Hajj: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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During the medieval times, pilgrims would gather in big cities of Syria, Egypt, and Iraq to go to Mecca in groups and caravans comprising tens of thousands of pilgrims,<ref>{{cite book |author=Peters |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA164|year=1994| page=164}}</ref> often under state patronage.<ref name=Campo283>{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Juan E. Campo |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=isbn%3A1438126964&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=[[Facts On File]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|page=283}}</ref> Some Hajj caravans were to be guarded by soldiers because there were risks of robbery or attack or natural hazards.<ref name=Campo283/><ref group="n">[[Ibn Jubayr]] noted the skeletons of the faithful who had died of thirst en route. In the 17th century, a group of [[Egypt]]ian pilgrims lost over 1,500 people and 900 camels. In 1924 around one-fifth of a group of [[Syria]]n pilgrims died and two years later, 12,000 are thought to have died during the journey. [Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven. Page 2. Granta Publications, 2006 ISBN 1-86207-906-4]</ref> Muslim travelers like [[Ibn Jubayr]] and [[Ibn Battuta]] have recorded detailed accounts of Hajj-travels of medieval time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peters |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA71|year=1994| page=71}}</ref>

==Military campaigns during Muhammad's era to establish the right to perform Hajj==

{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}

{{Main|List of expeditions of Muhammad}}

Throughout Muhammad's era the Muslims fought against the Arab pagans to eventually establish the right to perform Umrah and [[Hajj]]. During that time [[Mecca]] was occupied by Arab Pagans who used to worship idols inside Mecca.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'|author=Hawting, G. R.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|year=1980|pages=44–54 (44)|jstor=616125}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref>

Muhammad signed the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]], which took place in March 628 <ref>Emory C. Bogle (1998), [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IpFhLDUw20gC&pg=PA19 Islam: origin and belief], University of Texas Press, p. 19.</ref>. During this event Muslims marched to [[Mecca]] to perform the lesser pilgrimage (Umrah)<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar pp. 214-215">Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 214-215.</ref>

Muhammad also ordered the [[Expedition of Abu Qatadah ibn Rab'i al-Ansari (Batn Edam)]] in December 629 <ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA218|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960897714|page=218}} Note: 6th Month, 8AH = September 629</ref> to divert the attention from his intention of attacking Mecca, he dispatched 8 men to attack a caravan passing through Edam<ref name="Sa'd 1967 164">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=164|quote=THE SARIYYAH OF ABO QATADAH IBN RIB'I AL- ANSARl TOWORDS BATN IDAM.}}</ref>. Muhammad was planning on attacking Mecca, with the view of securing a complete news black-out concerning his military intentions, then Muhammad despatched an 8 man platoon under the leadership of Abu Qatadah bin Rab‘i in the direction of Edam, a short distance from Madinah, in Ramadan 8 A.H, in order to divert the attention of people from his main target of attacking Mecca, with which he was pre-occupied.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA250 The sealed nectar, By S.R. Al-Mubarakpuri], P. 250</ref>. During this expedition 1 Muslim was killed by another Muslim<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|43|7176}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 5 (Part 5): An-Nisaa 24 to An-Nisaa 147 2nd Edition|authors=Ibn Kathir, Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (translator)|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA94|page=94}}</ref> Muhammad then revealed the verse 4:94.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA944 Tafsir ibn Kathir Juz, Pg 94, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman]</ref><ref>[http://abdurrahman.org/character/salam-you-are-not-a-believer.html Say not to anyone who greets you: "You are not a believer;'', Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Text Version]</ref>[[Ibn Kathir]] interprets this as, God asking Muslims to be more careful when fighting "in the way of Allah", as to reduce the chance of killing Muslims accidentally, as happened in this incident.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GxzFCrGdyQoC&pg=PA944 Tafsir ibn Kathir Juz, Pg 94, By Ibn Kathir, Translation by Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman]</ref>

Finally Muhammad ordered and took part in the [[Conquest of Mecca]] in December 629 <ref>{{cite book|last=Abu Khalil|first=Shawqi|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mZmBkoDa9fcC&pg=PA218|title=Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Dar-us-Salam|isbn=978-9960897714|page=218}} Note: 6th Month, 8AH = September 629</ref><ref name="Sa'd 1967 165–174">{{cite book|last=Sa'd|first=Ibn|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=AUL5Tf7sN8jIsgaVreXVDw&ct=result&id=_vnXAAAAMAAJ&dq|title=Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2|year=1967|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|asin=B0007JAWMK|pages=165–174}}</ref>. Thus the right to perform Umrah and Hajj were guaranteed.

== Rites ==