Greek language: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox Language

Grammar of Greek and Latin", Oxford University Press, 1996. An historical grammar of ancient Greek from its Indo-European origins. Some eccentricities and no bibliography but a useful handbook to the earliest stages of Greek's development.

|name = Greek

|nativename = {{lang|el|Ελληνικά}} ''{{ISOtranslit|Elliniká|el}}''

|states = [[Greece]] (official), [[Cyprus]] (official), [[Albania]], [[FYROM]], [[Turkey]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States of America]], [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[France]], and the rest of the [[Greek diaspora]].

|speakers = 12 million <ref name=Encarta>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html |title=Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People |accessdate=2007-12-30 |publisher=Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006}}</ref>

|rank = 52

|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam2 = [[Proto-Greek]]

|script = [[Greek alphabet]]

|nation = {{GRE}} {{CYP}} {{EUR}} recognised as minority language in parts of: {{ALB}} {{ITA}}<ref>Recognised in Italy as [[Griko]]</ref>

|iso1=el |iso2b=gre |iso2t=ell

|lc1=grc|ld1=Ancient Greek

|lc2=ell|ld2=Modern Greek

|map =

}}

'''Greek''' ({{lang|el|ελληνική γλώσσα}} {{IPA2|eliniˈkʲi ˈɣlosa}} or simply {{lang|el|ελληνικά}} {{IPA2|eliniˈka}} — "Hellenic") is one of the [[List of languages by first written accounts|earliest attested]] [[Indo-European languages]] (with fragmentary records in [[Mycenaean Greek|Mycenaean]] dating back to the 15th or 14th century BC), spoken today by approximately 12 million people in [[Greece]] (official), [[Cyprus]] (official), [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], the [[Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia|Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)]], [[Italy]], [[Turkey]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]] and [[Greek diaspora|emigrant communities]] around the world, including [[Australia]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Germany]] and elsewhere.

Greek has been written in the [[Greek alphabet]] since the 9th century BC in Greece (before that in [[Linear B]]), and the 4th century BC in Cyprus (before that in [[Cypriot syllabary]]). [[Greek literature]] has a continuous history of nearly three thousand years.

== History ==

''This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on [[Proto-Greek language]].''

Greek has been spoken in the [[Balkan]] Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest written evidence is found in the [[Linear B]] tablets in the "Room of the Chariot Tablets", a [[Minoan chronology|LMII]]-context (c. [[1400 BC]]) region of [[Knossos]], in [[Crete]], making Greek one of the world's oldest recorded living languages. Among its fellow Indo-European languages, Greek's date of earliest attestation is matched only by [[Vedic Sanskrit]] and the [[list of extinct languages|extinct]] [[Anatolian languages]].

The later [[Greek alphabet]] is unrelated to Linear B, and is derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]] ([[abjad]]); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the following periods:

* '''[[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]]''': the language of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]]. It is recorded in the [[Linear B]] script on tablets dating from the 15th or 14th century BC onwards.

* '''[[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]]''' (also known as Ancient Greek): In its various dialects was the language of the [[Archaic period in Greece|Archaic]] and [[classical antiquity|Classical]] periods of Greek civilization. It was widely known throughout the Roman empire. Classical Greek fell into disuse in western Europe in the [[Middle Ages]], but remained officially in use in the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] world, and was reintroduced to the rest of Europe with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and Greek migration to [[Italy]].

* '''[[Hellenistic Greek]]''' (also known as [[Koine Greek]]): The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with [[Attic Greek|Attic]] (the dialect of Athens) resulted in the creation of the first '''common''' Greek dialect, which became a [[lingua franca]] across the [[Mediterranean]] region. Koine Greek can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of [[Alexander the Great]], but after the [[Hellenistic]] colonization of the known world, it was spoken from [[Egypt]] to the fringes of [[India]]. After the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] conquest of Greece, an unofficial diglossy of Greek and Latin was established in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. Through Koine Greek is also traced the origin of [[Christianity]], as the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostles]] used it to preach in Greece and the Greek-speaking world. It is also known as the '''Alexandrian dialect''', '''Post-Classical Greek''' or even '''[[New Testament]] Greek''' (after its most famous work of literature).

* '''[[Medieval Greek]]''': The continuation of Hellenistic Greek during medieval [[Greek history]] as the official and vernacular language of the [[Byzantine Empire]], and continued to be used until, and after the fall of that Empire in the 15th century. Also known as '''Byzantine Greek'''.

* '''[[Modern Greek]]''': Stemming independently from Koine Greek, '''Modern Greek''' usages can be traced in the late Byzantine period (as early as 11th century).

Two main forms of the language have been in use since the end of the medieval Greek period: [[Modern Greek|Dhimotikí]] ({{lang|el|Δημοτική}}), the Demotic (vernacular) language, and [[Katharevousa|Katharévusa]] ({{lang|el|Καθαρεύουσα}}, meaning "purified"), an imitation of classical Greek, which was used for literary, juridic, administrative and scientific purposes during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This [[diglossia]] problem was brought to an end in 1976 (act — {{lang|el|νόμος}} — 306/1976), when Dhimotikí was declared the official language of Greece.

In the meantime, both forms of Greek had naturally converged and '''Standard Modern Greek''' ({{lang|el|Κοινή Νεοελληνική}} — Common Modern Greek), the form of Greek used for all official purposes and in education in Greece today, emerged.

It has been claimed that an "educated" speaker of the modern language can understand an ancient text, but this is surely as much a function of education as of the similarity of the languages. Still, Koinē, the version of Greek used to write the [[New Testament]] and the [[Septuagint]], is relatively easy to understand for modern speakers.

Greek words have been widely borrowed into the [[European languages]]: ''astronomy'', ''democracy'', ''philosophy'', ''thespian'', etc. Moreover, Greek words and [[morpheme|word elements]] continue to be productive as a basis for coinages: ''anthropology'', ''photography'', ''isomer'', ''biomechanics'' etc. and form, with [[Latin]] words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary. See ''[[English words of Greek origin]]'', and ''[[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]''.

== Characteristics ==

Like most Indo-European languages, Greek is highly inflected. Greek grammar has come down through the ages fairly intact, though with some simplifications. For example, Modern Greek features two [[Grammatical number|number]]s: singular and plural. The dual number of Ancient times was abandoned at a very early stage. The instrumental case of Mycenaean Greek disappeared in the Archaic period, and the dative-locative of Ancient Greek disappeared in the lat Hellenistic. Four [[Grammatical case|cases]], nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative, remain in Modern Greek. The three ancient [[Grammatical gender|gender]] noun categories (masculine, feminine and neuter) never fell out of use, while adjectives agree in gender, number, and case with their respective nouns, as do their [[Grammatical article|articles]]. Greek verbs have [[synthetic language|synthetic]] inflectional forms for:

* [[Grammatical mood|mood]] — Ancient Greek: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and optative; Modern Greek: indicative and imperative (other modal functions are expressed by periphrastic constructions)

* [[Grammatical number|number]] — singular, plural (archaic Greek also had a dual)

* [[Grammatical voice|voice]] — Ancient Greek: active, middle, and passive; Modern Greek: active and medio-passive

* [[Grammatical tense|tense]] — Ancient Greek: present, past, future; Modern Greek: past and non-past (future is expressed by a periphrastic construction)

* [[Grammatical person|person]] — first, second, third

* [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] — Ancient Greek: [[imperfective aspect|imperfective]], [[perfective aspect|perfective]] (traditionally called ''aorist''), [[perfect aspect|perfect]] (sometimes also called ''perfective'', see [[Grammatical aspect#Confusing terminology: perfective vs. perfect|note about terminology]]); Modern Greek: perfective and imperfective

Ancient had several infinitives; in Modern, the [[infinitive]] of verbs has been replaced by a [[periphrastic]] subjunctive.<ref name = "Britannica">Britannica, "Greek language".</ref> Ancient had a complex participial system; Modern has a simpler one.

A great [[syntax|syntactical]] reformation took place during Hellenistic times, with the result that late Koine is already much like Modern Greek. However, since Greek syntactical relations are expressed by means of case endings, Greek [[word order]] has always been relatively free. In [[Attic Greek]] the availability of the definite article and the infinitive and [[participle|participial]] [[clause]]s permits the construction of very long, complex yet clear sentences. This technique of Attic prose (known as periodic style) is unmatched in other languages. Since Hellenistic times Greek has tended to be more periphrastic, but much of the syntactical and expressive power of the language has been preserved.

Greek is a language distinguished by an extraordinarily rich [[vocabulary]]. In respect to the [[root (linguistics)|roots]] of words, ancient Greek vocabulary was essentially of Indo-European origin, but with a significant number of borrowings from the idioms of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks. Words of non-Indo-European origin can be traced into Greek from as early as Mycenaean times; they include a large number of Greek [[toponym]]s. The vast majority of Modern Greek vocabulary is directly inherited from ancient Greek, although in certain cases words have changed meanings. [[loanword|Words of foreign origin]] have entered the language mainly from [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. During older periods of the Greek language, loan words into Greek acquired Greek inflections, leaving thus only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]], are typically not inflected.

Yet the most distinctive characteristic of the Greek language is its powerful [[compound (linguistics)|compound]]-constructing ability. The speaker is able to combine basic or derived terms in order to construct new, yet perfectly understandable compounds that express in one word what other languages would express in an entire clause, or even an entire sentence. This linguistic mobility is largely absent from Latin and its offspring languages. In the [[Homeric Greek|Homeric language]], [[Thetis]] — the mother of [[Achilles]], is described as "{{lang|grc|δυσαριστοτόκεια}}", ''dysaristotokeia'', meaning "she, who to her own bad fortune, gave birth to the best", in pure [[Modern Greek]] — "{{lang|el|πικρολεβεντομάνα}}", ''pikroleventomana''. Some languages are able to express such a complex meaning naturally in one word, others have different mechanisms (but see [[polysynthetic languages]] for extreme examples). Compound constructional capability, as is found in Greek, is frequently imitated by modern languages such as [[French language|French]] and [[English language|English]] in order to produce monolectic compounds; this is often done by actually using Greek roots (e.g. biology < biologie < bios + logos, [[Micromégas]] < mikros + megas ) or by applying imported Greek rules to foreign words. For that reason Greek-derived words predominate in the language of sciences, particularly of the natural sciences, e.g. [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[geography]], [[medicine]] etc. It has been speculated by scholars that due to this specific flexibility, Greek and German have been the languages of [[philosophy]], and that [[Plato]]'s ideas had pre-existed in Greek, in the same way that [[Meister Eckhart]]'s thoughts had in German.<ref name = "Friedell">E. Friedell, ''Kulturgeschichte Griechenlands''.</ref>

== Evolution from Ancient to Modern Greek ==

The development from Ancient Greek to Modern Greek has affected [[phonology]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], and [[vocabulary]]. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodisations, relatively arbitrary, especially since at all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it.

The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see [[Koine Greek#Phonology|Koine Greek Phonology]] for details), and included:

* replacement of the [[pitch accent]] with a [[stress accent]]

* simplification of the system of [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s (loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization of most diphthongs, and some significant steps of [[iotacism]])

* development of the [[voiceless]] [[aspirated]] [[stop consonant]]s [[phi (letter)|phi]] and [[theta (letter)|theta]] to voiceless [[fricative]]s (the similar development of [[chi (letter)|chi]] may have taken place later)

* possibly development of the [[voiced]] stop consonants — [[delta (letter)|delta]], [[beta (letter)|beta]] and [[gamma (letter)|gamma]] — to voiced fricatives (the date is discussed among scholars)

The morphological changes affected both [[noun]]s and [[verb]]s. Some of the changes to the verbs are parallel to those that affected the [[Romance languages]] as they developed from [[Vulgar Latin]] — for instance the loss of certain historic [[tense]] forms and their replacement by new constructions — but unlike Romance, Greek continues to inflect nouns for case.

== Classification ==

Greek is an independent branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]]. The ancient languages which were probably most closely related to it, [[Ancient Macedonian language|ancient Macedonian]] (a [[dialect]] of Greek) and [[Phrygian language|Phrygian]], are not well enough documented to permit detailed comparison. Among living languages Greek seems to be most closely related to [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (see also [[Graeco-Armenian]]) and the [[Indo-Iranian languages]].<ref>[[BBC]]: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/greek.shtml Languages across Europe: Greek]</ref>

==Writing system==

Greek has been written in the Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit a faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of [[ink]] and [[quill]]. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late [[Ionic dialect|Ionic]] variant, introduced for writing classical [[Attic dialect|Attic]] in 403 BC.

The modern Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital ([[majuscule]]) and lowercase ([[minuscule]]) form. The letter [[sigma]] has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in final position.

{|class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"

|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="33" | '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule form]]'''

|width=3% align="center"|[[Alpha (letter)|Α]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Vita (letter)|Β]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Gamma|Γ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Delta (letter)|Δ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Epsilon|Ε]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Zeta (letter)|Ζ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Eta (letter)|Η]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Theta|Θ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Iota|Ι]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Kappa (letter)|Κ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Lambda|Λ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Mu (letter)|Μ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Nu (letter)|Ν]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Xi|Ξ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Omicron|Ο]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Pi (letter)|Π]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Rho (letter)|Ρ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Sigma (letter)|Σ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Tau|Τ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Ypsilon|Υ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Phi (letter)|Φ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Chi (letter)|Χ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Psi (letter)|Ψ]]||width=3% align="center"|[[Omega|Ω]]

|align="center" colspan="33" | '''[[Minuscule|Minuscule form]]'''

|align="center"|α||align="center"|β||align="center"|γ||align="center"|δ||align="center"|ε||align="center"|ζ||align="center"|η||align="center"|θ||align="center"|ι||align="center"|κ||align="center"|λ||align="center"|μ||align="center"|ν||align="center"|ξ||align="center"|ο||align="center"|π||align="center"|ρ||align="center"|σ||align="center"|τ||align="center"|υ||align="center"|φ||align="center"|χ||align="center"|ψ||align="center"|ω

In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet also features a number of diacritical signs: three different accent marks ([[acute accent|acute]], [[grave accent|grave]] and [[circumflex]]), originally denoting different shapes of [[pitch accent]] on the stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ([[spiritus asper]] and [[spiritus lenis]]), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the [[diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]], used to mark full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in [[handwriting]] had seen a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of the acute during the late 20th century, and it had only been retained in [[typography]].

In the writing reform of 1982, the use of most of them was abolished from official use in Greece. Since then, Modern Greek has been written mostly in the simplified [[monotonic orthography]], which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the [[polytonic orthography]], is still in use for Modern Greek in book printing and in the usage of some writers in general, and it is used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek.

== Geographic distribution ==

Modern Greek is spoken by about 12 million people, mainly in [[Greece]], the [[USA]] and [[Cyprus]]. There are also Greek-speaking populations in [[Australia]], [[Armenia]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], the [[Ukraine]], [[Albania]] and other countries.

== Official status ==

Greek is the [[official language]] of [[Greece]] where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population. It is also, alongside [[Turkish language|Turkish]], the official language of [[Cyprus]]. Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the [[languages of the European Union#official languages of the European Union|23 official languages]] of the [[European Union]]. Greek is officially recognised as a minority language in parts of [[Turkey]], [[Italy]] and [[Albania]].

== See also ==

* [[Ancient Greek]]

* [[Ancient Greek dialects]]

* [[English pronunciation of Greek letters]]

* [[Greek language question]]

* [[Greek substrate language]]

* [[Greeklish]]

* [[Greek to me|That's Greek to me (expression)]]

* [[List of Greek words with English derivatives]]

* [[Varieties of Modern Greek]]

==References==

* Herbert Weir Smyth, ''Greek Grammar'', Harvard University Press, 1956 (revised edition), ISBN 0-674-36250-0. The standard grammar of classical Greek. Focuses primarily on the [[Attic Greek|Attic]] dialect, with comparatively weak treatment of the other dialects and the Homeric ''{{lang|de|Kunstsprache}}''.

* W. Sidney Allen, ''Vox Graeca - a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek''. Cambridge University Press, 1968-74. ISBN 0-521-20626-X

* Geoffrey Horrocks, ''Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers'' (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-582-30709-0. From Mycenean to modern.

* [[Andrew Sihler]], "A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin", Oxford University Press, 1996. An historical grammar of ancient Greek from its Indo-European origins. Some eccentricities and no bibliography but a useful handbook to the earliest stages of Greek's development.

* Robert Browning, ''Medieval and Modern Greek'', Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1983, ISBN 0-521-29978-0. An excellent and concise historical account of the development of modern Greek from the ancient language.

* Brian Newton, ''The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology'', Cambridge University Press, 1972, ISBN 0-521-08497-0.

* Crosby and Schaeffer, ''An Introduction to Greek'', Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1928. A school grammar of ancient Greek

* David Holton ''et al.'', ''Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-10002-X. A reference grammar of ''modern'' Greek.

* Dionysius of Thrace, [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html "Art of Grammar"], "{{lang|grc|Τέχνη γραμματική}}", c.100 BC

== External links ==

=== General background ===

* [http://www.bartleby.com/65/gr/Greeklan.html Greek Language], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.

* [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ The Perseus Project] has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.

* [http://greek-language.com The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway], useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek.

* [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html The Greek Language Portal], a portal for Greek language and linguistic education.

=== Language learning ===

* [http://greek.kihlman.eu Greek dictionary, tutorial and hangman program with texteditor], this shareware program is aimed at learning New Testament Greek.

* {{el icon}} [http://www.komvos.edu.gr/ komvos.edu.gr], a website for the support of people who are being taught the Greek language.

* [http://www.phigita.οrg/spellcheck/ Greek spell checker]

=== Dictionaries ===

* {{el icon}}[http://www.Greektionary.com/ www.Greektionary.com - Greek Words of the Day and Translations], Sign Up to get your Greek Words of the Day emailed directly to your account. Free English to Greek and Greek to English Translations.

* [http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary], scanned images from S.C. Woodhouse's 1910 dictionary.

* [http://greek-language.com/lexical.aids/ Greek Lexical Aids], descriptions of both online lexica (with appropriate links) and Greek Lexica in Print.

* [http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/index.html The Greek Language Portal], dictionaries of all forms of Greek (Ancient, Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern).

=== Literature ===

* [http://www.thesavros.gr/ The Treasure of the Greek Language], a large collection of e-books from all stages of Greek language.

* [http://www.kenef.phil.uoi.gr/static/digital.htm Research lab of modern Greek philosophy], a large e-library of modern Greek texts/books.

* {{el icon}} [http://www.snhell.gr/en/index.html Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies], a non-profit organization set in order to promote Modern Greek Literature and Culture.

* [http://books.phigita.net/ Books in Greek], an extended list of searchable bibliographic information.

[[Category:Greek language|*]]

[[Category:Varieties of Greek|*]]

[[Category:Languages of Albania]]

[[Category:Languages of Cyprus]]

[[Category:Languages of Georgia (country)]]

[[Category:Languages of Greece]]

[[Category:Languages of Ukraine]]

[[Category:Languages of Turkey]]

[[Category:Languages of Italy]]

[[Category:Languages of Australia]]

[[Category:Fusional languages]]

[[af:Grieks]]

[[als:Griechische Sprache]]

[[ar:لغة يونانية]]

[[arc:ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ]]

[[ast:Griegu]]

[[az:Yunan dili]]

[[bn:গ্রিক ভাষা]]

[[zh-min-nan:Hi-lia̍p-gú]]

[[ba:Грек теле]]

[[be-x-old:Грэцкая мова]]

[[br:Gresianeg]]

[[bg:Гръцки език]]

[[cs:Řečtina]]

[[cy:Groeg (iaith)]]

[[da:Græsk (sprog)]]

[[de:Griechische Sprache]]

[[et:Kreeka keel]]

[[el:Ελληνική γλώσσα]]

[[es:Idioma griego]]

[[eo:Greka lingvo]]

[[eu:Greziera]]

[[fa:زبان یونانی]]

[[fo:Grikskt mál]]

[[fr:Grec moderne]]

[[fur:Lenghe greche]]

[[ga:Gréigis]]

[[gd:Greugais]]

[[gl:Lingua grega]]

[[hak:Hî-lia̍p-vùn]]

[[ko:그리스어]]

[[hy:Հունարեն]]

[[hsb:Grjekšćina]]

[[hr:Grčki jezik]]

[[io:Grekiana linguo]]

[[id:Bahasa Yunani]]

[[ia:Lingua grec]]

[[is:Gríska]]

[[it:Lingua greca]]

[[he:יוונית]]

[[jv:Basa Yunani]]

[[ka:ბერძნული ენა]]

[[kw:Grew]]

[[sw:Kigiriki]]

[[la:Lingua Graeca]]

[[lv:Grieķu valoda]]

[[lb:Griichesch]]

[[lt:Graikų kalba]]

[[lij:Lengua græca]]

[[li:Nuigrieks]]

[[ln:Ligreki]]

[[hu:Görög nyelv]]

[[mk:Грчки јазик]]

[[ml:ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ]]

[[ms:Bahasa Greek]]

[[nl:Grieks]]

[[ja:ギリシア語]]

[[no:Gresk]]

[[nn:Gresk språk]]

[[oc:Grèc (lenga)]]

[[uz:Yunon tili]]

[[pms:Lenga greca]]

[[nds:Greeksche Spraak]]

[[pl:Język grecki]]

[[pt:Língua grega]]

[[ro:Limba greacă]]

[[qu:Grigu simi]]

[[ru:Греческий язык]]

[[scn:Lingua greca]]

[[simple:Greek language]]

[[sk:Grécke jazyky]]

[[sl:Grščina]]

[[sr:Грчки језик]]

[[sh:Grčki jezik]]

[[fi:Kreikan kieli]]

[[sv:Grekiska]]

[[tl:Wikang Griyego]]

[[ta:கிரேக்க மொழி]]

[[th:ภาษากรีก]]

[[vi:Tiếng Hy Lạp]]

[[tg:Забони юнонӣ]]

[[tpi:Tok Grik]]

[[tr:Yunanca]]

[[uk:Грецька мова]]

[[vec:Łéngoa greca]]

[[yi:גריכיש]]

[[yo:Ede Greeki]]

[[diq:Yunanki]]

[[zh:希腊语]]