos são estes ão ẽe ij õo ũu. que temos comũs cõ os Gallegos, cuja lingoa & a nossa era toda quasi hũa." (the diphthongs are these ... which we have in common with the Galicians, whose language and ours was almost one).</ref> derived from old Galician, understood as the language spoken in the Northwest before the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal in the 12th century. The surge of the two languages would be the result of both the elaboration of Portuguese, through the royal court, its internationalization and its study and culture;<ref>"Da qual lingoa Gallega a Portuguesa se aventajou tanto, quãto & na elegãcia della vemos. O que se causou por em Portugal haver Reis, & corte que he a officina onde os vocabulos se forjaõ, & pulem, & donde manão pera os outros homẽs, o que nunqua honve[sic] em Galliza." (From that Galician language the Portuguese got ahead as far as now we see in its elegance. This was caused because of Portugal having Kings, and a Royal court which is the office where words are forged and polished, and from where they flow to the other people; which Galicia never had.)</ref> and of the stagnation of Galician.<ref>"por todos estes motivos a alterar-se e distinguir-se a nossa Lingua da Galega, que permaneceo, sem alteração nem melhoramento, encantonada em hum Paiz, sem Côrte, e sem Universidade" (because all of these causes our language changed and distinguished from the Galician one, which remained, with no alterarion or improbement, in the country, with no court or study.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duarte |first=Sónia |date=2015 |title=O galego nos textos metalinguísticos portugueses (séculos XVI-XIX) |trans-title=Galician in Portuguese metalinguistic texts (16th-19th centuries) |journal=Revista Galega de Filoloxía |language=gl |volume=16 |pages=75–105 |url=http://revistas.udc.es/index.php/rgf/article/view/rgf.2015.16.0.1379/624 |access-date=1 July 2019 |doi=10.17979/rgf.2015.16.0.1379 |doi-access=free|hdl=2183/20096 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Martim Codax Cantigas de Amigo.jpg|thumb|right|Vindel's parchment, containing music and lyrics of several 13th-century ''cantigas'' by [[Martin Codax]]]]The earliest internal attestation of the expression ''Galician language'' ("lingoajen galego") dates from the 14th century.{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=142}} In Spanish "lenguaje gallego" is already documented in this same century, ''circa'' 1330;{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=144}} in [[Occitan language|Occitan]] ''circa'' 1290, in the ''Regles de Trobar'' by Catalan author [[Jofre de Foixà]]: "''si tu vols far un cantar en frances, no·s tayn que·y mescles proençal ne cicilia ne ''gallego'' ne altre lengatge que sia strayn a aquell''" [''If you want to compose a song in French, you should not admix Provençal nor Sicilian nor Galician nor other language which is different from it''].{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=142}}

=== Reintegrationism and political implications ===

Private cultural associations, not endorsed by Galician or Portuguese governments, such as the [[Galician Language Association]] (''Associaçom Galega da Língua'') and [[Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language]] (''Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa''), advocates of the minority [[Reintegrationist]] movement, support the idea that differences between Galician and Portuguese speech are not enough to justify considering them as separate languages: Galician would be simply one variety of Galician-Portuguese,<ref>{{Cite webnews |title=História do Reintegracionismo |trans-title=History of Reintegrationism |url=https://a.gal/historia-do-reintegracionismo/ |access-date=2020-05-14 |website=Associaçom Galega da Língua |language=gl}}</ref> along with [[European Portuguese]]; [[Brazilian Portuguese]]; [[Portuguese in Africa|African Portuguese]]; the [[Fala language|Fala]] language spoken in the northwestern corner of Extremadura (Spain), and other dialects. They have adopted slightly-modified or actual Portuguese orthography, which has its roots in medieval Galician-Portuguese poetry as later adapted by the Portuguese Chancellery.

According to Reintegrationists, considering Galician as an independent language reduces contact with Portuguese culture, leaving Galician as a minor language with less capacity to counterbalance the influence of Spanish, the only official language between the 18th century and 1975. On the other hand, viewing Galician as a part of the LusophonyLusosphere, while not denying its own characteristics (cf. [[Swiss German]]), shifts cultural influence from the Spanish domain to the Portuguese. Some scholars{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} have described the situation as properly a continuum, from the Galician variants of Portuguese in one extreme to the Spanish language in the other (which would represent the complete linguistic shift from Galician to Spanish); reintegrationist points of view are closer to the Portuguese extreme, and so-called isolationist ones would be closer to the Spanish one;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/misc/socgal.htm |title=Trabalhos de sociolinguística galega / Some Works on Galizan Sociolinguistics |publisher=Udc.es |date=13 December 2004 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=May 2019|reason=This citation refers to a webpage with a list of scholarly works, which of them is referring to?}} however, the major Galician nationalist parties, [[Anova–Nationalist Brotherhood]] and [[Galician Nationalist Bloc]], do not use reintegrationist orthographical conventions.

=== Official relations between Galicia and the Lusophony ===

In 2014, the parliament of Galicia unanimously approved Law 1/2014 regarding the promotion of the Portuguese language and links with the [[Lusophony]].<ref>see [https://www.boe.es/eli/es-ga/l/2014/03/24/1/con full text of the law]</ref> Similarly, on 20 October 2016, the city of [[Santiago de Compostela]], the capital of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], approved by unanimity a proposal to become an observer member of the Union of Portuguese-Speaking Capitals ([[União das Cidades Capitais Luso-Afro-Américo-Asiáticas|UCCLA]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santiago entra na Unión das Cidades Capitais de Lingua Portuguesa (UCCLA) |url=http://santiagodecompostela.gal/hoxe/nova.php?lg=gal&id_nova=15154 |date=20 October 2016 |website=Concello de Santiago |language=gl |trans-title=Santiago joins the Union of Portuguese-Speaking Capital Cities (UCCLA) |access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> Also, on 1 November 2016, the Council of Galician Culture (''Consello da Cultura Galega'', an official institution of defence and promotion of the Galician culture and language) was admitted as a consultative observer of the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries]] (CPLP).<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2016 |title=O CCG ingresa como Observador Consultivo na Comunidade dos Países en Lingua Portuguesa |language=gl |trans-title=The CCG joins the Community of Portuguese Language Countries as a Consultative Observer |work=Consello da Cultura Galega |url=http://consellodacultura.gal/noticia.php?id=4789}}</ref>

A "friendship and cooperation" protocol was signed between the [[Royal Galician Academy]] (RAG) and the [[Academia Brasileira de Letras|Brazilian Academy of Letters]] on 10 January 2019. Víctor F. Freixanes, president of the RAG, stated during the ceremony that "there is a conscience that the Galician language is part of a family which includes our brothers from Portugal, BrasilBrazil, Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique... a territory full of possibilities also for Galician. We always said that Galician is not a regional language, but is in fact part of that international project".<ref>{{Cite web |title=A RAG e a Academia Brasileira de Letras asinan un acordo de amizade e colaboración |url=https://academia.gal/inicio/-/asset_publisher/m2gF/content/a-rag-e-a-academia-brasileira-de-letras-asinan-un-acordo-de-amizade-e-colaboracion |date=10 January 2019 |website=Real Academia Galega |language=gl |trans-title=The RAG and the Brazilian Academy of Letters sign an agreement of friendship and collaboration |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

== Geographic distribution and legal status ==

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Galician is today official, together with the Spanish language, in the [[autonomous community]] of Galicia, where it is recognized as the autochthonous language (''lingua propia''), being by law the first language of the local administrations and governments. It is supposed by law to be taught bilingually, alongside Spanish, in both primary and secondary education, although the accomplishment of this law is allegedly doubted. It is also used at the three universities established in Galicia, having also the consideration of official language of the three institutions. Galician has also legal recognition in the [[Bierzo]] region in [[Province of León|León]], and in four municipalities in [[Province of Zamora|Zamora]]. The other languages with official status elsewhere in Spain are Spanish, [[Catalan language|Catalan]] (or [[Valencian language|Valencian]]), [[Basque language|Basque]] and [[Aranese language|Aranese]]. Galician has also been accepted orally as Portuguese in the [[European Parliament]], being used by some Galician representatives, among others: [[José Posada]], [[Camilo Nogueira]] and [[Xosé Manuel Beiras]].

Controversy exists regarding the inclusion of [[Eonavian]] (spoken in the western end of [[Asturias]], bordering [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]) into the Galician language, as it has some traits in common with [[Asturian language|Western Asturian]] (spoken in the middle west of Asturias). There are those defending these linguistic varieties as [[dialect continuum|dialects of transition]] to the [[Astur-Leonese group]] on the one hand, and those defending it as clearly Galician varieties on the other (actually both views are compatible).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=D’Andrés |first=Ramón |date=2019 |title=Atlas lingüístico ETLEN sobre la frontera entre el gallegoportugués y el asturleonés en Asturias |trans-title=ETLEN, a Linguistic Atlas of the Boundary between Galician-Portuguese and Asturleonese in Asturias (Spain) |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MADR/article/view/66851 |journal=Madrygal. Revista de Estudios Gallegos |language=es |volume=22 |pages=51–62 |doi=10.5209/madr.66851 |doi-access=free |s2cid=213657213|hdl=10651/55180 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The recent edition of the cartularies of Oscos in [[Old Common Council of Castropol]] and cartularies of [[Obona]], [[Cornellana]], [[Corias]] and [[Belmonte de Miranda|Belmonte]] in middle west of Asturias have shown a huge difference in the medieval speech between both banks of the Navia river.<ref>{{cite book |language=es |author=Damaso Alonso Obras |year=1971 |title=Obras Completas |publisher=Gredos |series=Volume I: Estudios lingüísticos peninsulares |page=391 |quote=Like a rainbow between two close colours, there is a moment, in the way of the West, when we get to feel us into the Galician area, and another side, to the East, in which we get to feel us into Asturian, but there is also a mixed zone, in which, after all, the distinction depends on our way to appreciate and read will depend on a serial linguistics facts. Some another time, I will deal with this question. '''It is enough saying today that the oldest statement about Galician extending into Asturias up to the Navia River, (Menéndez Pidal, 'El dialecto leonés', §&nbsp;1, 2, 1906) cannot be more right,''', in spite of typical linguistic Asturian features crossing to the west over that border. These dialects between the rivers Navia and Eo, mainly Galician, but with clear Asturian features, are what we call 'Gallego-Asturiano'.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Laverde y Ruiz |first=Gumersindo |date=1862 |title=O dialecto asturiano |url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003775992&search=&lang=en |magazine=Revista ibérica de ciencias, política, literatura, artes e instrucción pública |language=es |volume=5 |pages=181–203 |via=Hemeroteca Digital (Biblioteca Nacional de España)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapesa Melgar |first=Rafael |title=El dialecto asturiano occidental en la Edad Media |publisher=Universidad de Sevilla |year=1998 |language=es |trans-title=The western Asturian dialect in the Middle Ages}}</ref> An examination of the old documents of the Eonavian monastery of Oscos, written from the late 12th to early 14th century to 16th century, shows a clear identification of this language with the Galician-Portuguese linguistic group; while contemporary parchments elsewhere in Asturias are written in Spanish.<ref>Alvárez Castrillón, José A., Los Oscos en los siglos X–XII, prólogo Ignacio de la Peña Solar, Oviedo 2001, p. 144–234.</ref> The two most important traits of those commonly used to tell apart Galician-Portuguese and Asturian-Leonese varieties are the preservation of the mid-open vowels {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, which became diphthongs in Asturian-Leonese, and the loss of intervocalic {{IPA|/n/}}, preserved in the latter language.{{sfn|Fernández Rei|2003|pp=18–23}}

== History ==

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The oldest known document is the poem ''Ora faz ost'o Senhor de Navarra'' by Joam Soares de Paiva, written around 1200. The first non-literary documents in Galician-Portuguese date from the early {{ordinal|13}} century, the Noticia de Torto (1211) and the Testamento of [[Afonso II of Portugal]] (1214), both samples of medieval notarial prose.

Its most notable patrons—themselves reputed authors—were kingKing [[Dom Dinis]] in Portugal, and kingKing [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X the Learned]] in Galicia, Castile and León, who was a great promoter of both Galician and [[Castilian Spanish]] languages. Not justonly the kings encouraged literary creation in Galician-Portuguese, but also the noble houses of Galicia and Portugal encouraged literary creation in Galician-Portuguese, as being an author or bringing reputed troubadours into one's home became a way of promoting social prestige;. as As a result, many noblemen, businessmen and clergymen of the {{ordinal|13}} and {{ordinal|14}} centuries became notable authors, such as Paio Gomes Charinho, lord of [[Rianxo]], and the aforementioned kings.

Aside from the lyric genres, Galicia developed also a minor tradition on literary prose, most notably in translation of European popular series, as those dealing with [[King Arthur]] written by [[ChretienChrétien de Troyes]], or those based on the [[Roman de Troie|war of Troy]], usually paid and commissioned by noblemen who desired to read those romances in their own language. Other genres include history books (either translation of Spanish ones, or original creations like the ''Chronicle of St. Mary of Iria'', by Rui Vasques), religious books, legal studies, and a treaty on horse breeding.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://consellodacultura.gal/mediateca/extras/CCG_2007_Na-nosa-lyngoage-galega-A-emerxencia-do-galego-como-lingua-escrita-na-Idade-Media.pdf |title=Na nosa lyngoage galega: a emerxencia do galego como lingua escrita na Idade Media |publisher=Consello da Cultura Galega |year=2007 |isbn=978-84-96530-44-7 |editor-last=Boullón Agrelo |editor-first=Ana Isabel |editor-link=Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo |location=Santiago de Compostela |pages=447–473 |language=gl |trans-title=In our Galician lyngoage: the emergence of Galician as a written language in the Middle Ages}}</ref> Most prose literary creation in Galician had stopped by the {{ordinal|16}} century, when [[printing press]] became popular; the first complete translation of the Bible was not printed until the {{ordinal|20}} century.

As for other written uses of Galician, legal charters (last wills, hirings, sales, constitutional charters, city council book of acts, guild constitutions, books of possessions, and any type of public or private contracts and inventories) written in Galicia are to be found from 1230 to 1530—the earliest one probably a document from the monastery of [[Melón]], dated in 1231{{sfn|Souto Cabo|2008|p=51}}—being Galician by far the most used language during the {{ordinal|13}}, {{ordinal|14}} and {{ordinal|15}} centuries, in substitution of Latin.

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[[File:Galician Johan Tuorum.jpg|thumb|right|14th-century inscription, in Galician language: 'ESTA : IMAGEE : HE : AQVI : POSTA : POR: ALMA : D(E) : I(O)HA(N) : TVORUM' 'This image is here in exposition for the soul of Joham Tuorum'.]]

In spite of Galician being the most spoken language, during the 17th century, the elites of the Kingdom began speaking Spanish, most notably in towns and cities. The linguistic situation in Galicia became one of [[diglossia]], with Galician as the low variety and Spanish as the high one.{{refn|Although this trend was initially resisted.{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|p=204}}}} In reaction to the relegation of the autochthonous language, a series of literary and historical works (always written in Spanish) appeared in the 17th century through 19th century, meant to vindicate the history, language, people, and culture of Galicia.{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|pp=235–265}} The period from the 16th century to the early 19th century, when Galician had little literary—and no legal—use, is considered the dark age of Galician language. The Galician spoken and written then is usually referred to as ''Middle Galician''.

=== Middle Galician ===

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Middle Galician is characterized by a series of phonetic processes which led to a further separation from Portuguese, and to the apparition of some of the more noteworthy dialectal features, among other phenomenons: emergence of the ''gheada'' or pronunciation of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} as a pharyngeal fricative; denasalization of nasal vowels in most of Galicia, becoming oral vowels in the east, or a group formed by an oral vowel plus a nasal consonant in the west; reduction of the sibilant system, with the confluence (except in the ''Baixa Limia'' region) of voiced and voiceless fricatives, followed by a process of de-affrication which led to different results in the west and in the east.{{sfn|Mariño Paz|1998|pp=265–288}}

The most important author during this period of the language was the [[Enlightenment (spiritual)|enlightened]] scholar [[Martín Sarmiento]], unconditional defender and the first researcher of Galician language (history, evolution, lexicon, etymology, onomastics). His ''Elementos etimológicos segun el método de Euclides'' (1766), written in Spanish but dealing with Galician, was in fact one of the first comprehensive studies on sound change and evolution of any European language. He also defended that teaching in Galicia should be conducted in Galician, since it was the common language of most people.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.consellodacultura.org/sarmiento/files/2008/04/sobre_a_lingua_galega.pdf |title=Sobre a lingua galega: antoloxía de Martín Sarmiento |publisher=Galaxia |year=2002 |isbn=978-84-8288-528-5 |editor-last=Monteagudo |editor-first=Henrique |location=Vigo |page=35 |trans-title=On the Galician language: anthology of Martín Sarmiento}}</ref>

=== Rexurdimento (Renaissance) ===

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The first political manifest asking for the officialization of Galician date to the late 19th century.

An important landmarkslandmark was the establishment of the [[Royal Galician Academy]], in 1906, soon followed by that of the [[Seminario de Estudos Galegos]] (1923). The ''Seminario'' was devoted to the research and study of the Galician culture. It was created by a group of students: [[Fermín Bouza Brey]], [[Xosé Filgueira Valverde]], [[Lois Tobío Fernández]], with the collaboration of [[Ricardo Carvalho Calero]], [[Antón Fraguas]] and [[Xaquín Lorenzo Fernández]].

Following the victory of [[Francisco Franco]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]], the written or public use of the Galician language was outlawed.<ref>{{harvnb|Minahan|2000|p=279 }}. "Following Franco's 1939 victory, the Galicians suffered severe punishment – their culture was suppressed, and edicts were issued forbidding the speaking, teaching, or publishing of books or newspapers in the Galician language."</ref>

[[File:Percentage of Galician speakers (2001 vs 2011).png|thumb|Speakers of Galician as a first language in 2001 and 2011, according to the Galician Institute of Statistics]]

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! bgcolor="#BFCFFF" | Region

! bgcolor="#BFCFFF" | Comarcas included

! bgcolor="#BFCFFF" | Galician speakers (percentage){{efn|% of the population thatwho always or mostly speaks in Galician. This percentage excludes those thatwho mainly speak in Spanish but also use Galician.}}

! bgcolor="#BFCFFF" | Spanish speakers (percentage){{efn|% of the population thatwho always or mostly speaks in Spanish. This percentage excludes those thatwho mainly speak in Galician but also use Spanish.}}

! bgcolor="#BFCFFF" | Galician speakers (number){{efn|Number of people thatwho always or mostly speaks in Galician. This percentage excludes those thatwho mainly speak in Spanish but also use Galician.}}

! bgcolor="#BFCFFF" | Spanish speakers (number){{efn|Number of people that always or mostly speaks in Spanish. This percentage excludes those thatwho mainly speak in Galician but also use Spanish.}}

|-

| align="right" | A Barbanza-Noia

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! scope="col" | Western !! scope="col" | Central !! scope="col" | Eastern

|-

| '''{{lang|gl|cans}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈkaŋs|}} || {{lang|gl|cas}} {{IPA-|gl|ˈkas|}} || {{lang|gl|cais}} {{IPA-|gl|ˈkajs|}} || {{lang|pt|cães}}/{{lang|pt|cããs}} || {{wikt-lang|pt|cães}} || {{wikt-lang|es|perros}}/{{wikt-lang|es|canes}} || {{wikt-lang|la|canes}} || dogs

|-

| '''{{lang|gl|ladróns}}''' {{nobr|{{IPA-|gl|laˈðɾoŋs|}}}} || {{lang|gl|ladrós}} {{nobr|{{IPA-|gl|laˈðɾɔs|}}}} || {{lang|gl|ladrois}} {{nobr|{{IPA-|gl|laˈðɾojs|}}}} || {{lang|pt|[[wikt:ladrões#Old Portuguese|ladrões]]}} || {{wikt-lang|pt|ladrões}} || {{wikt-lang|es|ladrones}} || {{wikt-lang|la|latrones}} || thieves

|-

| '''{{wikt-lang|gl|irmán}}''' {{nobr|{{IPA-|gl|iɾˈmaŋ|}}}} || colspan=2 | {{lang|gl|irmao}} {{nobr|{{IPA-|gl|iɾˈmaʊ|}}}} || {{lang|pt|[[wikt:irmão#Old Portuguese|irmão]]}} || {{lang|pt|irmão}} || {{wikt-lang|es|hermano}} || {{wikt-lang|la|germanus}} || brother

|-

| colspan=2 | '''{{wikt-lang|gl|luz}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈlus|}} || '''{{wikt-lang|gl|luz}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈluθ|}} || {{lang|pt|[[wikt:luz#Old Portuguese|luz]]}} || {{lang|gl|luz}} || {{wikt-lang|es|luz}} || {{wikt-lang|la|lux}}, ''[[genitive case|gen]].'' {{lang|la|lūcis}} || light

|-

| '''{{wikt-lang|gl|cinco}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈsiŋkʊ|}} || colspan=2 | '''{{lang|gl|cinco}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈθiŋkʊ|}} || {{lang|pt|cinco}} || {{wikt-lang|pt|cinco}} || {{wikt-lang|es|cinco}} || {{wikt-lang|la|quinque}} || five

|-

| colspan=3 | '''{{wikt-lang|gl|ollo}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈoɟʊ|}} || {{lang|pt|[[wikt:ollo#Old Portuguese|ollo]]}} || {{wikt-lang|pt|olho}} || {{wikt-lang|es|ojo}} || {{wikt-lang|la|oculus}} || eye

|-

| '''{{wikt-lang|gl|hora}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈɔɾɐ|}}{{ref|id1|b}} || '''{{lang|gl|hora}}''' {{nobr|{{IPA-|gl|ˈɔɾa|}}/{{IPA-|gl|ˈoɾɐ|}}}} || '''{{lang|gl|hora}}''' {{IPA-|gl|ˈoɾɐ|}}|| {{lang|pt|hora}} || {{wikt-lang|gl|hora}} || {{wikt-lang|es|hora}} || {{wikt-lang|la|hora}} || hour

|-

| {{wikt-lang|gl|cantastes|cantaste(s)}}{{ref|id2|c}} || '''{{wikt-lang|gl|cantaches}}''' || {{lang|gl|cantaste}}/{{lang|gl|cantache}} || {{lang|pt|cantaste}} || {{wikt-lang|pt|cantaste}} || {{wikt-lang|es|cantaste}} || {{wikt-lang|la|cantavisti}} || you sang

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| {{IPA|/b/}} || {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[β̞]}} || {{lang|gl|b, v}} || {{lang|gl|bebo}} {{IPA|[ˈbeβ̞ʊ]}} '(I) drink', {{lang|gl|alva or alba}} {{IPA|[ˈalβ̞ɐ]}} 'sunrise', {{lang|gl|vaca}} {{IPA|[ˈbakɐ]}} 'cow', {{lang|gl|cova}} {{IPA|[ˈkɔβ̞ɐ]}} 'cave'

|-

| {{IPA|/θ/}} || {{IPA|[θ]}} (dialectal {{IPA|[s]}}) || {{lang|gl|c, ç, z or c, z}} || {{lang|gl|macio}} {{IPA|[ˈmaθjʊ]}} 'soft', {{lang|gl|caçar or cazar}} {{IPA|[kɑˈsaɾkɑˈθaɾ]}} 'to hunt' , {{lang|gl|cruz}} {{IPA|[ˈkɾuθ]}} 'cross'

|-

| {{IPA|/tʃ/}} || {{IPA|[tʃ]}} || {{lang|gl|ch}} || {{lang|gl|chamar}} {{IPA|[tʃaˈmaɾ]}} 'to call', {{lang|gl|achar}} {{IPA|[aˈtʃaɾ]}} 'to find'

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| {{IPA|/r/}} || {{IPA|[r]}} || {{lang|gl|r, rr}} || {{lang|gl|rato}} {{IPA|[ˈratʊ]}} 'mouse', {{lang|gl|carro}} {{IPA|[ˈkarʊ]}} 'cart'

|-

| {{IPA|/s/}} || {{IPA|[s̺]}} (dialectal {{IPA|[s̻]}}),{{sfn|Regueira|1996|p=82|ps=.{{vnverify source|date=July 2021|reason=Page 82 is not in the page range for the article, 119–122}}}} {{IPA|[z̺]}} || {{lang|gl|s, ss or s }} || {{lang|gl|selo}} {{IPA|[ˈs̺elʊ]}} 'seal, stamp', {{lang|gl|cousa}} {{IPA|[ˈkows̺ɐ]}} 'thing', {{lang|gl|mesmo}} {{IPA|[ˈmɛz̺mʊ]}} 'same', {{lang|gl|isso or iso}} {{IPA|[ˈisʊ]}} "that"

|-

| {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|[t]}} || {{lang|gl|t}} || {{lang|gl|trato}} {{IPA|[ˈtɾatʊ]}} 'deal'

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| {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{lang|gl|i}} ||

|-

| {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} || {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, {{IPA|[i]}} || {{lang|gl|e}} ||

|-

| {{IPA|/a/}} || {{IPA|[a]}}, {{IPA|[ɐ]}} || {{lang|gl|a}} ||

|-

| {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || {{IPA|[o]}}, {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, {{IPA|[u]}} || {{lang|gl|o}} ||

|-

| {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|[u]}} || {{lang|gl|u}} ||

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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"

|-

! English

! Galician ([[Royal Galician Academy|Official]])

! Galician ([[Reintegrationism|Reintegrationist]])

! Portuguese

! Spanish

|-

| good morning

| ''bo día / bos días''

|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" |''bom dia''

| ''bombuenos diadías''

| ''buenos días''

|-

| What is your name?

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | ''Como te chamas?''

| ''¿Cómo te llamas?''

|-

| I love you

| ''quérote / ámote''

| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;" | ''amo-te''

| ''te quiero / te amo''

|-

| excuse me

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | ''desculpe''

| ''perdón / disculpe''

|-

| thanks / thank you

| ''grazas''

|''graças colspan=2/ style="text-align: center;" | ''obrigado''

| ''graciasobrigado''

|''gracias''

|-

| welcome

| ''benvido''

| ''bem-vido''

| ''bem-vindo''

| ''bienvenido''

|-

| goodbye

| colspan=3 style="text-align: center;" | ''adeus''

| ''adiós''

|-

| yes

| ''si''

| colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| ''sim''

| ''sí''

|-

|no

| ''non''

| ''nom''

| ''não''

| ''no''

|-

|dog

| ''can''

| ''cam''

| ''cão''

| ''perro'' (rarely, ''can'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/draei/srvltobtenerhtml?lema=can&supind=1&carext=10000&nedic=no |title=real academia española |publisher=buscon.rae.es |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>

|-

|grandfather

| ''avó''

|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| ''avô''

| ''abuelo''

|-

|newspaper

| ''periódico'' / ''xornal''

|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| ''jornal''

| ''periódico''

|-

|mirror

| ''espello''

|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"| ''espelho''

| ''espejo''

|}

Line 693 ⟶ 696:

|Amen.

|Amén.

|colspan=2 style="text-align: center;"|Amém.

|Amém.

|Amém.

|Amén.

|Amen.

Line 756 ⟶ 758:

* [http://www.realacademiagalega.org/dicionario Royal Galician Academy Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722230111/http://www.realacademiagalega.org/dicionario |date=22 July 2013 }} {{in lang|gl}}

* [[wikt:Appendix:Galician pronouns|Appendix:Galician pronouns]] – on Wiktionary

* [http://sli.uvigo.es/CLIG/index_en.html English-GalicianEnglish–Galician CLUVI Online Dictionary] (official Galician)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040410195531/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Galician-english/ Galician – English Dictionary]: from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ Webster's Online Dictionary] – [[The Rosetta Edition]]. (Official Galician),

* [http://valesne.homestead.com/untitled11.html A short English-Galician-Japanese Phraselist (Renewal)] incl. sound soft (Official Galician), {{in lang|en|ja}}