HIV/AIDS in Africa: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia


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'''[[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]''' is a major public health concern and cause of death in many parts of '''[[Africa]]'''. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population,<ref>[http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/world_population.htm Current World Population, Nations Online, 2012]</ref> [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] alone accounted for an estimated 69 percent of all people living with HIV<ref name="2012 Facts">[http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_FactSheet_Global_en.pdf "Global Fact Sheet", Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, 20 November 2012]</ref> and 70 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012">{{cite web|title=UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012 | url=http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_with_annexes_en.pdf | accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>

Countries in [[North Africa]] and the [[Horn of Africa]] have significantly lower prevalence rates, as their populations typically engage in fewer high-risk cultural patterns that have been implicated in the virus's spread.<ref name="UNAIDS 2010">{{cite web | title=UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010 | url=http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en.pdf | accessdate=2011-06-08}}</ref><ref name="RCTHIV"/> [[Southern Africa]] is the worst affected region on the continent. As of 2011, HIV has infected at least 10 percent of the population in [[Botswana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="UNAIDS 2011">{{cite web | title=Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) | url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/}}</ref>

In response, a number of initiatives have been launched in various parts of the continent to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are the [[Abstinenceabstinence, be faithful, use a condom]] (ABC) campaign and the [[Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation]]'s outreach programs.<ref name="DTHF">{{cite web | title=Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation: What we do | url=http://www.desmondtutuhivcentre.org.za/page/work/ | publisher=Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation | accessdate=27 May 2013}}</ref>

According to a 2013 special report issued by the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving [[Management of HIV/AIDS|anti-retroviral treatment]] rose from 1in million2012 towas 7.1 million between 2005 and 2012, aover seven foldtimes increase.the Fromnumber 2005 to 2011, these collective awareness andreceiving treatment efforts led to a 32 percent decrease in total AIDS-related deaths on the continent. The number of new HIV infected individuals also dropped by 33 percent between 2001 and 20112005.<ref name="UNAIDS Press Release">[http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/may/20130521prupdateafrica "UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa––with nearly 1 million added in the last year—-while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall", Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 21 May 2013]</ref><ref name="UNAIDS Special Report">[http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2013/05/20130521_Update_Africa.pdf "Special Report: How Africa Turned AIDS Around", Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2013]</ref> The number of AIDS-related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> The number of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/>

{{TOC limit|4}}

==Overview==

[[File:Esperanza de vida.PNG|thumb|400px750px|Life expectancies (at birth) from around the world.

{| style="width:100%;"

|-

| valign=top |

{{legend|#0000CD|+more than 80}}

{{legend|#4169E1|+77.5 to 80.0}}

{{legend|#00BFFF|+75.0 to 77.4}}

{{legend|#3CB371|+72.5 to 74.9}}

{{legend|#32CD32|+70}}▼

{{legend|#ADFF2F|+67.5}}▼

{{legend|#FFFF00|+65}}▼

| valign=top |

{{legend|#FFD70032CD32|+6070.0 to 72.4}}

{{legend|#FF8C00ADFF2F|+5567.5 to 69.9}}

{{legend|#FF4500FFFF00|+5065.0 to 67.4}}

| valign=top |

{{legend|#FF0000|+45}}

{{legend|#800000FFD700|+4060.0 to 64.9}}

{{legend|#000000FF8C00|-55.0 40to 59.9}}

▲{{legend|#32CD32FF4500|+7050.0 to 54.9}}

| valign=top |

▲{{legend|#ADFF2FFF0000|+6745.50 to 49.9}}

▲{{legend|#FFFF00800000|+6540.0 to 44.9}}

{{legend|#000000|less than 40.0}}

|}.]]

In an article entitled "The Impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa", the charitable organization [[AVERT]] wrote:

{{quotation

<blockquote>|HIV and AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact ... has ... not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. ... In sub-Saharan Africa, people with HIV-related diseases occupy more than half of all hospital beds. ... [L]arge numbers of healthcare professionals are being directly affected.... Botswana, for example, lost 17% of its healthcare workforce due to AIDS between 1999 and 2005. ... The toll of HIV and AIDS on households can be very severe. ... [I]t is often the poorest sectors of society that are most vulnerable.... In many cases, ... AIDS causes the household to dissolve, as parents die and children are sent to relatives for care and upbringing. ... Much happens before this dissolution takes place: AIDS strips families of their assets and income earners, further impoverishing the poor. ... The ... epidemic adds to food insecurity in many areas, as agricultural work is neglected or abandoned due to household illness. ... It was calculated in 2006 that by 2020, Malawi's agricultural workforce will be 14% smaller than it would have been without HIV and AIDS. In other countries ... the reduction is likely to be over 20%. ... Almost invariably, the burden of coping rests with women. Upon a family member becoming ill, the role of women as carers, income-earners and housekeepers is stepped up. They are often forced to step into roles outside their homes as well. ... Older people are also heavily affected by the epidemic; many have to care for their sick children and are often left to look after orphaned grandchildren. ... Due to the amount of time spent caring for dependents, older people may become isolated from their peers as they no longer have the time to dedicate to their social networks that need to be fostered to prevent isolation and loneliness. ... It is hard to overemphasise the trauma and hardship that children ... are forced to bear. ... As parents and family members become ill, children take on more responsibility to earn an income, produce food, and care for family members. ... [M]ore children have been orphaned by AIDS in Africa than anywhere else. Many children are now raised by their extended families and some are even left on their own in child-headed households. ... HIV and AIDS are having a devastating effect on the already inadequate supply of teachers in African countries.... The illness or death of teachers is especially devastating in rural areas where schools depend heavily on one or two teachers. ... The impact of HIV and AIDS in Tanzania for example means that in 2006 it was estimated that around 45,000 additional teachers were needed to make up for those who had died or left work because of HIV and AIDS. ... AIDS damages businesses by squeezing productivity, adding costs, diverting productive resources, and depleting skills. Company costs for health-care, funeral benefits and pension fund commitments are likely to rise as the number of people taking early retirement or dying increases. Also, as the impact of the epidemic on households grows more severe, market demand for products and services can fall. ... In many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is erasing decades of progress in extending life expectancy. In the worst affected countries, average life expectancy has fallen by twenty years because of the epidemic. ... The biggest increase in deaths ... has been among adults aged between 20 and 49 years. This group now accounts for 60% of all deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.... AIDS is hitting adults in their most economically productive years and removing the very people who could be responding to the crisis. ... As access to treatment is slowly expanded throughout the continent, millions of lives are being extended and hope is being given to people who previously had none. Unfortunately though, the majority of people in need of treatment are still not receiving it, and campaigns to prevent new infections (which must remain the central focus of the fight against AIDS) are lacking in many areas.<ref>[http://www.avert.org/aids-impact-africa.htm "The Impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa", AVERT]</ref></blockquote>}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"

|+Regional comparisons of HIV in 2011'''

! World region !! Adult HIV prevalence<br />(ages 15–49)<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> !! Persons living<br />with HIV<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> !! AIDS deaths, annual<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> !! New HIV<br/>infections, annual<ref name="2012 Facts"/>

|-

| Worldwide || align="center" | 0.8% || align="right" | 34,000,000 || align="right" | 1,700,000 || align="right" | 2,500,000

|-

| Sub-Saharan Africa || align="center" | 4.9% || align="right" | 23,500,000 || align="right" | 1,200,000 || align="right" | 1,800,000

|-

| South and Southeast Asia || align="center" | 0.3% || align="right" | 4,000,000 || align="right" | 250,000 || align="right" | 280,000

|-

| Eastern Europe and Central Asia || align="center" | 1.0% || align="right" | 1,400,000 || align="right" | 92,000 || align="right" | 140,000

|-

| East Asia || align="center" | 0.1% || align="right" | 830,000 || align="right" | 59,000 || align="right" | 89,000

|-

| Latin America || align="center" | 0.4% || align="right" | 1,400,000 || align="right" | 54,000 || align="right" | 83,000

|-

| Middle East and North Africa || align="center" | 0.2% || align="right" | 300,000 || align="right" | 23,000 || align="right" | 37,000

|-

| North America || align="center" | 0.6% || align="right" | 1,400,000 || align="right" | 21,000 || align="right" | 51,000

|-

| Caribbean || align="center" | 1.0% || align="right" | 230,000 || align="right" | 10,000 || align="right" | 13,000

|-

| Western and Central Europe || align="center" | 0.2% || align="right" | 900,000 || align="right" | 7,000 || align="right" | 30,000

|-

| Oceania || align="center" | 0.3% || align="right" | 53,000 || align="right" | 1,300 || align="right" | 2,900

|}

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The global response to HIV and AIDS has improved considerably in recent years. Funding comes from many sources, the largest of which are the [[Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]] and the [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

According to the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving [[Management of HIV/AIDS|anti-retroviral treatment]] rose from 1 million in 2005 to 7.1 million between 2005 andin 2012., Almostwith almost 1 million ofadded thosein patients2012 werealone.<ref treatedname="UNAIDS inPress 2012.Release"/><ref name="UNAIDS Special Report"/> The number of peopleHIV receivingpositive such treatmentpeople in [[South Africa]] alsowho increasedreceived bytreatment 20% during thein 2011-2012 calendarwas year75.2 Frompercent 2005higher tothan 2011,the anumber 32in percent2009.<ref decreasename="UNAIDS in2012"/> totalThe number of AIDS-related deaths onin theSub-Saharan continentAfrica in 2011 was registered33 percent less than the number in 2005.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> The number of new HIV infectedinfections individualsin alsoSub-Saharan droppedAfrica byin 332011 was 25 percent betweenless 2001than andthe 2011number in 2001.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> According to UNAIDS, these successes have resulted from "strong leadership and shared responsibility in Africa and among the global community."<ref name="UNAIDS Press Release"/><ref name="UNAIDS Special Report"/>

==Prevention of HIV infections==

[[File:AIDS sign in Tanzania.jpeg|thumb|right|AIDS awareness sign in central [[Dar-es-Salaam]], [[Tanzania]].]]

===Public education initiatives===

Numerous public education initiatives have been launched to curb the spread of HIV in Africa.

====Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom====

One of the strongest and most effective{{fact}} solutions has been the [[Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom]] (ABC) strategy to prevent HIV infection. This strategy promotes safer sexual behavior and emphasizes the need for fidelity, fewer sexual partners, and a later age of sexual debut. The implementation of ABC differs among those who use it. For example, the [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] has focused more on abstinence and fidelity than condoms<ref>[http://www.avert.org/pepfar.htm "PEPFAR", ''AVERT'']</ref> while [[Uganda]] has had a more balanced approach to the three elements.<ref>[http://www.avert.org/abc-hiv.htm "HIV Prevention Strategies", ''AVERT'']</ref>

====Combatting HIV fatigue====

One of the greatest problems faced by African countries that have high prevalence rates, is "HIV fatigue". Such populations are not interested in hearing more about a disease they hear about constantly. To address this, novel approaches are required. In 1999, the [[Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation]] and the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] provided major funding for the [[LoveLife South Africa|loveLife website]], a South Africa-based online sexual health and relationship resource for teenagers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mitchell | first=Claudia | coauthors=J. Reid-Walsh, Kathleen Pithouse | title='And what are you reading, Miss? Oh, it is only a website': The New Media and the Pedagogical Possibilities of Digital Culture as a South African'Teen Guide'to HIV/AIDS and STDs|journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies | year=2004 | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=84}}</ref>▼

One of the greatest problems faced by African countries that have high prevalence rates, is "HIV fatigue".{{fact}} Africans are not interested in hearing more about a disease that they already have heard about constantly.{{fact}} To address this, novel approaches are required.{{fact}}

▲One of the greatest problems faced by African countries that have high prevalence rates, is "HIV fatigue". Such populations are not interested in hearing more about a disease they hear about constantly. To address this, novel approaches are required. In 1999, the [[Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation]] and the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] provided major funding for the [[LoveLife South Africa|loveLife website]], a South Africa-basedan online sexual health and relationship resource for teenagers.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Mitchell | first=Claudia | coauthors=J. Reid-Walsh, Kathleen Pithouse | title='And what are you reading, Miss? Oh, it is only a website': The New Media and the Pedagogical Possibilities of Digital Culture as a South African 'Teen Guide' to HIV/AIDS and STDs | journal=Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies | year=2004 | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=84}}</ref>

In 2011, the [[Education in Botswana|Botswana Ministry of Education]] introduced new HIV/AIDS educational technology in local schools. The [[TeachAIDS]] prevention software, developed at [[Stanford University]], was distributed to every primary, secondary, and tertiary educational institution in the country, reaching all learners from 6 to 24 years of age nationwide.<ref>{{cite web | title=UNICEF funds TeachAIDS work in Botswana | url=http://teachaids.org/blog/unicef-funds-teachaids-work-in-botswana | work=TeachAIDS | date=2 June 2010 | accessdate=24 January 2011}}</ref>▼

In 2001, national leaders also established AIDS Watch Africa to improve HIV/AIDS responsiveness in terms of advocacy and accountability.<ref name="UNAIDS Press Release"/>

===African Union's roadmap on shared responsibility and global solidarity===

▲In 2011, the [[Education in Botswana|Botswana Ministry of Education]] introduced new HIV/AIDS educational technology in local schools. The [[TeachAIDS]] prevention software, developed at [[Stanford University]], was distributed to every primary, secondary and tertiary educational institution in the country, reaching all learners from 6 to 24 years of age nationwide.<ref>{{cite web | title=UNICEF funds TeachAIDS work in Botswana | url=http://teachaids.org/blog/unicef-funds-teachaids-work-in-botswana | work=TeachAIDS | date=2 June 2010 | accessdate=24 January 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, the [[African Union]] adopted a ''Roadmap on Shared Responsibility and Global Solidarity for AIDS, TB and Malaria Response in Africa''.<ref name="UNAIDS Press Release"/>

<blockquote>This Roadmap presents a set of practical African-sourced solutions for enhancing shared responsibility and global solidarity for AIDS ... responses in Africa on a sustainable basis by 2015. The solutions are organized around three strategic pillars: diversified financing; access to medicines; and enhanced health governance. The Roadmap defines goals, results and roles and responsibilities to hold stakeholders accountable for the realization of these solutions between 2012 and 2015.<ref>[http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/Shared_Res_Roadmap_Rev_F%5B1%5D.pdf "Roadmap on Shared Responsibility and Global Solidarity for AIDS, TB and Malaria Response in Africa", African Union, 2012]</ref></blockquote>

===Preventing HIV transmission from pregnant women to children===

Additionally, [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) reported in 2013 that the following sixteen African nations "now ensure that more than three-quarters of pregnant women living with HIV receive antiretroviral medicine to prevent transmission to their child": [[Botswana]], [[Gabon]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Rwanda]], [[São Tomé and Principe]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="UNAIDS Press Release"/>▼

▲Additionally,The [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) reported in 2013 that the following sixteen African nations "nowin 2012 "ensure[d] that more than three-quarters of pregnant women living with HIV receive antiretroviral medicine to prevent transmission to their child": [[Botswana]], [[Gabon]], [[Gambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[Rwanda]], [[São Tomé and Principe]], [[Seychelles]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="UNAIDS Press Release"/><ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/>

==Causes and spread==

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====Circumcision====

According to a 2007 report, [[Circumcision|male circumcision]] and [[female genital mutilation]] (female circumcision) were statistically associated with an increased incidence of HIV infection among the males and females in [[Kenya]] and males in [[Lesotho]] and [[Tanzania]] who self-reported that they both underwent the procedure and were virgins.<ref group=Note>Kenyan females: 3.2 percent versus 1.4 percent. Kenyan males: 1.8 percent versus 0 percent. Lesothoan males: 6.1 percent versus 1.9 percent. Tanzanian males: 2.9 percent versus 1.0 percent.</ref> The association was just as marked among circumcised adolescents, regardless of their sexual experience. Circumcised adults, however, were statistically less likely to be HIV positive than their uncircumcised counterparts, especially among older age groups.<ref group=Note>Kenyan females: 4.8 percent versus 12.2 percent. Kenyan males: 4.0 percent versus 25.4 percent. Lesothoan males: 26.3 percent versus 28.8 percent. Tanzanian males: 8.5 percent versus 10.8 percent.</ref><ref>[http://www.icgi.org/Downloads/IAS/Brewer.pdf "Male and Female Circumcision Associated With Prevalent HIV Infection in Virgins and Adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania", ''Annals of Epidemiology'', authored by Devon D. Brewer, John J. Petterat, John M. Roberts Jr., and Stuart Brody, 2007, 17:217–222]</ref> Similarly, a randomized, controlled intervention trial in [[South Africa]] from 2005 found that male circumcision "provides a degree of protection against acquiring HIV infection [by males], equivalent to what a vaccine of high efficacy would have achieved."<ref>[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298 "Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial", ''PLOS Clinical Trials'', authored by Bertran Auvert, Dirk Taljaard, Emmanuel Lagarde, Joëlle Sobngwi-Tambekou, Rémi Sitta, and Adrian Puren, 2005]</ref>

According to a 2007 report, [[Circumcision|male circumcision]] and [[female genital mutilation]] were statistically associated with an increased incidence of HIV infection among the females in [[Kenya]] and the males in Kenya, [[Lesotho]], and [[Tanzania]] who self-reported that they both underwent the procedure and were virgins.<ref group=Note>Kenyan females: 3.2 percent versus 1.4 percent. Kenyan males: 1.8 percent versus 0.0 percent. Lesothoan males: 6.1 percent versus 1.9 percent. Tanzanian males: 2.9 percent versus 1.0 percent.</ref> "Among adolescents, regardless of sexual experience,

circumcision was just as strongly associated with prevalent HIV infection." Circumcised adults, however, were statistically less likely to be HIV positive than their uncircumcised counterparts, especially among older age groups.<ref group=Note>Kenyan females: 4.8 percent versus 12.2 percent. Kenyan males: 4.0 percent versus 25.4 percent. Lesothoan males: 26.3 percent versus 28.8 percent. Tanzanian males: 8.5 percent versus 10.8 percent.</ref><ref>[http://www.icgi.org/Downloads/IAS/Brewer.pdf "Male and Female Circumcision Associated With Prevalent HIV Infection in Virgins and Adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania", ''Annals of Epidemiology'', authored by Devon D. Brewer, John J. Petterat, John M. Roberts Jr., and Stuart Brody, 2007, 17:217–222]</ref>

Similarly, a randomized, controlled intervention trial in [[South Africa]] from 2005 found that male circumcision "provides a degree of protection against acquiring HIV infection [by males], equivalent to what a vaccine of high efficacy would have achieved."<ref>[http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298 "Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial", ''PLOS Clinical Trials'', authored by Bertran Auvert, Dirk Taljaard, Emmanuel Lagarde, Joëlle Sobngwi-Tambekou, Rémi Sitta, and Adrian Puren, 2005]</ref>

====Medical suspicion====

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===Pharmaceutical industry===

African countries are also still fighting against what they perceive as unfair practices in the international pharmaceutical industry.<ref name="ReferenceB">Meier,Benjamin Mason: International Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Experimentation: Protecting the Right of Informed Consent, Berkeley journal of international law [1085-5718] Meier yr:2002 vol:20 iss:3 pg:513 -554</ref> Medical experimentation occurs in Africa on many medications, but once approved, access to the drug is difficult.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Drug companies must make a return on the money they invest on research and work to obtain patents on their intellectual capital investments which restrict generic alternatives production. Patents on medications have prevented access to medications as well as the growth in research for more affordable alternatives. These pharmaceuticals insist that drugs should be purchased through them.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} South African scientists in a combined effort with American scientists from [[Gilead]] recently came up with an AIDS gel that is 40% percent effective in women as announced in a study conducted at the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]. This is a groundbreaking drug and will soon be made available to Africans and people abroad.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} The South African government has indicated its willingness to make it widely available.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} The FDA in the US is in the process of reviewing the drug for approval for US use.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.sagoodnews.co.za/health_and_hiv_aids/new_aids_gel_could_protect_women_from_hiv.html |title=New Aids gel could protect women from HIV |publisher=South Africa&nbsp;— The Good News&nbsp;— Sagoodnews.co.za |date=2010-07-20 |accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fox |first=Maggie |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69Q10L20101027 |title=Groups moving forward to develop AIDS gel |publisher=Reuters |date= 2010-10-27|accessdate=2011-03-29}}</ref> The AIDS/HIV epidemic has led to the rise in unethical [[medical Experimentation in Africa]].<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Since the epidemic is widespread, African governments relax their laws in order to get research conducted in their countries which they would otherwise not afford.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> However, global organizations such as the [[Clinton Foundation]], are working to reduce the cost of HIV/AIDS medications in Africa and elsewhere. For example, [[Inder Singh (philanthropist)|Inder Singh]] oversaw a program which reduced the cost of pediatric HIV/AIDS drugs by 80 to 92% percent by working with manufacturers to reduce production and distribution costs.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LD7keapMjHc |title=Inder Singh, Executive Vice President for the Clinton Foundation, on Expanding Access to Health Care |publisher=Wharton Magazine |date=2011-03-29 |accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref> Manufacturers often cite distribution and production difficulties in developing markets, which create a substantial barrier to entry.

===Political factors===

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Thus, there may be significant disparities between official figures and actual HIV prevalence in some countries.

A minority of scientists claim that as many as 40% percent of HIV infections in African adults may be caused by unsafe medical practices rather than by sexual activity.<ref>[http://www.africaaction.org/docs02/hiv0210t.htm Africa: HIV/AIDS through Unsafe Medical Care]. Africaaction.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-25.</ref> The World Health Organization states that about 2.5% percent of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa are caused by unsafe medical injection practices and the "overwhelming majority" by unprotected sex.<ref>[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2003/statement5/en/ WHO | Expert group stresses that unsafe sex is primary mode of transmission of HIV in Africa]. Who.int (2003-03-14). Retrieved on 2010-10-25.</ref>

==Regional prevalence==

[[File:World Health Organisation regional offices.PNG|thumb|Regional offices and regions of the [[WHO]]:

{{legend|#1a80e6|AFRO; HQ: Brazzaville, Republic of Congo}}

{{legend|#f4746c|[[Pan American Health Organization|PAHO]]; HQ: Washington, D. C.}}

{{legend|#f2c50d|[[Eastern Mediterranean Regional office of World Health Organisation|EMRO]]; HQ: Cairo, Egypt}}

{{legend|#15ea15|EURO; HQ: Copenhagen, Denmark}}

{{legend|#c018e1|SEARO; HQ: New Delhi, India}}

{{legend|#f20d0d|WPRO; HQ: Manila, Philippines}}

]]

ByIn contrast withto the predominantly Muslim areas in North Africa and the Horn regionof Africa, traditional cultures and religions in much of Subsub-Saharan Africa have generally exhibited a more liberal attitude vis-a-vis female out-of-marriage sexual activity. The latter includes practices such as multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex, high-risk cultural patterns that have been implicated in the much greater spread of HIV in the subcontinent.<ref name="RCTHIV"/>▼

According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), it is the "directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing health trends."<ref name="WHO">{{cite web | title=About WHO | url=http://www.who.int/about/en/|publisher=World Health Organization | accessdate=14 May 2013}}</ref> Under the WHO's regional scheme, the African Regional office includes much of Africa. It is headquartered in Brazzaville, Congo.<ref name="AFRO">{{cite web | title=Regional Office for Africa | url=http://www.who.int/about/regions/afro/en | publisher=World Health Organization | accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> Most of [[North Africa]] and the [[Horn of Africa]] fall under the [[Eastern Mediterranean Regional office of World Health Organisation|Eastern Mediterranean Regional office]], with its headquarters in Cairo, Egypt.<ref name="EMRO">{{cite web | title=Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | url=http://www.who.int/about/regions/emro/en | publisher=World Health Organization | accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>

▲By contrast with the predominantly Muslim areas in North Africa and the Horn region, traditional cultures and religions in much of Sub-Saharan Africa have generally exhibited a more liberal attitude vis-a-vis female out-marriage sexual activity. The latter includes practices such as multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex, high-risk cultural patterns that have been implicated in the much greater spread of HIV in the subcontinent.<ref name="RCTHIV"/>

===North Africa===

Line 240 ⟶ 247:

| [[Gabon]] || 5.0%<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> || 5.2% || 46,000<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> || 35,000 || 2,500<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> || 2,100 || 3,000 || 4,900

|-

| [[Sao TomeSão Tomé and Principe]] || 1.0%<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> || 0.9% || <1,000<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> || <1,000 || <100<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> || <100 || not available || not available

|}

Line 247 ⟶ 254:

HIV infection rates in eastern Africa are generally moderate to high.

====Kenya====

[[Uganda]] has registered a gradual decrease in its HIV rates from 10.6 percent in 1997, to a stabilized 6.5-7.2 percent since 2001.<ref name="UNAIDS 2010"/><ref name="RCTHIV"/> This has been attributed to changing local behavioral patterns, with more respondents reporting greater use of contraceptives{{Citation needed|reason=sources say otherwise see discussion page|date=November 2012}} and a two-year delay in first sexual activity as well as fewer people reporting casual sexual encounters and multiple partners.<ref name="RCTHIV"/> The number of newly infected people per year, however, has increased by over 50 percent, from 99,000 in 2001 to 150,000 in 2011.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> More than 40 percent of new infections are occurring among married couples, indicating widespread and increasing infidelity.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:N9VZrwkIod8J:www.voanews.com/content/infidelity-root-cause-of-ugandas-chaning-aids-epidemic/1644720.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a "Uganda's Soaring HIV Infection Rate Linked to Infidelity", Voice of America, 19 April 2013]</ref> This increase has caused alarm. The director of the Centre for Disease Control - Uganda, [[Wuhib Tadesse]], said in 2011 that▼

<blockquote>for every person started on antiretroviral therapy, there are three new HIV infections and this is unsustainable. We are ... very concerned. ... [C]omplacence could be part of the problem. Young people nowadays no longer see people dying; they see people on ARVs but getting children. We need to re-examine our strategies.... Leaders at all levels are spending ... [more] time in workshops than in the communities to sensitive the people[,] and this must stop."<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201107180564.html "Uganda: 25,000 Babies Born With HIV/Aids Annually", ''The Monitor'', reported by Yasiin Mugerwa, reprinted on the website of ''allAfrica.com'', 17 July 2011]</ref></blockquote>▼

[[Kenya]], according to a 2008 report from the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]], had the third largest number of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa living with HIV.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN">{{cite news | last=Fortunate | first=Edith | title=Rich Kenyans hardest hit by HIV, says study | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Rich-Kenyans-hardest-hit-by-HIV-says-study/-/1056/1644816/-/ic3raiz/-/index.html | accessdate=19 May 2013 | newspaper=Daily Nation | date=20 May 2013}}</ref> It also had the highest prevalence rate of any country outside of Southern Africa.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> Kenya's HIV infection rate dropped from around 14 percent in the mid-1990s to 5 percent in 2006,<ref name="UNAIDS 2010"/> but rose again to 6.2 percent by 2011.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> The number of newly infected people per year, however, decreased by almost 30 percent, from 140,000 in 2001 to 100,000 in 2011.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> As of 2012, [[Nyanza Province]] had the highest HIV prevalence rate at 13.9 percent, with the [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern Province]] having the lowest rate at 0.9 percent.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> Christian men and women also had a higher infection rate than their Muslim counterparts.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> This discrepancy was especially marked among women, with Muslim women showing a rate of 2.8 percent versus 8.4 percent among Protestant women and 8 percent among Catholic women.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> HIV was also more common among the most wealthy than among the poorest (7.2 percent versus 4.6 percent).<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> Historically, HIV had been more prevalent in urban than rural areas, although the gap is closing rapidly.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> Men in rural areas are now more likely to be HIV-infected (at 4.5 per cent) than those in urban areas (at 3.7 per cent).<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/>

As of 2012, [[Nyanza Province]] had the highest HIV prevalence rate at 13.9 percent, with the [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern Province]] having the lowest rate at 0.9 percent.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/>

Between 2004 and 2008, the HIV incidence rate in [[Tanzania]] for ages 15-44 slowed to 3.37 per 1,000 person-years (4.42 for women and 2.36 for men).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535828 "Estimates of HIV incidence from household-based prevalence surveys", ''AIDS'', Timothy B. Halletta, et al., 2 January 2010, 24(1), pages 147–152]</ref> The number of newly infected people per year increased slightly, from 140,000 in 2001 to 150,000 in 2011.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> There were also significantly fewer HIV infections in [[Zanzibar]], which in 2011 had a prevalence rate of 1.0 percent compared to a 5.3 percent in mainland Tanzania.<ref name="Survey">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/this2012/THMIS2011-12FReport.zip ''Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12'', authorized by the [[Tanzania Commission for AIDS]] (TACAIDS) and the Zanzibar Commission for AIDS; implemented by the [[National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania|Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics]] in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Government Statistician (Zanzibar); funded by the [[United States Agency for International Development]], TACAIDS, and the [[Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania)|Ministry of Health and Social Welfare]], with support provided by [[ICF International]]; data collected 16 December 2011 to 24 May 2012; report published in Dar es Salaam in March 2013]</ref>▼

Christian men and women also had a higher infection rate than their Muslim counterparts.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> This discrepancy was especially marked among women, with Muslim women showing a rate of 2.8 percent versus 8.4 percent among Protestant women and 8 percent among Catholic women.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> HIV was also more common among the wealthiest than among the poorest (7.2 percent versus 4.6 percent).<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/>

Historically, HIV had been more prevalent in urban than rural areas, although the gap is closing rapidly.<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/> Men in rural areas are now more likely to be HIV-infected (at 4.5 percent) than those in urban areas (at 3.7 percent).<ref name="UNAIDSKEN"/>

====Tanzania====

▲Between 2004 and 2008, the HIV incidence rate in [[Tanzania]] for ages 15-44 slowed to 3.37 per 1,000 person-years (4.42 for women and 2.36 for men).<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535828 "Estimates of HIV incidence from household-based prevalence surveys", ''AIDS'', Timothy B. Halletta, et al., 2 January 2010, 24(1), pages 147–152]</ref> The number of newly infected people per year increased slightly, from 140,000 in 2001 to 150,000 in 2011.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> There were also significantly fewer HIV infections in [[Zanzibar]], which in 2011 had a prevalence rate of 1.0 percent compared to a 5.3 percent in mainland Tanzania.<ref name="Survey">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/this2012/THMIS2011-12FReport.zip ''Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011-12'', authorized by the [[Tanzania Commission for AIDS]] (TACAIDS) and the Zanzibar Commission for AIDS; implemented by the [[National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania|Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics]] in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Government Statistician (Zanzibar); funded by the [[United States Agency for International Development]], TACAIDS, and the [[Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Tanzania)|Ministry of Health and Social Welfare]], with support provided by [[ICF International]]; data collected 16 December 2011 to 24 May 2012; report published in Dar es Salaam in March 2013]</ref>

====Uganda====

▲[[Uganda]] has registered a gradual decrease in its HIV rates from 10.6 percent in 1997, to a stabilized 6.5-7.2 percent since 2001.<ref name="UNAIDS 2010"/><ref name="RCTHIV"/> This has been attributed to changing local behavioral patterns, with more respondents reporting greater use of contraceptives{{Citation needed|reason=sources say otherwise see discussion page|date=November 2012}} and a two-year delay in first sexual activity as well as fewer people reporting casual sexual encounters and multiple partners.<ref name="RCTHIV"/> The number of newly infected people per year, however, has increased by over 50 percent, from 99,000 in 2001 to 150,000 in 2011.<ref name="UNAIDS 2012"/> More than 40 percent of new infections are occurring among married couples, indicating widespread and increasing infidelity.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:N9VZrwkIod8J:www.voanews.com/content/infidelity-root-cause-of-ugandas-chaning-aids-epidemic/1644720.html+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a "Uganda's Soaring HIV Infection Rate Linked to Infidelity", Voice of America, 19 April 2013]</ref> This increase has caused alarm. The director of the Centre for Disease Control - Uganda, [[Wuhib Tadesse]], said in 2011 that,

▲<blockquote>for every person started on antiretroviral therapy, there are three new HIV infections[,] and this is unsustainable. We are ... very concerned. ... [C]omplacence could be part of the problem. Young people nowadays no longer see people dying; they see people on ARVs but getting children. We need to re-examine our strategies.... Leaders at all levels are spending ... [more] time in workshops than in the communities to sensitive the people[,] and this must stop."<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201107180564.html "Uganda: 25,000 Babies Born With HIV/Aids Annually", ''The Monitor'', reported by Yasiin Mugerwa, reprinted on the website of ''allAfrica.com'', 17 July 2011]</ref></blockquote>

{| class="wikitable"

Line 369 ⟶ 388:

{{main|HIV/AIDS in Swaziland}}

As of 2011, the HIV prevelance rate in Swaziland was the highest in the world at 26.0 percent of persons aged 15-49.<ref name="UNAIDS 2011"/> The [[United Nations Development Programme]] wrote in 2005,

The HIV infection rate in Swaziland is the highest in the world at 26.0 percent of persons aged 15-49 and at over 50 percent of adults in their 20s.<ref name="undp.org.sz">Country programme outline for Swaziland, 2006-2010. United Nations Development Program. http://www.undp.org.sz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=19&Itemid=67. Retrieved November 22, 2009.</ref> This has stopped possible economic and social progress, and is at a point where it endangers the existence of its society as a whole. The United Nations Development Program has written that if the expansion continues unabated, the "longer term existence of Swaziland as a country will be seriously threatened".<ref name="undp.org.sz"/>

<blockquote>The immense scale of AIDS-related illness and deaths is weakening governance capacities for service delivery, with serious consequences on food security, economic growth[,] and human development. AIDS undermines the capacities of individuals, families, communities[,] and the state to fulfill their roles and responsibilities in society. If current trends are not reversed, the longer-term survival of Swaziland as a country will be seriously threatened.<ref>[http://www.undp.org/africa/programmedocs/SWAZILAND_-_ENGLISH.pdf "Draft country programme document for Swaziland (2006-2010)", United Nations Development Programme]</ref></blockquote>

[[Swaziland#Health|Swaziland's HIV epidemic]] has reduced its life expectancy at birth to 49 for men and 51 for women as of 2009.<ref>[http://www.who.int/countries/swz/en Swaziland, World Health Organization]</ref> Swaziland's crude death rate of 19.51 per 1,000 people per year (based on 2011 data) is the third highest in the world, behind only Lesotho and Sierra Leone.<ref>[http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.12?lang=en "Mortality and global health estimates: Age-standardized death rate by country", World Health Organization]</ref> HIV/AIDS currently causes 61 percent of all deaths in the country. About 2 percent of Swaziland's total population dies of HIV/AIDS every year.<ref>[http://www.who.int/whosis/mort/profiles/mort_afro_swz_swaziland.pdf Swaziland, Mortality Country Fact Sheet] 2006. WHO. Retrieved November 22, 2009.</ref>▼

The HIV epidemic in Swaziland has reduced its life expectancy at birth to 49 for men and 51 for women (based on 2009 data).<ref>[http://www.who.int/countries/swz/en Swaziland, World Health Organization]</ref> Life expectancy at birth in 1990 was 59 for men and 62 for women.<ref>[http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688?lang=en Life expectancy by country, Global Health Observatory Data Repository, World Health Organization]</ref>

▲[[Swaziland#Health|Swaziland'sBased HIVon epidemic]]2011 has reduced its life expectancy at birth to 49 for men and 51 for women as of 2009.<ref>[http://www.who.int/countries/swz/en Swazilanddata, World Health Organization]</ref> Swaziland's crude death rate of 19.51 per 1,000 people per year (based on 2011 data) iswas the third highest in the world, behind only Lesotho and Sierra Leone.<ref>[http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.12?lang=en "Mortality and global health estimates: Age-standardized death rate by country", World Health Organization]</ref> HIV/AIDS currentlyin 2002 causescaused 6164 percent of all deaths in the country. About 2 percent of Swaziland's total population dies of HIV/AIDS every year.<ref>[http://www.afro.who.int/whosis/mort/profiles/mort_afro_swz_swazilandindex.pdfphp?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=57 Swaziland,"Country MortalityHealth CountrySystem Fact Sheet]: 2006.Swaziland", WHO.World RetrievedHealth November 22Organization, 2009.2006]</ref> About 2 percent of Swaziland's total population dies of HIV/AIDS every year.{{fact}}

==Tuberculosis coinfections==

Line 383 ⟶ 406:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Country !! Concurrent <br/>HIV/Tuberculosis <br/>infections, 2011 <br/>(cases per 100,000<br/> population)<ref name="TB/HIV">[http://www.who.int/entity/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_annex4.pdf Table A4.2, Annex 4: Global, regional and country-specific data for key indicators, Global Tuberculosis Report 2012, World Health Organization]</ref> !! Concurrent <br/>HIV/Tuberculosis <br/>infections, 2011 <br/>(cases)<ref name="TB/HIV"/> !! Concurrent <br/>HIV/Tuberculosis <br/>infections, 2000 <br/>(cases per 100,000 <br/>population)<ref name="TB/HIV"/>!! Concurrent <br/>HIV/Tuberculosis<br/> infections, 2000 <br/>(cases)<ref name="TB/HIV"/>

|-

| '''NORTH AFRICA'''

|-

| [[Algeria]] || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 360 || align="right" | 0.3 || align="right" | 100

|-

| [[Egypt]] || align="right" | <0.1 || align="right" | 43 || align="right" | <0.1 || align="right" | 56

|-

| [[Libya]] || align="right" | 3.4 || align="right" | 220 || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available

|-

| [[Morocco]] || align="right" | 0.9 || align="right" | 300 || align="right" | 0.4 || align="right" | 110

|-

| [[Sudan]] || align="right" | 8.2 || align="right" | 2,800 || align="right" | 9.3 || align="right" | 3,200

|-

| [[Tunisia]] || align="right" | 0.6 || align="right" | 66 || align="right" | 0.6 || align="right" | 53

|-

| '''HORN OF AFRICA'''

|-

| [[Djibouti]] || align="right" | 63 || align="right" | 570 || align="right" | 86 || align="right" | 730

|-

| [[Eritrea]] || align="right" | 8.2 || align="right" | 440 || align="right" | 20 || align="right" | 750

|-

| [[Ethiopia]] || align="right" | 45 || align="right" | 38,000 || align="right" | 141 || align="right" | 93,000

|-

| [[Somalia]] || align="right" | 22 || align="right" | 2,100 || align="right" | 27 || align="right" | 2,000

|-

| '''CENTRAL AFRICA'''

|-

| [[Angola]] || align="right" | 43 || align="right" | 8,500 || align="right" | 44 || align="right" | 6,100

|-

| [[Cameroon]] || align="right" | 93 || align="right" | 19,000 || align="right" | 130 || align="right" | 20,000

|-

| [[Central African Republic]] || align="right" | 159 || align="right" | 7,100 || align="right" | 591 || align="right" | 22,000

|-

| [[Chad]] || align="right" | 45 || align="right" | 5,200 || align="right" | 51 || align="right" | 4,200

|-

| [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] || align="right" | 119 || align="right" | 4,900 || align="right" | 126 || align="right" | 3,900

|-

| [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] || align="right" | 49 || align="right" | 34,000 || align="right" | 57 || align="right" | 28,000

|-

| [[Equatorial Guinea]] || align="right" | 52 || align="right" | 370 || align="right" | 47 || align="right" | 250

|-

| [[Gabon]] || align="right" | 185 || align="right" | 2,800 || align="right" | 203 || align="right" | 2,500

|-

| [[Sao Tome and Principe]] || align="right" | 9 || align="right" | 15 || align="right" | 9.7 || align="right" | 14

|-

| '''EASTERN AFRICA'''

|-

| [[Burundi]] || align="right" | 30 || align="right" | 2,600 || align="right" | 121 || align="right" | 7,700

|-

| [[Comoros]] || align="right" | 1.4 || align="right" | 11 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | <10

|-

| [[Kenya]] || align="right" | 113 || align="right" | 47,000 || align="right" | 149 || align="right" | 47,000

|-

| [[Madagascar]] || align="right" | 0.6 || align="right" | 130 || align="right" | 0.8 || align="right" | 120

|-

| [[Mauritius]] || align="right" | 1.6 || align="right" | 21 || align="right" | 1.1 || align="right" | 13

|-

| [[Mayotte]] || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available

|-

| [[Réunion]] || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available

|-

| [[Rwanda]] || align="right" | 27 || align="right" | 2,900 || align="right" | 141 || align="right" | 11,000

|-

| [[Seychelles]] || align="right" | 5.8 || align="right" | <10 || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available

|-

| [[South Sudan]] || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available || align="right" | not available

|-

| [[Tanzania]] || align="right" | 65 || align="right" | 30,000 || align="right" | 106 || align="right" | 36,000

|-

| [[Uganda]] || align="right" | 102 || align="right" | 35,000 || align="right" | 244 || align="right" | 59,000

|-

| '''WESTERN AFRICA'''

|-

| [[Benin]] || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 1,100 || align="right" | 20 || align="right" | 1,300

|-

| [[Burkina Faso]] || align="right" | 9.5 || align="right" | 1,600 || align="right" | 22 || align="right" | 2,700

|-

| [[Cape Verde]] || align="right" | 19 || align="right" | 97 || align="right" | 19 || align="right" | 84

|-

| [[Côte d'Ivoire]] || align="right" | 50 || align="right" | 10,000 || align="right" | 155 || align="right" | 26,000

|-

| [[Gambia]] || align="right" | 45 || align="right" | 800 || align="right" | 18 || align="right" | 230

|-

| [[Ghana]] || align="right" | 18 || align="right" | 4,600 || align="right" | 47 || align="right" | 9,000

|-

| [[Guinea]] || align="right" | 47 || align="right" | 4,800 || align="right" | 58 || align="right" | 4,900

|-

| [[Guinea-Bissau]] || align="right" | 99 || align="right" | 1,500 || align="right" | 25 || align="right" | 310

|-

| [[Liberia]] || align="right" | 31 || align="right" | 1,300 || align="right" | 33 || align="right" | 940

|-

| [[Mali]] || align="right" | 9.4 || align="right" | 1,500 || align="right" | 16 || align="right" | 1,800

|-

| [[Mauritania]] || align="right" | 43 || align="right" | 1,500 || align="right" | 21 || align="right" | 550

|-

| [[Niger]] || align="right" | 11 || align="right" | 1,700 || align="right" | 18 || align="right" | 2,000

|-

| [[Nigeria]] || align="right" | 30 || align="right" | 50,000 || align="right" | 42 || align="right" | 52,000

|-

| [[Senegal]] || align="right" | 14 || align="right" | 1,700 || align="right" | 7.9 || align="right" | 750

|-

| [[Sierra Leone]] || align="right" | 64 || align="right" | 3,800 || align="right" | 20 || align="right" | 810

|-

| [[Togo]] || align="right" | 16 || align="right" | 1,000 || align="right" | 18 || align="right" | 840

|-

| '''SOUTHERN AFRICA'''

|-

| [[Botswana]] || align="right" | 292 || align="right" | 5,900 || align="right" | 611 || align="right" | 11,000

|-

| [[Lesotho]] || align="right" | 481 || align="right" | 11,000 || align="right" | 425 || align="right" | 8,300

|-

| [[Malawi]] || align="right" | 114 || align="right" | 18,000 || align="right" | 324 || align="right" | 36,000

|-

| [[Mozambique]] || align="right" | 347 || align="right" | 83,000 || align="right" | 279 || align="right" | 51,000

|-

| [[Namibia]] || align="right" | 359 || align="right" | 8,400 || align="right" | 787 || align="right" | 15,000

|-

| [[South Africa]] || align="right" | 650 || align="right" | 330,000 || align="right" | 317 || align="right" | 140,000

|-

| [[Swaziland]] || align="right" | 1,010 || align="right" | 12,000 || align="right" | 607 || align="right" | 6,500

|-

| [[Zambia]] || align="right" | 285 || align="right" | 38,000 || align="right" | 493 || align="right" | 50,000

|-

| [[Zimbabwe]] || align="right" | 360 || align="right" | 46,000 || align="right" | 666 || align="right" | 83,000

|}

==See also==

{{Portal|Africa}}

* [[Origin of AIDS]]▼

* [[28 (book)|28: Stories of AIDS in Africa]]

* [[ASSA AIDS Model]], a [[South Africa]]n model of the pandemic▼

* [[Demographics of Africa]]

* [[The Global Fund|The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]

* [[HIV/AIDS in Asia]]

* [[HIV/AIDS in Australia]]

* [[HIV/AIDS in Europe]]

* [[HIV/AIDS in North America]]

* [[HIV/AIDS in South America]]

▲* [[Origin of AIDS]]

* [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]]

▲* [[ASSA AIDS Model]], a [[|South Africa]]nAfrican model of the pandemic]]

* [[United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa]]