Gymnastics: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Gymnastics''' is a type of [[sport]] that includes [[physical exercises]] requiring [[Balance (ability)|balance]], [[Strength training|strength]], [[Flexibility (anatomy)|flexibility]], [[agility]], [[Motor_coordination|coordination]], artistry and [[endurance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Gymnastics {{!}} Events, Equipment, Types, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/gymnastics |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and [[Abdomen|abdominal]] muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Solly |first2=Meilan |title=A History of Gymnastics, From Ancient Greece to Tokyo 2020 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-gymnastics-ancient-greece-tokyo-2020-180978270/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The most common form of competitive gymnastics is [[artistic gymnastics]] (AG).; Forfor women, it includes the events include [[floor (gymnastics)|floor]], [[vault (gymnastics)|vault]], [[uneven bars]], and [[balance beam]]; for men, it includesbesides floor, and vault, it includes [[still rings|rings]], [[pommel horse]], [[parallel bars]], and [[horizontal bar]].

The governing body for [[competition]] in gymnastics throughout the world is the [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique]] (FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG, including gymnastics for all, men's and women's [[artistic gymnastics]], [[rhythmic gymnastics]], [[trampolining]] (including double mini-trampoline), [[tumbling (gymnastics)|tumbling]], [[acrobatic gymnastics|acrobatic]], [[aerobic gymnastics|aerobic]], and [[parkour]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About the FIG |url=https://www.fig-gymnastics.com/site/about.php |publisher=FIG |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref> Disciplines not recognized by FIG include [[wheel gymnastics]], [[aesthetic group gymnastics]], [[TeamGym]], and [[mallakhamba]].

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{{See also|History of physical training and fitness}}

Gymnastics can be traced to exerciseexercises toperformed ancientin Ancient Greece, specifically toin Sparta and Athens. Exercise of that time was documented by Philostratus'<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Reid|first=Heather L.|date=2016|journal=Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome|volume=61|pages=77–90|issn=0065-6801|jstor=44988074|title=Philostratus's "gymnastics": The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic}}</ref> work ''Gymnastics: The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic''. The original term for the practice of gymnastics is from the related Greek verb γυμνάζω (''gumnázō''), which translates as "to train naked or nude," because young men exercising trainedexercised without clothing. In ancient Greece, physical fitness was a highly valued attribute inamong both men and women. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece in 146BC that gymnastics became more formalized and was used to train men in warfare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/history-gymnastics-ancient-greece-modern-times/|title=A History of Gymnastics: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times {{!}} Scholastic|website=www.scholastic.com|access-date=November 8, 2019}}</ref> BasedOn onthe basis of Philostratus' claim that gymnastics is a form of wisdom, comparable to philosophy, poetry, music, geometry, and astronomy,<ref name=":1" /> the people of Athens combined this more physical training with the education of the mind. At the Palestra, a physical education training center, the discipline of educating the body and the mind were combined, allowing for a form of gymnastics that was more aesthetic and individual and that left behind the focus on strictness, discipline, the emphasis on defeating records, and a focus on strength.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Judd|first1=Leslie|last2=De Carlo|first2=Thomas|last3=Kern|first3=René|title=Exhibition Gymnastics|url=https://archive.org/details/exhibitiongymnas0000judd|url-access=registration|date=1969|publisher=Association Press|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/exhibitiongymnas0000judd/page/n20 17]|isbn=9780809617043}}</ref>

[[File: Friedrich Ludwig Jahn.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=color lithograph of the bust of an elderly white man with a bald head except for long white hair on the sides of his head and a long beard that extends to his average breast. His white collar is visible above a simple black coat. His eyes are locked on the viewer's and his countenance is serious but calm.|[[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]], the "father of gymnastics"]]

[[Francisco Amorós y Ondeano|Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano]], a—a Spanish colonel, born on February 19, 1770, in Valencia and, who died on August 8, 1848, in Paris, wasParis—was the first person to introduce educative gymnastics in France. The German [[Friedrich Ludwig Jahn]] began the German gymnastics movement 1811 in Berlin, which led to the invention of the [[parallel bars]], [[Rings (gymnastics)|rings]], the [[horizontal bar|high bar]], the [[pommel horse]] and the [[vault (gymnastics)|vault horse]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodbody |first=John |title=The Illustrated History of Gymnastics |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto0000good |url-access=registration |publisher=Stanley Paul & Co. |location=London |year=1982 |isbn=0-09-143350-9}}</ref>

Germans [[Charles Beck]] and [[Charles Follen]] and American [[John Neal (writer)|John Neal]] brought the first wave of gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the [[Round Hill School]] in Northampton, Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite book | last = Leonard | first = Fred Eugene | title = A Guide to the History of Physical Education | publisher = Lea & Febiger | location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York | year = 1923 | url = https://archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00leon/ | pages = 232–233}}</ref> Follen opened the first college gymnasium and the first public gymnasium in the US in 1826 at [[Harvard College]] and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively.<ref>{{cite book | last = Leonard | first = Fred Eugene | title = A Guide to the History of Physical Education | publisher = Lea & Febiger | location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York | year = 1923 | url = https://archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00leon/ | pages = 235–236}}</ref> Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US, in Portland, Maine, in 1827.<ref>{{cite book | last = Leonard | first = Fred Eugene | title = A Guide to the History of Physical Education | publisher = Lea & Febiger | location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York | year = 1923 | url = https://archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00leon/ | pages = 227–250}}</ref> He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the ''American Journal of Education''<ref>{{cite book | last = Leonard | first = Fred Eugene | title = A Guide to the History of Physical Education | publisher = Lea & Febiger | location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York | year = 1923 | url = https://archive.org/details/guidetohistoryof00leon/ | oclc = 561890463 | pages = 235–250}}</ref> and ''[[The Yankee]]'', helping to establish the American branch of the movement.<ref>{{cite news | last = Barry | first = William D. | date = May 20, 1979 | title = State's Father of Athletics a Multi-Faceted Figure | work = Maine Sunday Telegram | location = Portland, Maine | pages = 1D–2D}}</ref>

[[File:Damgymnastik. Gymnastiska centralinstitutet, Hamngatan 19, Norrmalm, Stockholm - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0034300.jpg|thumb|Early 20th-century gymnastics in Stockholm, Sweden]]

The [[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|Federation of International Gymnastics]] (FIG) was founded in Liege in 1881.<ref>[http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,5187-188424-205646-44680-282887-custom-item,00.html Artistic Gymnastics History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404120031/http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/vsite/vcontent/page/custom/0,8510,5187-188424-205646-44680-282887-custom-item,00.html |date=April 4, 2009 }} at fig-gymnastics.com</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern [[Olympic Games]], in 1896. From then on until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, ''gymnastics,'', thatwhich included, for example, synchronized team floor [[calisthenics]], rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During the 1920s, women organized and participated in gymnastics events. The first women's Olympic competition was limited, only involving only synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928 in Amsterdam.

By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in a modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. In 1930, the first UK mass movement organisation of women in gymnastics, the Women's League of Health and Beauty, was founded by [[Mary Bagot Stack]] in London.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=Jill Julius |date=1990 |title=They had Such a Lot of Fun: The Women's League of Health and Beauty Between the Wars |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/30.1.22 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=22–54 |doi=10.1093/hwj/30.1.22 |issn=1477-4569}}</ref> At this time, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. Television has helped publicize and initiate a modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent.

In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. With anAn A Score (or D score) beingis the difficulty score, which as of 2009 is basedderives onfrom the top 8 higheight highest-scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault), in addition to the points awarded for composition requirements; each vault has a difficulty score assigned by the FIG. The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution and is given for how well the skills are performed.<ref name="usagym.org">{{cite web|url=https://usagym.org/pages/events/pages/fig_scoring.html|title=USA Gymnastics – FIG ×Elite/International Scoring|work=usagym.org|access-date=2014-09-08|archive-date=2016-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804233120/https://usagym.org/pages/events/pages/fig_scoring.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==<span id="International competitive gymnastics"></span>FIG-recognized disciplines==

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[[File:Överspagat.jpg|thumb|Russian [[Rhythmic gymnastics|rhythmic gymnast]] [[Irina Tchachina]] stretching in her warm-up before practice]]

{{Main|Rhythmic gymnastics}}

According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This is a sport that combines elements of [[ballet]], gymnastics, [[dance]], and apparatus manipulation. The sport involves the performance of five separate routines with the use of five apparatus; ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope—on a floor area, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. ThereGymnasts arecompete alsoeither groupas routinesindividuals consistingor ofin 5groups. gymnastsIndividuals andperform 5four apparatusesseparate routines, each using one of theirthe choice.four Rhythmicapparatuses—ball, routinesribbon, arehoop, scoredclubs, outand offormerly, rope—on a possiblefloor 30area. points;Groups theconsist scoreof forfive artistrygymnasts (choreographywho andperform music)two isroutines averagedtogether, one with five of the scoresame forapparatus theand difficultyone with three of theone movesapparatus and thentwo addedof toanother; the scoreFIG fordefines execution.<ref>Fédérationwhich Internationaleapparatuses degroups Gymnastique,use Codeeach of Points&nbsp;– Rhythmic Gymnastics 2009–2012</ref>year.

Routines are given three sub-scores: difficulty, execution, and artistry. Difficulty is open-ended and based on the value given to the elements performed in the routine, and execution and artistry start at ten points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts. The three sub-scores are added together for the final score for each routine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=2022–2024 Code of Points Rhythmic Gymnastics |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/publicdir/rules/files/en_2022-2024%20RG%20Code%20of%20Points%20(Mark-up).pdf |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=[[International Gymnastics Federation]]}}</ref>

International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth; and Seniors, for women sixteen and over. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the [[Olympic Games]], [[Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships|World Championships]], [[Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships|European Championships]], [[Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup|World Cup]] and [[Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix|Grand-Prix series]]. The first World Championships were held in 1963 with its first appearance at the Olympics in 1984.▼

▲International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth;, and Seniors, for women sixteen and over. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the [[Olympic Games]], [[Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships|World Championships]], [[Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships|European Championships]], [[Rhythmic Gymnastics World Cup|World Cup]] and [[Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix|Grand- Prix series]]. The first World Championships were held in 1963, and rhythmic gymnastics withmade its first appearance at the Olympics in 1984.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=FIG - Rhythmic Gymnastics - History |url=https://www.gymnastics.sport/site/pages/disciplines/rg-history.php |access-date=2019-12-24 |website=www.gymnastics.sport}}</ref>

====Rhythmic gymnastics apparatus====

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[[File: Galima Shugurova 1973.jpg|thumb|upright|Soviet [[Galima Shugurova]] performing an attitude balance in her ball apparatus]]

; [[Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)|Ball]]:The ball ismay be made of either rubber or a similar synthetic material, (pliable plastic) providedand it possessescan thebe sameof elasticityany as rubbercolor. It isshould fromrest 18in tothe 20&nbsp;gymnast's cm in diameterhand and must have a minimum weight of 400g. The ball cannot be ofpressed anyagainst colorthe andwrist shouldor restgrasped inwith the gymnast's handfingers, notwhich theincurs wrista penalty. Fundamental elements of a ball routine include throwing, bouncing, andor rolling. The gymnast must use both hands and work on the whole floor area while showing continuous flowing movement. The ball is to emphasize the gymnast's flowing lines and body difficulty.

; [[Hoop (rhythmic gymnastics)|Hoop]]: AThe hoop iscomes an apparatus in rhythmic gymnastics and may be made of plastic or wood, provided that it retains its shape during the routine. The interior diameter is from 51up to 90&nbsp; cm andabout the hoop must weigh a minimum ofgymnast's 300ghip. The hoopIt may be of natural color or be partmade of fully covered by oneplastic or several colorswood, and it may be covered with adhesive tape either of the same or different colorscolor as the hoop, which may be in decorative patterns. Fundamental requirements of a hoop routine include rotation of the hoop around the hand or body and, rolling, asthe wellhoop ason swings,the circles,body throwsor floor, and passesthe throughgymnast andpassing overthrough the hoop. The routines in hoop involve mastery in both apparatus handling and body difficulties like leaps, jumps, and pivots.

; [[Ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)|Ribbon]]: The ribbon consists of a handle, which may be made of wood, bamboo, or synthetic materials such as fiberglass, and the ribbon itself, which is made of satin. The ribbon is six meters long, and due to its length, it can easily become tangled or knotted; knots must be undone or the gymnast will be penalized. Fundamental elements of a ribbon routine consist of making continuous shapes with the length of the fabric, such as tight circles (spirals) or waves (snakes), and elements called boomerangs, in which the gymnast tosses the handle, then pulls it back by the end of the ribbon and catches it.

; [[Ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)|Ribbon]]: The ribbon is made of satin or another similar material cloth of any color and may be multi-colored as well as have designs on it. The ribbon itself must be at least 35 g (1&nbsp;oz), 4–6&nbsp;cm (1.6–2.4") in width and for senior category a minimum length of 6m (20') (5m (16.25') for juniors). The ribbon must be in one piece. The end that is attached to the stick is doubled for a maximum length of 1 m (3'). This is stitched down both sides. At the top, a very thin reinforcement or rows of machine stitching for a maximum length of 5&nbsp;cm is authorized. This extremity may end in a strap, or have an eyelet (a small hole, edged with buttonhole stitch or a metal circle), to permit attaching the ribbon. The ribbon is fixed to the stick by means of a supple attachment such as thread, nylon cord, or a series of articulated rings. The attachment has a maximum length of 7&nbsp;cm (2.8"), not counting the strap or metal ring at the end of the stick where it will be fastened. Compulsory elements for the ribbon include flicks, circles, snakes and spirals, and throws. It requires a high degree of co-ordination to form the spirals and circles as any knots which may accidentally form in the ribbon are penalised. During a ribbon routine, large, smooth and flowing movements are looked for.

; [[Clubs (rhythmic gymnastics)|Clubs]]: The clubs may be made of wood or synthetic materials, and they are always used in a pair. They may be connected together by inserting the end of one club into the head of the other. The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative tapes. Fundamental elements of a clubs routine including swinging the heads of the clubs in circles, small throws in which the clubs rotate in the air, and asymmetrical movements.

; [[Juggling club|Clubs]]: Multi-piece clubs are the most popular clubs. The club is built along an internal rod, providing a base on which a handle made of polyolefin plastic is wrapped, providing an airspace between it and the internal rod. This airspace provides flex, cushioning impact, making the club softer on the hands. Foam ends and knobs further cushion the club. Multi-piece clubs are made in both a thin European style or larger bodied American style and in various lengths, generally ranging from 19 to 21 inches (480 to 530&nbsp;mm). The handles and bodies are typically wrapped with decorative plastics and tapes. The skills involved are apparatus mastery and body elements, Clubs are thrown from alternate hands; each passes underneath the other clubs and is caught in the opposite hand to the one from which it was thrown. At its simplest, each club rotates once per throw, the handle moving down and away from the throwing hand at first. However, double and triple spins are frequently performed, allowing the club to be thrown higher for more advanced patterns and to allow tricks such as 360s to be performed underneath.

; [[Rope (rhythmic gymnastics)|Rope]]: The rope is made from hemp or a similar synthetic material; it can be knotted and have anti-slip material at the ends, but it does not have handles. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaping and skipping. In 2011, the [[International Federation of Gymnastics|FIG]] decided to eliminate the use of rope in senior individual rhythmic gymnastics competitions. It is still sometimes seen in junior group competition.

; [[Rope (rhythmic gymnastics)|Rope]]: This apparatus may be made of hemp or a synthetic material which retains the qualities of lightness and suppleness. Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast. The rope should, when held down by the feet, reach both of the gymnasts' armpits. One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine. At the ends (to the exclusion of all other parts of the rope) an anti-slip material, either coloured or neutral may cover a maximum of 10&nbsp;cm (3.94&nbsp;in). The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center provided that this thickening is of the same material as the rope. The fundamental requirements of a rope routine include leaps and skipping. Other elements include swings, throws, circles, rotations and figures of eight. In 2011, the [[International Federation of Gymnastics|FIG]] decided to remove the use of rope from the program of senior individual competitions. It is still used in junior competitions and occasionally on the program for senior group competitions (eg. 2017–2018).<ref>{{cite web |title=RG Code of Points 2017–2020 |url=http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/publicdir/rules/files/rg/RG_CoP%202017-2020_updated%20with%20Errata_February%202017_e.pdf |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique|FIG]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713035803/http://www.fig-gymnastics.com/publicdir/rules/files/rg/RG_CoP%202017-2020_updated%20with%20Errata_February%202017_e.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Men's rhythmic gymnastics====

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Along with the Japanese version of men's rhythmic there is a Spanish version which uses the same format and rules as the FIG recognized form of women's rhythmic gymnastics.

===Trampolining===