Harry Magdoff: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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[[Image:Magdoff.jpg|frame|Harry Magdoff]]

'''Henry Samuel Magdoff''' (born [[21 August]] [[1913]]), commonly known as '''Harry Magdoff''', is a prominent American [[socialism|socialist]] commentator. He held several administrative positions in government during the [[President of the United States|presidency]] of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and later became co-editor of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] publication, ''[[Monthly Review]]''. While remaining a prominent figure of the left throughout his career he has been dogged by allegations of being involved in [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[espionage]], a charge which originated in the [[1940s]] but one that would reemerge decades later.

~~'''Henry Samuel Magdoff''' (born [[August 21]], [[1913]]) is a U.S. [[economist]] and longtime editor of the [[Marxism|Marxist]] ''[[Monthly Review]]''.~~

==Early years==

A child of poor Russian Jewish immigrants, Magdoff grew up in [[the Bronx]]. In [[1929]], at age 15, Magdoff first started reading [[Karl Marx]] when he picked up a copy of ''[[The Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy]]'' in a used-book store. "It blew my mind," recalled Magdoff in [[2003]]. "His view of history was a revelation... that got me started reading about economics. We were going into the Depression then and I wanted to figure out what it all meant." [http://www.monthlyreview.org/tribute.htm] His interest in Marx led him to embrace [[socialism]].

A child of poor [[Russia]]n-[[Jew]]ish [[immigrant]]s, Magdoff grew up in [[the Bronx]]. In [[1929]], at age 15, Magdoff first started reading [[Karl Marx]] when he picked up a copy of ''The Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy'' in a used-book store. "It blew my mind," recalled Magdoff in [[2003]]. "His view of history was a revelation....that got me started reading about economics. We were going into the Depression then and I wanted to figure out what it all meant." {{NamedRef|Tribute|1}} His interest in Marx led him to embrace socialism.

He attended [[City College of New York]], taking engineering, math and physics courses. He was suspended and later expelled from City College for his activities related to editing ''Frontiers'', a radical student magazine not sanctioned by the school. Later, he enrolled in [[New York University]] and earned a degree in [[economics]].

Magdoff studied [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] from [[1930]] to [[1933]] at the [[City College of New York]] taking [[engineering]], math and physics courses; he was active in the Social Problems Club with many schoolmates who later joined the [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]], a [[Comintern]] organization that fought in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Magdoff attended [[New York University]] after 1933, where he studied [[economics]] and [[statistics]], receiving a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in Economics in [[1935]]. He was suspended and later expelled from City College for activities related to editing ''Frontiers'' (a radical student magazine not sanctioned by the school), including participation in a mock trial of the school's President and its Director.

In the mid-[[1930s]], Magdoff moved to [[Philadelphia]] to take a job with the [[Works Progress Administration]] measuring the [[productivity]] of various manufacturing industries. He later served in the [[National Defense Advisory Commission]]. Toward the end of the [[Second World War]], he became chief economist in charge of the Current Business Analysis Division at the [[U.S. Commerce Department|Commerce Department]]. Later, he worked as an assistant to [[Secretary of Commerce]] [[Henry A. Wallace]]. Magdoff left government work in [[1947]]. The next year, he served as an adviser to Wallace as a candidate in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1948|1948 presidential race]].

==Government service and post-war employment==

Magdoff became vulnerable during the [[McCarthyism|McCarthy Era]]. Hounded by investigative committees and the [[FBI]], he could not get a job in his field through much of the [[1950s]]. However, by the late 1950s he was able to get a job teaching economics at the [[New School for Social Research]].

In the mid-[[1930s]], Magdoff moved to [[Philadelphia]] to take a job with the [[Works Progress Administration]] measuring the [[productivity]] of various manufacturing industries. [[David Weintraub]] assisted him with letters of recommendation to get a job with the government. By[[1940]] Magdoff was working for the [[New Deal]] [[Works Progress Administration]] (WPA) as its Principal Statistician. During [[World War II]] Magdoff worked on the [[War Production Board]], in the Statistical and Tools Divisions.

His first and perhaps most influential book, ''The Age of Imperialism'', was published in [[1969]]. The book sold over 100,000 copies and was translated into fifteen languages. Two years later, after the death of [[Leo Huberman]], he began co-editing with [[Paul Sweezy]] ''Monthly Review'', the leading independent Marxist journal in the United States, and has continued to edit the magazine into his 90th year. Under Magdoff's direction, the ''Monthly Review'' has focused more and more upon [[imperialism]] as the key unit of analysis for global development and the forces challenging [[neocolonialism]] in the [[Third World]] as the most likely prospects for challenging the system. This perspective put the magazine and its press squarely on the "[[New Left]]" intellectual agenda since the late [[1960s]].

Magdoff left his employment with the U.S. government, then with the [[United States Department of Commerce]], on [[December 30]], [[1946]], and went to work for the New Council on American Business in New York, happy to leave government service. Magdoff worked among many business associates until [[1948]], at which time he began employment with Trubeck Laboratories in [[New Jersey]]. He became an economic advisor and speechwriter to former [[Vice President of the United States|Vice-President]] and unsuccessful Presidential candidate [[Henry A. Wallace]].

Magdoff's work has kept him in the forefront of socialist thought in the U.S. from the 1930s to this day. The [[Great Depression]] left a strong impact on Magdoff's perspective on [[capitalism]]. One of the few prominent socialists in the U.S., Magdoff recalls the sense of doom felt by capitalism-watchers at mid-century, and has held that nothing since 1929 leads him to believe that the system has become immune from cycles of severe crisis.

==Involvement in Espionage==

Magdoff and the late Paul Sweezy together produced five books. Magdoff's most recent book is ''Imperialism without Colonies'', published when he was 89. Today Magdoff co-edits the ''Monthly Review'' with [[John Bellamy Foster]].

[[Image:Venona_687_KGB_New_York_to_Moscow%2C_13_May_1944.gif|thumb|right|Soviet cable from New York to Moscow on the 13th of April, 1944, refers to ''MAGDOFF - "KANT"''.]]

~~Magdoff has two sons. His son, Fred Magdoff, is an expert in plant and soil science. His wife of almost 70 years, Beatrice, died in [[2002]].~~

A mass of previously unremarked materials collectively known as the [[VENONA project]] was declassified by the U.S. government in [[1995]]. Among these were Army decryptions of Soviet cables which revealed there to be some number of American citizens involved in espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union. The U.S. government, as well as several historians and researchers, have come to the conclusion that Harry Magdoff was among a number of Soviet intelligence sources within the U.S. government.

The public accusation that Magdoff was working for Soviet intelligence was itself not new; it had originated with defector [[Elizabeth Bentley]] who testified to that same effect.

~~==Books published==~~

: On the date specified I went to the apartment of John Abt, was admitted by him to his apartment and there met four individuals, none of whom I had ever seen before. They were introduced to me as Victor Perlo, Charlie Kramer, Henry Magdoff and Edward Fitzgerald. They seemed to know, at least, generally that they could talk freely in my presence and I recall some conversation about their paying Communist Party dues to me, as well as my furnishing them with Communist Party literature. There followed then a general discussion among all of us as to the type of information which these people, excepting Abt, would be able to furnish. It was obvious to me that these people, including Abt, had been associated for some time and that they had been engaged in some sort of espionage for Earl Browder. {{NamedRef|Testimony|2}}

*''Imperialism Without Colonies'' (2003)

*''The Age of Imperialism'' (1969)

*''Imperialism from the Colonial Age to the Present'' (1977)

Bentley's charges resulted in many acrimonious investigations of alleged spies, including Magdoff.

~~===Books co-authored with Paul M. Sweezy===~~

*''The Dynamics of U.S. Capitalism'' (1970)

*''The End of Prosperity'' (1977)

*''The Deepening Crisis of U.S. Capitalism'' (1980)

*''Stagnation and the Financial Explosion'' (1987)

*''The Irreversible Crisis'' (1988)

The Official History of counter intelligence operations in the United States, published by the United States Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive (ONCIX), lists Magdoff as a member of the [[Perlo group]] of Soviet agents. {{NamedRef|ONCIX|3}} Magdoff was identified by [[Arlington Hall]] cryptographers in the VENONA cables and by [[FBI]] [[counterintelligence]] investigators as being a Soviet information source under the cover name "KANT" as of [[1944]]. {{NamedRef|KANT|4}} The name "KANT" appears in declassified decrypts of cables from [[New York City|New York]] to [[Moscow]], dated [[May 5]], [[May 13]], and [[May 30]], 1944. The first is described by the decrypters as being sent from Pavel Ivanovich Fedosimov in which he requests a "telegraph a reply to No. 139 and advise about the possibility of a meeting with KANT."

~~==External link==~~

* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/tribute.htm "Socialism still makes sense to 90-year-old Harry Magdoff"] (by Susan Green)

On the May 13 cable, "MAYOR", according to Arlington Hall counterintelligence is [[Iskhak Akhmerov|Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov]], reports on a meeting in which Elizabeth Bentley was placed in contact with the Perlo group for the purposes of obtaining secret government information to transmit to the Soviet Union. Magdoff's surname was transmitted in the clear. {{NamedRef|MAYOR|5}}

: On HELMSMAN'S instructions GOOD GIRL contracted through AMT a new group:

: [53 groups unrecoverable]

: MAGDOFF - "KANT". GOOD GIRL's impressions: They are reliable FELLOWCOUNTRYMEN ["members of a Communist Party"], politically highly mature; they want to help with information. They said that they had been neglected and no one had taken any interest in their potentialities

Magdoff at the time was ending a prolonged leave of absence due to a [[gall bladder]] operation, and was unsure of the type of material he could deliver. As a new recruit, or "probationer" in Soviet parlance, "KANT" was subject to a background check and a request was made. The May 30 cable transmits personal histories of the probationers.

[[Image:Venona_179%2C_180_KGB_Moscow_to_New_York%2C_25_February_1945.gif|thumb|right|February 25th, 1945; Vassiliev, Haynes believe "TAN" to be a latter day cover name for Magdoff.]]

: ''2. "KANT" became a member of the CPUSA a long time ago, being [8 groups unrecovered], works in the Machine Tool Division of the DEPOT.''

A number of U.S. government agencies (as well as locations within the U.S.) were also given cover names. In this case, "DEPOT" is said to be code for the War Production Board, where Magdoff worked in the Statistics and Tools Divisions.

In Moscow the request was processed. Evidence was unearthed in the Comintern Archives in the late [[1980s]], Lt. General [[Pavel M. Fitin]], the head of [[KGB]] foreign intelligence operations in Moscow, requested of [[Secretary General]] of the Comintern [[Georgi Dimitrov]] information to complete Magdoff's recruitment. {{NamedRef|Dimitrov|6}} This document was published in a book by historians Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov {{NamedRef|Haynes|7}}, and also in the memoirs of [[Alexandre Feklisov]] {{NamedRef|Feklisov|8}} (the Soviet [[Agent handler|Case Officer]] for [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Klaus Fuchs]]), published in [[2001]].

Moscow then responded to New York KGB headquarters on [[February 25]], [[1945]] in Venona decrypt #179,180. According to the authors of ''Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America'', researchers Allen Weinstein and ex-KGB officer Alexander Vassiliev, the cover name of "KANT" was replaced with "TAN". Moscow expressed concern that knowledge of some probationers working for various groups was widely known among other CPUSA members, so it was not uncommon for code names to change. The code name "TAN" appears in a memo of Anatoly Gorsky’s, dated December [[1948]], a document from the KGB archives analyzed by Alexander Vassiliev. {{NamedRef|Vassiliev|9}} Gorsky was then a senior official of the Committee of Information ([[KI]]), the Soviet agency at the time supervising Soviet foreign intelligence. {{NamedRef|Gorsky|10}}

A top secret internal FBI [[memorandum|memo]] dated [[February 1]], [[1956]] from Assistant Alan H. Belmont to the Director and head of the FBI's Internal Security Section, L. V. Boardman, discussed the advantages and disadvantages of using [[Venona project]] materials to prosecute suspects. In that memorandum, which remained classified forty-one years until the [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan|Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy]] obtained its release to the public in [[1997]], Boardman quotes the May 13, 1944 Venona transcript, which named several members of the Perlo group, including Magdoff. Though Belmont was of the opinion that the VENONA evidence could lead to successful convictions, it was ultimately decided, in consideration of compromising the [[Signal Intelligence Service|Army Signals Intelligence]] efforts, that there would not be prosecutions. {{NamedRef|Memo|11}}

==Consequences and subsequent career==

While Magdoff was never indicted on any charges related to espionage, the accusations damaged his reputation during the following decades. Despite this, Magdoff began a career in academia in the [[1950s]]. His first and perhaps most influential book, ''The Age of Imperialism'', was published in [[1969]]. It sold over 100,000 copies and was translated into fifteen languages. Two years later, after the death of [[Leo Huberman]], he began co-editing with [[Paul Sweezy]] ''Monthly Review'', the leading independent Marxist journal in the United States, and has continued to edit the magazine to this day. Under Magdoff's direction, the ''Monthly Review'' has focused more and more upon [[imperialism]] as the key unit of analysis for global development and the forces challenging [[neocolonialism]] in the [[Third World]]. This perspective put the magazine and its press squarely on the [[New Left]] intellectual agenda since the late [[1960s]]. His work has also kept him in the forefront of socialist thought in the U.S. from the 1930s to this day. The [[Great Depression]] left a strong impact on Magdoff's perspective on [[capitalism]], as Magdoff recalls a sense of doom felt in the mid-century by pro-capitalists, holding that nothing since [[1929]] leads him to believe that the economy has become immune to cycles of severe crisis.

Magdoff has two sons. His son, Fred Magdoff, is an expert in plant and soil science. His wife of almost 70 years, Beatrice, died in [[2002]].

==Notes==

{{NamedNote|Tribute|1}} [http://www.monthlyreview.org/tribute.htm "The Sage of Imperialism"] Susan Green, ''Seven Days'', May 3, 2003.

{{NamedNote|Testimony|2}} [http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm2c.pdf FBI Silvermaster group file, Part 2c,] p. 182 (p. 3 in PDF format).

{{NamedNote|ONCIX|3}} [http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci3/ch1.pdf ''A Counterintelligence Reader,''] Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive, Official History, p. 31: "The following were members of the Victor Perlo group....Harry Magdoff: Statistical Division of WPB and Office of Emergency Management; Bureau of Research and Statistics, WTB; Tools Division, War Production Board; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Commerce Department."

{{NamedNote|KANT|4}} [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/05_May_1944_R3_m4_p1.gif Venona 629 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 May 1944.]

{{NamedNote|MAYOR|5}} [http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/b35.gif Venona 687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944.]

{{NamedNote|Dimitrov|6}} [[Wikisource:Fitin to Dimitrov, 29 September 1944]].

{{NamedNote|Haynes|7}} ''The Secret World of American Communism'', Yale University Press, 1995.

{{NamedNote|Feklisov|8}} [http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=library.document&id=50A "A NKVD/NKGB Report to Stalin: A Glimpse into Soviet Intelligence in the United States in the 1940's"] Pozniakov, Vladimir, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Cold War History Project Virtual Archive: "Feklisov, pp. 65-105; M. Vorontsov, Capt. 1st rank, Chief Navy Main Staff, Intelligence Directorate, and Petrov, Military Commissar, NMS, ID to G. Dimitrov, 15 August 1942, No. 49253ss, typewritten original; G. Dimitrov to Pavel M. Fitin, 20 November 1942, No. 663, t/w copy; P. M. Fitin to G. Dimitrov, 14 July 1944, No. 1/3/10987, t/w copy; P. M. Fitin to G. Dimitrov, 29 September 1944, No. 1/3/16895, t/w copy. All these documents are NMS ID and FCD Chiefs' requests for information related to Americans and naturalized American citizens working in various US Government agencies and private corporations, some of whom had been CPUSA members. The last two are related to a certain Donald Wheeler (an OSS official), Charles Floto or Flato (who in 1943 worked for the "...Dept. of Economic Warfare"), and Harry Magdoff (War Production Board)-the request dated 29 Sept. 1944-and to Judith Coplon who according to the FCD information worked for the Dept. of Justice.-RTsKhIDNI, f. 495, op. 74, d. 478, l. 7; d. 484, l. 34; d. 485, l. 10, 14, 17, 31, 44."

{{NamedNote|Vassiliev|9}} [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page44.html "Alexander Vassiliev’s Notes on Anatoly Gorsky’s December 1948 Memo on Compromised American Sources and Networks (Annotated),"] John Earl Haynes: "3. "Tan" – Harry Magdoff, former employee of the Commerce Department."

{{NamedNote|Gorsky|10}} Ibid.

{{NamedNote|Memo|11}} [http://foia.fbi.gov/venona/venona.pdf "VENONA: FBI Documents of Historic Interest Re VENONA That Are Referenced In Daniel P. Moynihan's Book, 'Secrecy,'"] pgs. 68-71

==Publications==

==Harry Magdoff==

* ''Imperialism Without Colonies'' (2003)

* ''The Age of Imperialism'' (1969)

* ''Imperialism from the Colonial Age to the Present'' (1977)

==Harry Magdoff and Paul M. Sweezy==

* ''The Irreversible Crisis'' (1988)

* ''Stagnation and the Financial Explosion'' (1987)

* ''The Deepening Crisis of U.S. Capitalism'' (1980)

* ''The End of Prosperity'' (1977)

* ''The Dynamics of U.S. Capitalism'' (1970)

==References==

===Print===

* Elizabeth Bentley, ''Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley'', New York: Ivy Books, 1988. ISBN 0804101647

* Alexandre Feklisov, ''The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: Memoirs of the KGB Spymaster Who Also Controlled Klaus Fuchs and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis'' (New York: Enigma, 2001). ISBN 1929631081

* Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999). ISBN 0300077718

* Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, ''The Secret World of American Communism'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995); p. 312 (Document 90) reproduces a copy of the September 29, 1944 Fitin to Dimitrov memo (RTsKhIDNI 495-74-485). ISBN 0300068557

* Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill Anderson, ''The Soviet World of American Communism'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). ISBN 0300071507

* Herbert Romerstein, ''The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors'' (Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2000). ISBN 0895262754

* Herbert Romerstein, Stanislav Levchenko, ''The KGB Against the "Main Enemy": How the Soviet Intelligence Service Operates Against the United States'' (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989). ISBN 0669112283

* Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, ''The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—the Stalin Era'' (New York: Random House, 1999). ISBN 0788164228

* Nigel West, ''Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War'' (London: HarperCollins, 1999). ISBN 0006530710

===Online===

* [http://cryptome.org/fbi-nsa.htm FBI memo, Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956]

* [http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm2c.pdf FBI Silvermaster group file, Part 2c,] pgs. 182-188 (pgs. 3-9 in PDF format).

* [http://foia.fbi.gov/silversm/silversm5b.pdf FBI Silvermaster group file, Part 5b,] pgs. 170-178 (pgs. 86-94 in PDF format).

* Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive, [http://www.nacic.gov/history/CIReaderPlain/Vol3Chap1.pdf ''A Counterintelligence Reader'', vol. 3, chap. 1,] p. 31.

* Vladimir Pozniakov, [http://wwics.si.edu/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=library.document&id=50A ''A NKVD/NKGB Report to Stalin: A Glimpse into Soviet Intelligence in the United States in the 1940's'']

* [[Wikisource:Fitin to Dimitrov, 29 September 1944]]

* [[Wikisource:Venona 687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944, Perlo group]]

===Images of VENONA decrypts pertaining to "KANT" and "TAN"===

* [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/05_May_1944_R3_m4_p1.gif Venona 629 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 May 1944.]

* [http://www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/b35.gif Venona 687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944.]

* [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/30_May_1944_R3_m1_p1.gif Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, p. 1.]

* [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/30_May_1944_R3_m1_p2.gif Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, p. 2.]

* [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/30_May_1944_R3_m1_p3.gif Venona 769, 771 KGB New York to Moscow, 30 May 1944, p. 3.]

* [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/releases/25_Feb_1945_R3_p1.gif Venona 179, 180 KGB Moscow to New York, 25 February 1945.]

[[Category:1913 births|Magdoff, Harry]]

[[Category:American economists|Magdoff, Harry]]

[[Category:Soviet spies|Magdoff, Harry]]