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By the early centuries of the [[Common Era|common era]], most of the principalities of Southeast Asia had effectively absorbed defining aspects of Indian culture, religion, and administration. The notion of divine god-kingship was introduced by the concept of [[Harihara]], and Sanskrit and other Indian [[Epigraphy|epigraphic]] systems were declared [[official script|official]], like those of the south Indian [[Pallava dynasty]] and [[Chalukya dynasty]].<ref name="academia edu">{{citation |last=Lavy |first=Paul |title=As in Heaven, So on Earth: The Politics of Visnu Siva and Harihara Images in Preangkorian Khmer Civilisation |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=34 |pages=21–39 |number=1 |year=2003 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |access-date=23 December 2015 |doi=10.1017/S002246340300002X |s2cid=154819912 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812222402/https://www.academia.edu/2635407 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Stark1999" /> These [[Indianization of Southeast Asia|Indianized]] kingdoms, a term coined by [[George Cœdès]] in his work ''Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient'',{{sfnp|Coedès|1968|pp=14–}} were characterized by resilience, political integrity, and administrative stability. Much of these expansions also went on to heavily influence China, South Korea and Japan.<ref>{{citation |first=Pierre-Yves |last=Manguin |chapter=From Funan to Sriwijaya: Cultural continuities and discontinuities in the Early Historical maritime states of Southeast Asia |title=25 tahun kerjasama Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi dan Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Jakarta |publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi / EFEO |year=2002 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195002/https://books.google.com/books?id=NJBwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

To the north, Indian religious ideas were assimilated into the cosmology of Himalayan peoples, most profoundly in Tibet and Bhutan, and merged with indigenous traditions. [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[monasticism]] extended into [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and other parts of [[Central Asia]]. xToTo the west, Indian culture converged with [[Greater Persia]] via the [[Hindu Kush]] and the [[Pamir Mountains]]. Ancient Indian culture of this type can be found as far away as Russia and Greece<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Qingzhi |title=Some Linguistic Evidence for Early Cultural Exchange between China and India |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers |volume=66 |date=March 1995 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp066_india_china.pdf |quote=everyone knows well the so-called "Buddhist conquest of China" or "Indianized China" |access-date=26 March 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804122822/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp066_india_china.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Evolution of the concept==