Game of chance: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Game whose outcome is determined by random events}}

[[File:Playing_roulette,_Las_Vegas,_Nevada_(74663)13-02-27-spielbank-wiesbaden-by-RalfR-094.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Roulette]] is a game of pure chance; no strategy can give players advantages, the outcome is determined purely by which numbered pocket a ball [[randomnessrandomly]] falls into.]]

A '''game of chance''' is in contrast with a '''game of skill'''. It is a [[game]] whose outcome is strongly influenced by some [[randomness|randomizing]] device. Common devices used include [[dice]], [[spinning top]]s, [[playing card]]s, [[roulette]] wheels, or numbered balls, drawnor fromin athe containercase of digital games [[Random number generation|random number generators]]. A game of chance may be played as [[gambling]] if players wagewager money or anything of monetary value.

Alternatively, a [[game of skill]] is one in which the outcome is determined mainly by mental or physical [[skill]], rather than chance.<ref name="city_Othe">{{Cite web| title = OtherThe gamesDominance of chanceSkill andin skillOnline onPoker Albany's agenda| author author1=Jérôme Dervishi,Hergueux Kay| workauthor2 = CSNYGabriel Smagghue | dateyear = 2019-06-182023 | access-datepublisher = 2018-06-25International Review of Law and Economics, 74(2), pp. 106119 | url = https://www.cityandstatenysciencedirect.com/articlesscience/policyarticle/gamblingpii/new-york-games-chance-and-skill.htmlS0144818822000758}}</ref>

<ref name="city_Othe">{{Cite web| title = Other games of chance and skill on Albany's agenda| author = Dervishi, Kay| work = CSNY| date = 2019-06-18| access-date = 2018-06-25| url = https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/policy/gambling/new-york-games-chance-and-skill.html| archive-date = 2021-05-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210518083130/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/policy/gambling/new-york-games-chance-and-skill.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

While a game of chance may have some skill element to it, chance generally plays a greater role in determining its outcome. A game of skill may also may have elements of chance, but skill plays a greater role in determining its outcome.

Gambling is known in nearly all human societies, even though many have passed laws restricting it. Early people used the [[knucklebones]] of [[sheep]] as dice. Some people develop a [[ludomania|psychological addiction to gambling]], and will risk even food and shelter to continue.

== Skill ==

Some games of chance may also involve a certain degree of skill. This is especially true when the player or players have decisions to make based upon previous or incomplete knowledge, such as [[blackjack]]. In other games, such as roulette and ''punto banco'', [[Baccarat (card game)|(baccarat)]] the player may only choose the amount of bet and the thing he wants to bet on; the rest is up to chance, therefore these games are still considered games of chance with small amount of skills required.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://casinoobserver.com/baccarat-strategy.htm |title=Baccarat Strategy Guide |publisher=CasinoObserver.com |access-date=2013-03-06}}</ref> The distinction between 'chance' and 'skill' is relevant because in some countries chance games are illegal or at least [[Gaming law|regulated]], but skill games are not.<ref name="nyti_Opin">{{Cite web| title = Poker, an American Pastime and a Game of Skill| last = McManus | first = James| work = nytimes.com| date = 24 August 2012| access-date = 2018-06-25| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/opinion/poker-an-american-pastime-and-a-game-of-skill.html}}</ref><ref name="nyti_Winf">{{Cite web| title = Win for DraftKings and FanDuel Opens Door for Sports Betting in New York| author = Drape, Joe| work = nytimes.com| date = 4 August 2016| access-date = 2018-06-25| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/sports/new-york-fantasy-sports-law-opens-door-for-more-gambling.html}}</ref> Since there is no standardized definition, poker, for example, has been ruled a game of chance in Germany and, by at least one New York state Federal judge, a game of skill there.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Poker, a Game of Skill, Is Not Truly Gambling, a Judge Rules| last = Secret | first = Mosi| work = [[The New York Times]]| date = 21 August 2012| access-date = 2018-06-25| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/nyregion/poker-is-more-a-game-of-skill-than-of-chance-a-judge-rules.html}}</ref>

Some games that involve an element of luck may also require a certain level of skill. This is particularly evident when players need to make decisions based on prior knowledge or incomplete information, as seen in games like [[blackjack]]. In contrast, games such as roulette and ''punto banco'' [[baccarat (card game)|(baccarat)]] rely more on chance, with players having the choice to determine their bet amount and selection, leaving the outcome largely to luck. Consequently, these games are categorized as games of chance, although a minimal skill component is still involved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://casinoobserver.com/baccarat-strategy.htm |title=Baccarat Strategy Guide |publisher=CasinoObserver.com |access-date=2013-03-06 |archive-date=2012-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119043015/http://casinoobserver.com/baccarat-strategy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The distinction between 'chance' and 'skill' is relevant because in some countries, chance games are illegal or at least [[Gaming law|regulated]], but skill games are not.<ref name="nyti_Opin">{{Cite web |last=McManus |first=James |date=2012-08-24 |title=Poker, an American Pastime and a Game of Skill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/opinion/poker-an-american-pastime-and-a-game-of-skill.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030905/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/25/opinion/poker-an-american-pastime-and-a-game-of-skill.html |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2018-06-25 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nyti_Winf">{{Cite web |author=Drape |first=Joe |date=2016-08-04 |title=Win for DraftKings and FanDuel Opens Door for Sports Betting in New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/sports/new-york-fantasy-sports-law-opens-door-for-more-gambling.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030913/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/04/sports/new-york-fantasy-sports-law-opens-door-for-more-gambling.html |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2018-06-25 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Since there is no standardized definition, [[poker]], for example, has been ruled a game of chance in Germany and, by at least one New York state Federal judge, a game of skill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Secret |first=Mosi |date=2012-08-21 |title=Poker, a Game of Skill, Is Not Truly Gambling, a Judge Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/nyregion/poker-is-more-a-game-of-skill-than-of-chance-a-judge-rules.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001550/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/22/nyregion/poker-is-more-a-game-of-skill-than-of-chance-a-judge-rules.html |archive-date=2018-06-26 |access-date=2018-06-25 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Addiction ==

{{main|Problem gambling}}

People who engage in games of chance and gambling can develop a strong dependence on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telework.ro/en/gambling-and-chance/|title=Gambling and chance|date=24 November 2014|publisher=SetThings|language=en|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209045455/https://www.telework.ro/en/gambling-and-chance/|url-status=live}}</ref> This is called psychopathology (addiction) of "pathological gambling". According to psychoanalyst [[Edmund Bergler]], there are six characteristics of pathological gamblers:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-31 |title=Player Psychology |url=httphttps://www.hopital-marmottangiochidislots.frcom/articlesit/jeupatho.phpblog/la-psicologia-nel-gambling |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=todayspsychology |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Edmund Bergler |title=The Psychology of Gambling (1957) |authorurl=Edmundhttp://www.hopital-marmottan.fr/articles/jeupatho.php Bergler|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123042338/http://www.hopital-marmottan.fr/articles/jeupatho.php |archive-date=2015-11-23 |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=hopital-marmottan.fr}}</ref>

# They must play regularly: the issue here is to know from when the subject performs "too much"."

# The game takes precedence over all other interests.

# There is optimism in the player that is not initiated by repeated experiences of failure.

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# Despite the precautions that they originally promised, they end up taking too many risks.

# There is in them a subjective experience of "thrill" (a shivering sensation, excitement, tension, both painful and pleasant) during the phases of play.

== State revenues ==

Governments that authorize games of chance generate significant gambling revenues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Positive Economic Impact of Legalizing and Regulating Gambling|url=https://fordhamram.com/2023/06/12/the-positive-economic-impact-of-legalizing-and-regulating-gambling/|access-date=2024-05-19|work=fordhamram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What are games of chance? Definition and examples|url=https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/games-chance/|access-date=2024-05-19|work=marketbusinessnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Regulation of Games of Chance|url=https://www.bmf.gv.at/en/topics/taxation/regulation-of-games-of-chance.html|access-date=2024-05-19|work=bmf.gv.a}}</ref>

According to the UK Gambling Commission, the government received a total gross gambling revenue of £144 billion ($19 billion) in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UKGC: The UK Spent £14.5bn on Gambling in 12 Months|url=https://www.gamblingnews.com/news/ukgc-the-uk-spent-14-5bn-on-gambling-in-12-months/|access-date=2024-05-19|work=gamblingnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UK: online gambling revenue in Britain falls during 2018-19 period|url=https://www.yogonet.com/international/news/2019/11/29/51719-uk-online-gambling-revenue-in-britain-falls-during-201819-period|access-date=2024-05-19|work=yogonet.com}}</ref> That's up 45% from a year earlier.

The Gambling Commission is an executive non-departmental body of the UK government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gambling Commission website|url=https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/|access-date=2024-05-19|work=gamblingcommission.gov.uk}}</ref> It is responsible for regulating gambling in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here’s what you need to know about the Gambling Commission|url=https://www.popall.co.uk/expertise/betting-gambling/all-about-the-gambling-commission|access-date=2024-05-19|work=popall.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gambling Commission: AML, License Requirements, Responsible Gambling and More|url=https://sumsub.com/blog/gambling-commission-britain/|access-date=2024-05-19|work=sumsub.com}}</ref> It also oversees gambling legislation.

The state government of Nevada, USA, received gambling revenues totaling $262 billion in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nevada sets gambling revenue record in 2017|url=https://igamingbusiness.com/casino-games/nevada-sets-gambling-revenue-record-in-2017/|access-date=2024-05-19|work=igamingbusiness.com}}</ref> Casino contributions totaled $8522 million, 77% of the total, according to iGaming Business.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nevada Gaming Abstract released; state sets gambling revenue record 2017|url=https://news.worldcasinodirectory.com/nevada-gaming-abstract-released-state-sets-gambling-revenue-record-2017-52493|access-date=2024-05-19|work=news.worldcasinodirectory.com}}</ref>

== Types ==

There are dozens of different types of games of chance. The most popular online casino games are video poker, roulette, craps, blackjack and sports betting. Baccarat is also popular.

*Casinos - they exist online as well as in physical buildings that people go into (in real life).

*Arcades - which may be intended exclusively for persons over the age of 18 or families.

*Bingo - which can be held in a bingo hall or online.

*Betting - which can be conducted online, in betting shops (sweepstakes) or at the event.

*Slot machines - such as fruit machines or fixed odds betting terminals.

==See also==

{{Portal|Games}}

* [[Stochastic process]]

* [[Gambler's ruin]]

* [[Game classification]]

* [[MontyGame Hallof problemdares]]

* [[Game of skill]]

* [[Lotería]]

* [[Monty Hall problem]]

* [[Move by nature]]

* [[Parlour game]]

* [[Russian roulette]]

* [[Gambler'sStochastic ruinprocess]]

==References==

{{reflistReflist}}

{{Gambling}}

{{Types of games}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Game of chance}}