Gaza flotilla raid: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| conflict = Gaza flotilla raid

| place = Mediterranean Sea

| partof = the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip]]

| image = Gaza flotilla raid map.svg

| caption = Routes of the Gaza-bound flotilla (green) and the [[Israeli Navy]] (orange)

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The '''Gaza flotilla raid''' was a military operation by Israel against [[Ships of Gaza flotilla raid|six civilian ships]] of the "[[Gaza Freedom Flotilla]]" on 31 May 2010 in [[international waters]] in the Mediterranean Sea. Nine of the flotilla passengers were killed during the raid, with thirty wounded (including one who later died of his wounds).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chebil |first1=Medhi |title=Repatriated flotilla activists challenge Israeli version of deadly raid |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100601-repatriated-flotilla-activists-challenge-israeli-version-deadly-raid-israel-gaza |website=France24.com |date=June 2010 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=Gaza flotilla activists were shot in head at close range |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/04/gaza-flotilla-activists-autopsy-results |website=The Guardian |date=4 June 2010}}</ref> Ten Israeli soldiers were wounded, one seriously. The exact sequence of events is contested, in part due to the IDF's confiscation of the passengers' photographic evidence.<ref>Finkelstein, N. (2021). Gaza: An Inquest Into Its Martyrdom. United States: University of California Press. pp. 146 "The only witnesses able to contest the official Israeli account had been impris- oned and their photographic evidence confiscated."</ref> The [[flotilla]], organized by the [[Free Gaza Movement]] and the Turkish [[IHH (Turkish NGO)|Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief (İHH)]], was carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials, intending to break the Israeli naval [[2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of the Gaza Strip]].▼

▲The '''Gaza flotilla raid''' was a military operation by Israel against [[Ships of Gaza flotilla raid|six civilian ships]] of the "[[Gaza Freedom Flotilla]]" on 31 May 2010 in [[international waters]] in the Mediterranean Sea. Nine of the flotilla passengers were killed during the raid, with thirty wounded (including one who later died of his wounds).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chebil |first1=Medhi |title=Repatriated flotilla activists challenge Israeli version of deadly raid |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100601-repatriated-flotilla-activists-challenge-israeli-version-deadly-raid-israel-gaza |website=France24.com |date=June 2010 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=Gaza flotilla activists were shot in head at close range |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/04/gaza-flotilla-activists-autopsy-results |website=The Guardian |date=4 June 2010}}</ref> Ten Israeli soldiers were wounded, one seriously. The exact sequence of events is contested, in part due to the IDF's confiscation of the passengers' photographic evidence.<ref>Finkelstein, N. (2021). Gaza: An Inquest Into Its Martyrdom. United States: University of California Press. pp. 146 "The only witnesses able to contest the official Israeli account had been impris- oned and their photographic evidence confiscated."</ref> The [[flotilla]], organized by the [[Free Gaza Movement]] and the Turkish [[IHH (Turkish NGO)|Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief (İHH)]], was carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials, intending to break the Israeli [[2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of the Gaza Strip]].

The Israeli Navy warned the flotilla via radio to stop approaching the naval blockade and to change course to the [[port of Ashdod]]. This request was denied and on 31 May 2010, Israeli [[Shayetet 13]] naval commandos boarded the ships in international waters from speedboats{{sfn|UN Palmer Report|2011|p=19}} and helicopters. Aboard the Turkish ship [[MV Mavi Marmara|MV ''Mavi Marmara'']], the Israeli Navy faced resistance from about 40 of the 590 passengers, including IHH activists who were said to be armed with iron bars and knives.{{Sfn|UN Palmer Report|2011|pp=54–61}} During the struggle, [[#Casualties|nine]] activists were killed, including eight [[Turkish people|Turkish nationals]] and one [[Turkish American]], and many were wounded. On 23 May 2014, a tenth member of the flotilla died in hospital after being in a coma for four years.<ref name="imemc.org">{{cite news |title=Turkish Man Dies of Wounds Sustained During Israel's Attack on Solidarity Ship |date=24 May 2014 |author=Saed Bannoura |publisher=IMEMC News |url=http://www.imemc.org/article/67911 |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> Ten of the commandos were also wounded, one of them seriously.{{Sfn|UN Palmer Report|2011|pp=54–61}}<ref name ="NYT-201005">{{cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |date=31 May 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/world/middleeast/01flotilla.html |title=Deadly Israeli raid draws condemnation |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref>

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[[File:Mavi Marmara side.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of white cruiser yacht, adorned with banners of Turkey and Palestine|The [[MV Mavi Marmara|MV ''Mavi Marmara'']]]]

The [[Gaza Freedom Flotilla]], organized by the [[Free Gaza Movement]] and the Turkish [[IHH (Turkish NGO)|Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief]] (İHH), was carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials, with the intention of breaking the Israeli~~-Egyptian~~ naval [[2007–present blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade of the Gaza Strip]].<ref name="FT Attack">{{Cite news |last1=Buck|first1=Tobias|last2=Dombey|first2=Daniel|last3=Strauss|first3=Delphine|work=Financial Times|title=Israel condemned after flotilla attack|date=31 May 2010|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b09c57f6-6c80-11df-91c8-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss|access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="ibhsguardqa53">{{Cite news |first=Ian |last=Black |date=31 May 2010 |author2=Haroon Siddique |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/31/q-a-gaza-freedom-flotilla |title=Q&A: The Gaza Freedom flotilla |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=2 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost1"/>

Three of the flotilla ships carried only [[#Passengers|passengers]] and their personal belongings. Whereas in previous voyages, Free Gaza vessels carried 140 passengers in total, in this flotilla, over 600 activists were on board the ''Mavi Marmara'' alone.<ref name="IHH Defiant Note"/>

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Three other ships carried [[#Cargo|cargo]]: 10,000 tons of humanitarian aid, with an estimated value of $20 million. Reports disagree about the presence and quantity of paramilitary equipment.<ref name="bbc-faq"/>

For the [[#Initial leg|initial leg]] of the voyage, six of the eight ships set out on 30 May 2010 from international waters off the coast of [[Cyprus]];<ref name="haaretz-at least"/> the remaining two were delayed by mechanical problems.<ref name="businessday-israel processes">{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=110502|title=4 Turks dead on aid ship|work=Business Day|location=South Africa|date=1 June 2010|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> The ship was not allowed to sail in Cypriot government controlled territorial waters and in the end departed from the illegal [[Port of Famagusta]], in occupied [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caucaso |first=Osservatorio Balcani e |title=Cyprus' Plan for a Maritime Humanitarian Aid Corridor to Gaza |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Cyprus/Cyprus-Plan-for-a-Maritime-Humanitarian-Aid-Corridor-to-Gaza-228444 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=OBC Transeuropa |language=it |quote=Haritos describes how the then President of the Republic of Cyprus, Dimitris Christofias, whose AKEL communist party’s stance toward the Arab-Israeli conflict was and continues to be openly pro-Palestinian, decided not to allow the Mavi Marmara flotilla to enter Cypriot territorial waters at the moment when the Turkish ship was about to enter the port of Famagusta (a port which is under the de facto control of ‘TRNC’, yet considered a ‘closed port’ for the Republic of Cyprus, therefore illegal).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-05-29 |title=Gaza-bound aid ships are 'tampered with' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100529-israel-palestinian-conflict-aid-flotilla-sail-break-gaza-blockade |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Humanitarian diplomacy and its risks {{!}} eKathimerini.com |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/opinion/1224079/humanitarian-diplomacy-and-its-risks/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=www.ekathimerini.com |language=English |quote=The then AKEL government and its president Demetris Christofias, despite its pro-Palestinian ideological origins, prohibited the passage of the Turkish flotilla through Cypriot national waters. The reason, although never officially explained, was simple: The Mavi Marmara’s route, carefully planned by Ankara, indicated that the flotilla’s last stop before reaching Gaza would be the Turkish-occupied port of Famagusta. In Turkey’s diplomatic view, the symbolism was obvious: “Just as the Greek Cypriots enforce the international isolation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), that is exactly how the Israelis isolate the Palestinians of Gaza.” The departure of the flotilla from the blockaded port of Famagusta to the blockaded port of Gaza would demonstrate the solidarity of the tested “Turkish-Cypriot people” to the correspondingly tested Palestinians.}}</ref>

===Pre-raid sabotage rumors===

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The IDF identified a group of some 50 men who were responsible for attacking IDF soldiers. The members of this group were not carrying identity cards or passports, but each carried an envelope with some $10,000 in cash. The Israeli defense establishment suspected that the funding may have come from elements in the Turkish government. One member of the group, who was identified as its ringleader, travelled to [[Bursa]] to recruit members. The members were stationed in groups throughout the ship, mostly on the upper deck, and communicated with each other via walkie-talkies. The members were well-trained and equipped with gas masks and bulletproof vests.<ref name="mercenaries">{{cite news |last=Efune |first=Dovid |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=177452 |title=IDF: Mercenaries to blame for violence |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

The ''Mavi ~~Maramara~~Marmara'' activists were divided into two groups, "peace activists" and a "hardcore group".{{sfn|UN Palmer Report|2011|p=30}}<ref name="hardcore"/> Video footage shows the "hardcore group" activists prepared before the raid, praying together while wearing uniforms, taking their gas masks and makeshift weapons, and getting into position.{{CN|date=April 2023}} Activists dressed in protective clothing from construction materials.{{CN|date=April 2023}}

===''Mavi Marmara'' boarding===

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A BBC investigation found that the aid consignment consisted of "thousands of tons" of aid, including large quantities of much needed building supplies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/assets/files/pdf/appeals/esc_bulletins/2011/death_in_med.pdf|title=Findings of the Editorial Standards Committee of the BBC Trust (Death in the Med)|pages=109–110|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Israel said humanitarian aid confiscated from the ships would be transferred to Gaza, but that it would not transfer banned items such as cement.<ref name="haaretz-at least" /> At the same briefing, they said that they found construction equipment, including concrete and metal rods, that were not allowed into Gaza. The IDF said that all of the equipment on board was examined and none of it was in shortage in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |last=Friedman |first=Ron |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=177165 |title=Equipment not in shortage in Gaza |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2 June 2010}}</ref>

According to Israeli and Palestinian sources, [[Hamas]] refused to allow the humanitarian aid into Gaza until Israeli authorities released all flotilla detainees and allowed building materials, which are thought to make up 8,000 of the 10,000 tons of the goods, to reach them.<ref name="hamas refuses"/><ref name="Hamas block">{{cite news |last=Meranda |first=Amnon |date=2 June 2010 |title=Hamas blocking delivery of aid |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3898181,00.html |work=Ynetnews |location=Tel Aviv |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="HamasAid">{{Cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/02/israel.palestinians.aid/ |title=IDF: Hamas stops flotilla aid delivered by Israel |publisher=CNN |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=3 June 2010|quote=Ra'ed Fatooh, in charge of the crossings, and Jamal Khudari, head of a committee against the Gaza blockade, said Israel must release all flotilla detainees and that [the aid] will be accepted in the territory only by the Free Gaza Movement people who organized the flotilla.}}</ref> Hamas leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]] said, "We are not seeking to fill our (bellies), we are looking to break the Israeli siege on Gaza."<ref name="readytoboard">{{cite news |last=Hider |first=James |date=5 June 2010 |title=Israel ready to board Gaza bound ship |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7144619.ece |location=London |work=The Times |access-date=2 September 2011}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Flotilla Cargo En Route to the Gaza Strip.jpg|thumb|Flotilla's humanitarian aid en route to the [[Kerem Shalom border crossing|Kerem Shalom Crossing]]. The aid was unloaded at the Gaza border crossing but was refused by [[Hamas]].]]

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Several entertainers canceled appearances in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vick |first=Karl |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1995850-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616074301/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1995850-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2010 |title=Can Israel Learn How to Make Its Case?|magazine=Time |date=21 June 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>

Iran's [[Red Crescent]] organised an aid shipment that was called off after being informed that Egypt would prevent it from passing through the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Leyne |first=Jon |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/10432384.stm |title=Iranian charity accuses Egypt of blocking Gaza aid ship |work=BBC News |date=28 June 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> [[B. Lynn Pascoe]], United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, cautioned "such convoys were not helpful in resolving Gaza's basic economic problems and needlessly carried the potential for escalation".<ref name="SC/9990">{{Cite press release | title = Under-Secretary General Calls on Israel, Palestinians to Remove Obstacles Blocking Direct Negotiations for Lasting Settlement of Conflict | publisher=UN Security Council | date = 21 July 2010 | url = https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/sc9990.doc.htm |access-date=10 June 2011}}</ref> "Our stated preference has been and remains that aid should be delivered by established routes", the United Nations spokesman said, prior to new Lebanese ships sailing to Gaza on 23 July 2010, "There are established routes for supplies to enter by land. That is the way aid should be delivered to the people of Gaza."<ref name="UN says aid to Gaza should be delivered by land">{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jAdN25_kLyw4mSJ_57umHQj-LZwQ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124185035/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jAdN25_kLyw4mSJ_57umHQj-LZwQ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2013 |title=UN says aid to Gaza should be delivered by land |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Israel's United Nations Ambassador [[Gabriela Shalev]] said in letter to Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]] about new Gaza-bound ships: "Israel reserves its right under international law to use all necessary means to prevent these ships from violating the ... [[naval blockade]]".<ref name="Israel warns new ships heading for Gaza">{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=israel-urges-lebanon-to-block-ships-for-gaza-2010-07-23 |title=Israel warns new ships heading for Gaza |work=Hürriyet Daily News |location=Turkey |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>

The [[Gaddafi International Charity and Development Foundation]], a Libyan charity organization headed by [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], chartered the [[MV Amalthea|MV ''Amalthea'']] to deliver humanitarian aid to the Gaza Strip. The ship carried food, medical supplies<ref name="deseret"/> and pre-fabricated houses<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |author=[[Malcolm Brabant]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10615479.stm |title=Israel warships monitoring Gaza-bound Libyan aid ship|work=BBC News |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> and docked at the port of [[El Arish, Egypt]], on 14 July,<ref>{{cite news |author=Malcolm Brabant |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10615479 |title=Libyan ship with Gaza aid arrives in Egyptian port |publisher=BBC |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> from where the supplies were reportedly to be taken to Gaza by road. The humanitarian aid and supplies were donated by Greek companies and charities.<ref name="deseret"/>

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Turkey's foreign minister, Ahmet Davutoglu, reiterated his demands for a United Nations investigation. He said: "We have no trust at all that Israel, a country that has carried out such an attack on a civilian convoy in international waters, will conduct an impartial investigation. To have a defendant acting simultaneously as both prosecutor and judge is not compatible with any principle of law."<ref>{{Cite news |author=Harriet Sherwood in Jerusalem, Jenny Percival and agencies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/14/israel-gaza-flotilla-raid-inquiry |title=Israeli cabinet approves internal inquiry into Gaza flotilla raid |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=26 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Ankara doesn't 'trust' Israel probe"/>

[[UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] said on 5 June that the IDF raid of the ''Mavi Marmara'' should be investigated by a New Zealand-led committee, with Israeli and Turkish deputies.<ref name="Ankara doesn't 'trust' Israel probe">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=178382 |title=Ankara doesn't 'trust' Israel probe |work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hoped the Israeli-led process would put an end to efforts in the United Nations to set up an international inquiry, which many Israelis fear would be biased. In Israel and around the world, some said the committee lacked sufficient credibility and investigative powers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanders |first=Edmund |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-commission-20100614,0,796652.story |title= Israel announces creation of Gaza flotilla inquiry committee |work=Los Angeles Times |date=14 June 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> White House backed Israeli internal inquiry into Gaza flotilla deaths and said that the Israeli inquiry meets the standard of "prompt, impartial, credible and transparent investigation".<ref name="White House backs Israeli internal inquiry into Gaza flotilla deaths">{{cite news |author=Harriet Sherwood in Jerusalem |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/13/eu-opposes-israel-gaza-blockade |title=White House backs Israeli internal inquiry into Gaza flotilla deaths |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 14 June 2010|access-date=3 April 2011 }}</ref> U.K. Foreign Secretary William Hague, speaking in Luxembourg, stressed the need for "a truly independent inquiry and a thorough investigation that the international community can respect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2010/06/14/bloomberg1376-L401DF1A74E9-5.DTL|title=San Francisco Chronicle: Israeli Cabinet Approves Public Probe of Gaza Flotilla Raid|website=Sfgate.com|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Israeli Intelligence and Atomic Energy Minister [[Dan Meridor]] told Turkish media that there "will be international elements in the commission which is going to be formed".<ref name="Gaza inquiry will have international input: Israel">{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i6nRtAsNaZyijr98bnQvE0QVLIvA |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124202803/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i6nRtAsNaZyijr98bnQvE0QVLIvA |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2013 |title=Gaza inquiry will have international input: Israel |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>

The Israeli government said it would accept a limited role by non-Israelis in the investigation of the raid,<ref name="CNN Investigation">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/11/israel.gaza.flotilla/index.html?hpt=T3 | title=Israel will accept international role in flotilla probe, officials say | publisher=CNN | date=11 June 2010}}</ref> but rejected an independent international inquiry,<ref>{{Cite news |author=Amy Teibel|work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9109714|title=Israel rejects international investigation of raid|date=3 June 2010|access-date=11 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jeffrey Heller|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65005R20100606|title=Israel rejects international inquiry into lethal raid|date=6 June 2010|access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Gwen Ackerman and Jonathan Ferziger|work=Bloomberg Businessweek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-06/israel-rejects-demands-for-international-probe-of-gaza-raid.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052425/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-06/israel-rejects-demands-for-international-probe-of-gaza-raid.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2010|title=Israel Rejects Demands for International Probe of Gaza Raid|date=6 June 2010|access-date=11 June 2010}}</ref> and said the country is able to conduct a credible review on its own.<ref name="FPA"/> Analysts suggested that after the controversial UN-sponsored [[Goldstone Report]], Israel lacks faith that the United Nations can do a credible job of investigating events related to Israel.<ref>"The [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy|Washington Institute]] Podcast". ''Impact of the Gaza Flotilla Incident: Implications for Middle East Politics and U.S. Policy Implications for Middle East Politics and U.S. Policy''. 17 June 2010. iTunes Store. Web. 22 June 2010.</ref> An internal Israeli police investigation was halted by Israeli [[Attorney General of Israel|Attorney General]] [[Yehuda Weinstein]].<ref name="Ihalt"/> A group of Israeli Navy reserve officers issued a letter backing the call for an independent investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pfeffer |first=Anshel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/israel-navy-reserves-officers-allow-external-gaza-flotilla-probe-1.294536 |title=Israel Navy reserves officers: Allow external Gaza flotilla probe |work=Haaretz |access-date=7 June 2010}}</ref>

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|title=Israel's use of captured video draws criticism

|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/06/03/world/main6544489.shtml

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606173226/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/06/03/world/main6544489.shtml

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=6 June 2010

|agency=Associated Press |work=CBS News |access-date=4 June 2010

}}</ref>

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[[Category:Gaza flotilla raid| ]]

[[Category:Cross-border operations of Israel]]

[[Category:Greece–Israel relations]]

[[Category:International maritime incidents]]