Hazaras: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = Hazara<br />{{nq|هزاره}}

| image = Hazara ~~schoolgirls~~schoolboys in ~~Bamyan,~~ Afghanistan.jpg

| caption = Hazara ~~schoolgirls in [[Bamyan province]]~~schoolboys

| population =

| region1 = {{flag|Afghanistan}}

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| pop8 = 3,800

| ref8 = <ref>{{citation |title=Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 August 2016 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/afghan-hazaras-new-life-indonesia-201436121639956520.html}}</ref>

| languages = {{hlist|'''[[Persian languages|Persian]]'''<br />([[Dari]] ~~and~~, [[Hazaragi]])}}

| religions = {{hlist|'''[[Islam]]'''<br />([[Shia Islam|Shia]] ~~and~~, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])}}<ref name="culturalorientation" /><ref name=":2" />

| related = {{hlist|[[Aimaqs]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Tajiks]], [[~~Mongolic~~Turkic peoples]],~~<ref~~ ~~name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="Bacon"/><ref name="bigenc">~~[https://old.bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4727612 "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"]. bigenc.ru. In Russian: ''"Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."''</ref> [~~[Turkic~~Mongolic peoples]]}}<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 23345249|title = Ethnic Brother or Artificial Namesake? The Construction of Tajik Identity in Afghanistan and Tajikistan|last1 = Brasher|first1 = Ryan|journal = Berkeley Journal of Sociology|year = 2011|volume = 55|pages = 97–120}}</ref><ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bolaq.org/2020/09/sunni-hazaras-of-afghanistan/|title=Sunni Hazaras of Afghanistan|date=September 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |pmid=20823912 |pmc=3025785 |issn=1476-5438|quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="Bacon"/><ref name="bigenc">[https://old.bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4727612 "Хазарейцы • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия"]. bigenc.ru. In Russian: ''"Упоминаются с 16 в. До 19 в. говорили на монг. языке."''</ref>

| footnotes =

}}

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The etymology of the word "Hazara" remains disputed, but some have differing opinions on the term.

*Historian [[Abdul Hai Habibi]] considers the word "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) to be very old, and it is derived from "Hazala" ({{transliteration|fa|həzālə}} {{lang|fa|هزاله}}), which has changed to "Hazara" over time and has meant "good-hearted".<ref>یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=هزاله – لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا |trans-title=Dehkhoda Dictionary |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87/ |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=abadis.ir}}</ref>▼

*Some believe that in ancient times, because of the Hazara people's high population, they were called "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}), which the name "Hazara" derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|həzār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}) meaning "thousand" and it is a metaphor for a population of over thousand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=هزاره |url=https://abadis.ir/translator/fa-en/ |website=}}</ref>▼

*It is said that the name "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) derives from the Persian word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}) meaning "thousand". It may be the translation of the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] word ({{transliteration|mn|[[mingghan]]}}), a military unit of 1,000 soldiers at the time of [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H. F. |last=Schurmann |title=The Mon-gols of Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghôls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan |publisher=La Haye |year=1962 |page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Poladi, Hassan |title=The Hazâras |publisher=Stockton |year=1989 |page=22|title-link=The Hazaras (book) |author-link=Hassan Poladi }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mousavi, Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |trans-title=An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study |publisher=Richmond |year=1998 |pages=23–25|title-link=The Hazaras of Afghanistan |author-link=Syed Askar Mousavi }}</ref> The term could have been substituted for the Mongolic word and stands for the group of people,<ref name="hazara-1">{{cite encyclopedia |first1=Arash |last1=Khazeni |first2=Alessandro |last2=Monsutti |first3=Charles M. |last3=Kieffer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |date=December 15, 2003 |access-date=December 23, 2007}}</ref> while the Hazara people in their [[Hazaragi|native language]] call themselves '''"Azra"''' ({{transliteration|haz|āzrə}} {{lang|haz|آزره}}) or ({{transliteration|haz|əzrə}} {{lang|haz|ازره}}).<ref>{{Cite book|last=دلجو|first=عباس|script-title=fa:تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها|date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل|isbn=978-9936-624-00-9|location=کابل، افغانستان|page=199}}</ref>

▲*Some believe that in ancient times, because of the Hazara people's high population, they were called "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}), which the name "Hazara" derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word "Hazar" ({{transliteration|fa|həzār}} {{lang|fa|هزار}}) meaning "thousand" and it is a metaphor for a population of over thousand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=هزاره|url=https://abadis.ir/translator/fa-en/|website=}}</ref>

▲*Historian [[Abdul Hai Habibi]] considers the word "Hazara" ({{transliteration|fa|Hazāra}} {{lang|fa|هزاره}}) to be very old, and it is derived from "Hazala" ({{transliteration|fa|həzālə}} {{lang|fa|هزاله}}), which has changed to "Hazara" over time and has meant "good-hearted".<ref>یزدانی، حسینعلی. پژوهشی در تاریخ هزاره‌ها. چاپخانه مهتاب. ص 96</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=هزاله – لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا |trans-title=Dehkhoda Dictionary |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=abadis.ir}}</ref>

==Origin==

[[File:Emir Khwaja.gif|thumb|200px|A miniature of [[Muhammad Khwaja|Emir Muhammad Khwaja]]]]

Despite being one of the principal population elements of Afghanistan,<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are a principal component of the population of Afghanistan. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed. However, due to genetic and linguistic analysis, Hazaras are described as an ethnically [[Mixed ethnicity|mixed ethnic group]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=The Hazāras are almost certainly an Ethnically mixed group, whose components may or may not be related to each other. |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> with Hazaras sharing varying degrees of ancestry with contemporary [[~~Mongolic~~Turkic peoples|~~Mongolic~~Turkic]],~~<ref name="Temirkhanov">Temirkhanov L. (1968).~~ [~~https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf~~[Mongolic ~~"О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"~~peoples|Mongolic]]~~. Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: ''"...монгольские отряды~~, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "''</ref><ref name="Bacon">{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Elizabeth Emaline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization |date=1951 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="bigenc"/>and [[~~Turkic~~Iranian peoples|~~Turkic~~Iranic]] populations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |pages=37, 167, 257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=(Emperor of Hindustan) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |date=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartl |first1=Daniel L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfvILxY9tCIC |title=Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes |last2=Jones |first2=Elizabeth W. |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7637-5868-4 |page=262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref ~~and~~name="Temirkhanov">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [~~[Iranian~~https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf ~~peoples|Iranic]~~"О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. ~~populations~~Советская этнография. 1. P. 86. In Russian: ''"...монгольские отряды, оставленные в Афганистане Чингиз-ханом или его преемниками, стали исходным пластом, основой хазарейского этногенеза. "''</ref><ref name="Bacon">{{cite book |last=Bacon |first=Elizabeth Emaline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkVIAQAAMAAJ |title=The Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan: A Study in Social Organization |date=1951 |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}}</ref><ref name="bigenc" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |access-date=2022-05-08 |publisher=Brill |language=en |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY – Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=Iranicaonline.org}}</ref> ~~The~~[[Babur]], ~~external~~the ~~characteristics~~founder of ~~some Hazaras and~~the [[~~Aimaq people|Char~~Mughal ~~Aimaks~~Empire]] ~~are~~in ~~Mongolian~~the early 16th century, recorded the name "Hazara" in the ''[[Baburnama]]'' and ~~they~~referred ~~are~~ ~~probably~~to almost a ~~relic~~population of ~~the~~Hazaras as "[[~~Mongol~~First ~~invasion~~Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]]"<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1826 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Babur"/> Additionally, overall Hazaras share a common racial structure and physical appearance with the Turkic people of [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref name="Pengyu Chen2">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=دلجو |first=عباس |title=تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها |date=2018 |publisher=موسسه انتشارات مقصوی، کابل |isbn=978-9936-624-00-9 |location=کابل، افغانستان |page=257}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] in the early 16th century, recorded the name "Hazara" in the ''[[Baburnama]]'' and several times referred to a group of Hazaras as "[[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |year=1826 |language=en}}</ref>

Over the course of centuries, invading [[Mongols|Mongol]] ([[Turco-Mongols|Turco-Mongol]]) and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] invaders, notably, the [[Qara'unas]], the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatai Turco-Mongols]], the [[Ilkhanate]], and the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], merged with the local [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] Turkic and Iranic populations. Academics agree that Hazaras are ultimately the result of a combination of several Turkic, Mongolic, and Iranic tribes.<ref>B. Campbell, Disappearing people? Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) International Mountain Society, California, 2007</ref>

Line 75 ⟶ 73:

| caption2 = Hazaras on the anniversary of [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]'s death in 2021 in Kabul

}}

Genetically, the Hazara combine varying amounts of [[West Eurasian]] and [[Ancient East Eurasian|East Eurasian]] derived components. Genetic data shows that the Hazaras of Afghanistan cluster closely with the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] population of the country, while both groups are at a notable distance from Afghanistan's [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] populations.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=M |last2=Platt |first2=DE |last3=Ashrafian Bonab |first3=M |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref> There is evidence for both paternal and maternal relations to [[Turkic peoples]], [[Mongolic peoples]], and [[Iranic peoples]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Noah A. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2002 |title=Genetic Structure of Human Populations |journal=Science |series=New Series |volume=298 |issue=5602 |pages=2381–85 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R |doi=10.1126/science.1078311 |pmid=12493913 |s2cid=8127224}}</ref>

The frequency of ancestry components among the Hazaras vary according to tribal affiliation. They display high genetic affinity to present-day [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] populations of [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]],. asSome ~~well~~analysis asargues that the Hazaras are a [[~~Mongolic~~Central ~~peoples|Mongolic~~Asian people]], closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia, rather than [[Mongolians]] and [[East Asians]] or [[Indo-Iranians]]. In terms of their overall genetic makeup, around 49% of the Hazaras average gene pool is derived from East Asian-like sources, around 48% is derived from European-like sources, and around 0.,17%, 0.,47%, and 2.,30% is derived from African, Oceanian, and Amerindian-like sources respectively. The Hazara can also be modeled as having 57,8% Mongolian-related ancestry, with the remainder (42,2%) being derived from Iranian-like sources. The Hazaras [[genetic makeup]] is most similar to [[Uzbeks~~|Uzbek~~]], [[Uyghurs~~|Uyghur~~]], [[Kazakhs~~|Kazakh~~]], and [[Kyrgyz people~~|Kyrgyz~~]] ~~and [[Mongols|Mongol]] populations~~.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ~~name~~journal |last1=~~"Pengyu~~He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen" |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |date=September 2019 |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |issn=1872-4973 |pmid=31257046 |s2cid=195761020 |quote=The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Pengyu |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Mo |first6=Xiaodan |last7=He |first7=Guanglin |date=2019-08-18 |title=Population background exploration and genetic distribution analysis of Pakistan Hazara via 23 autosomal STRs |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |journal=Annals of Human Biology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2019.1673483 |issn=0301-4460 |pmid=31559868 |s2cid=203569169 |quote=Overall, we genotyped 25 forensic-related markers in 261 Quetta Hazara individuals and provided the first batch of 23-autosomal STRs for forensic genetics and population genetics research. 23-autosomal STRs included in Huaxia Platinum were polymorphic in the Hazara population and could be used as powerful tool for forensic investigations. Population genetic comparisons based on two datasets via PCA, MDS and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction consistently indicated that the Quetta Hazara in Pakistan shared significant genetic components with Central Asians, especially for Turkic-speaking populations.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Shuhua |last2=Wang |first2=Sijia |last3=Tang |first3=Kun |last4=Guan |first4=Yaqun |last5=Khan |first5=Asifullah |last6=Li |first6=Jing |last7=Zhang |first7=Xi |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaoji |last9=Tian |first9=Lei |date=2017-10-01 |title=Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=2572–2582 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msx177 |issn=0737-4038 |pmid=28595347 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SabitovZh."/><ref name="Жабагин"/><ref name="Guanglin He">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Adnan |first2=Atif |last3=Rakha |first3=Allah |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |last5=Wang |first5=Mengge |last6=Zou |first6=Xing |last7=Guo |first7=Jianxin |last8=Rehman |first8=Muhammad |last9=Fawad |first9=Abulhasan |last10=Chen |first10=Pengyu |last11=Wang |first11=Chuan-Chao |date=September 2019 |title=A comprehensive exploration of the genetic legacy and forensic features of Afghanistan and Pakistan Mongolian-descent Hazara |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=42 |pages=e1–e12 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.018 |issn=1872-4973 |pmid=31257046 |s2cid=195761020 |quote=The results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Overall, our findings suggest that Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.}}</ref>

Some analysis argues that the Hazaras are closely related to the Turkic populations of Central Asia, rather than [[Mongolians]] and [[East Asians]] or [[Indo-Iranians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martínez-Cruz |first1=Begoña |last2=Vitalis |first2=Renaud |last3=Ségurel |first3=Laure |last4=Austerlitz |first4=Frédéric |last5=Georges |first5=Myriam |last6=Théry |first6=Sylvain |last7=Quintana-Murci |first7=Lluis |last8=Hegay |first8=Tatyana |last9=Aldashev |first9=Almaz |last10=Nasyrova |first10=Firuza |last11=Heyer |first11=Evelyne |date=2011 |title=In the heartland of Eurasia: the multilocus genetic landscape of Central Asian populations |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=216–223 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.153 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=3025785 |pmid=20823912 |quote=Our study confirms the results of Li et al's study that cluster the Hazara population with Central Asian populations, rather than Mongolian populations, which is consistent with ethnological studies. Our results further extend these findings, as we show that the Hazaras are closer to Turkic-speaking populations from Central Asia than to East-Asian or Indo-Iranian populations.}}</ref>

In other study the results from pairwise genetic distances, MDS, PCA, and phylogenetic relationship reconstruction demonstrate that present-day Hazaras are genetically closer to the Turkic-speaking populations (Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz) residing in northwest China than with other Central/South Asian populations and Mongolian. Outgroup and admixture f3, f4, f4-ratio, qpWave, and qpAdm results further demonstrate that Hazara shares more alleles with East Asians than with other Central Asians and carries 57.8% Mongolian-related ancestry. Hazaras have experienced genetic admixture with the local or neighboring populations and formed the current East-West Eurasian admixed genetic profile after their separation from the Mongolians.<ref name="Guanglin He" /><ref name="Atif Adnan">{{cite journal | last=Adnan | first=Atif | last2=Rakha | first2=Allah | last3=Nazir | first3=Shahid | last4=Alghafri | first4=Rashed | last5=Hassan | first5=Qudsia | last6=Wang | first6=Chuan-Chao | last7=Lu | first7=Jie | title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs | journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume=135 | issue=5 | date=2021 | issn=0937-9827 | doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2 | pages=1777–1784|biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.21.392456}}</ref>

=== Paternal haplogroups ===

The most common paternal DNA haplogroups of Hazaras from Afghanistan are the East Eurasian C-M217 (33,33%) and West Eurasian R1a1a-M17 (6.67%) clades, followed by West Eurasian J2-M172 and L-M20. Some Hazaras were also found to belong to the haplogroup E1b1b1-M35, L-M20 and H-M69, which are shared with [[Tajiks]], [[Pashtuns]] as well as [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indian populations]]. One individual with haplogroup B-M60, normally found in [[Eastern Africa]], was found as well.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Platt |first2=Daniel E. |last3=Bonab |first3=Maziar Ashrafian |last4=Youhanna |first4=Sonia C. |last5=Soria-Hernanz |first5=David F. |last6=Martínez-Cruz |first6=Begoña |last7=Douaihy |first7=Bouchra |last8=Ghassibe-Sabbagh |first8=Michella |last9=Rafatpanah |first9=Hoshang |last10=Ghanbari |first10=Mohsen |last11=Whale |first11=John |date=28 March 2012 |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e34288 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...734288H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 |pmc=3314501 |pmid=22470552 |doi-access=free |first12=Oleg |last12=Balanovsky |first13=R. Spencer |last13=Wells |first14=David |last14=Comas |first15=Chris |last15=Tyler-Smith |first16=Pierre A. |last16=Zalloua |first17=The Genographic |last17=Consortium}}</ref><ref>John William Whale. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Four Ethnic Groups of Afghanistan. http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802122703/http://eprints.port.ac.uk/9862/1/John_Whale_MPhil_Thesis_2012.pdf|date=2017-08-02}}</ref>

C2 (previously known as C3-Star cluster) was the most frequent haplogroup in Pakistani and Afghan Hazaras.<ref name="Atif Adnan">{{cite journal |last=Adnan |first=Atif |last2=Rakha |first2=Allah |last3=Nazir |first3=Shahid |last4=Alghafri |first4=Rashed |last5=Hassan |first5=Qudsia |last6=Wang |first6=Chuan-Chao |last7=Lu |first7=Jie |date=2021 |title=Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand line revealed by Y-chromosomal STRs |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=1777–1784 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.11.21.392456 |doi=10.1007/s00414-021-02591-2 |issn=0937-9827}}</ref> Pakistani Hazara harbored high frequency of [[Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup C-M217]] at c. 40% (10/25) and [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1b]] at c. 32% (8/25). A relatively high frequency of R1b was also found in Eastern Russian [[Tatars]] and [[Bashkirs]]. All three groups are thought to be associated with the [[Golden Horde]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lkhagvasuren |first1=Gavaachimed |last2=Shin |first2=Heejin |last3=Lee |first3=Si Eun |last4=Tumen |first4=Dashtseveg |last5=Kim |first5=Jae-Hyun |last6=Kim |first6=Kyung-Yong |last7=Kim |first7=Kijeong |last8=Park |first8=Ae Ja |last9=Lee |first9=Ho Woon |last10=Kim |first10=Mi Jin |last11=Choi |first11=Jaesung |date=14 September 2016 |title=Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=e0161622 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161622L |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161622 |pmc=5023095 |pmid=27627454 |doi-access=free |last12=Choi |first12=Jee-Hye |last13=Min |first13=Na Young |last14=Lee |first14=Kwang-Ho}}

"Eastern Russian Tatars, Bashkirs, and Pakistani Hazara were found to carry R1b-M343 at unusually high frequencies of 12.65%, 46.07%, and 32%, respectively, compared to other regions of Eastern Asia, which rarely have this haplotype"</ref> Haplogroup C-M217, also known as C2, is the most frequent haplogroup in Mongol and Kazakh populations.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /> According to studies, Y-DNA haplogroup C2 among Hazaras is associated with the expansion of the Mongols<ref name="SabitovZh.">Sabitov Zh. M. (2011).[https://www.academia.edu/13606642/Происхождение_хазарейцев_с_точки_зрения_ДНК-генеалогии_Russian_Journal_of_Genetic_Genealogy._Русская_версия_2010._Том_2._1._С.37-40 "Происхождение хазарейцев с точки зрения ДНК-генеалогии"]. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2 (1): pp. 37–40. In Russian: ''"Гаплогруппа СЗ безусловно связана с экспансией монголов..."''</ref> and with the Mongolian origin of the Hazaras.<ref name="Жабагин"> Жабагин М. К. (2017). [https://disk.yandex.ru/i/-B69hFsjOyNOJA Анализ связи полиморфизма Y-хромосомы и родоплеменной структуры в казахской популяции] Москва. p. 71. In Russian: ''"...за счет высокой частоты гаплогруппы С2-М217, что согласуется с монгольским происхождением хазарейцев."''</ref>

=== Maternal haplogroups ===

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== History ==

The first mention of Hazaras is made by [[Babur]] in ''[[Baburnama]]'' in the early 16th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref> especially such [[List of Hazara tribes|tribes]] of Hazaras as [[Campaign against Sultan Masudi Hazaras|Sultan Masaudi Hazaras]],<ref name="Babur">Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Babur (1921).[https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10156335502831675.pdf "Memoirs Of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Babur. Volume 1."]. Oxford University Press. Pages 44, 243, 279."''</ref> [[First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras|Turkoman Hazaras]].~~<ref>{{cite book |last=Babur |first=Z. M. |title=Babur-nama |year=1987 |location=Lahore |pages=300, 207, 214, 218, 221, 251–53}}</ref>~~<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babur |first=Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ztbAAAAQAAJ&q=turkoman+hazaras&pg=PA173 |title=Memoirs of Zehir-Ed-Din Muhammed Baber: Emperor of Hindustan |year=1826 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green |language=en}}</ref> and Kedi Hazaras.<ref name="Babur"/> Later, Hazaras were mentioned by the court historians of [[Abbas I of Persia|Shah Abbas]] of the [[Safavid dynasty]].{{cn|date=April 2024}}

It is reported that Hazaras embraced [[Shia Islam]] between the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, during the Safavid periods.<ref name="Monsutti">{{cite web |work=Alessandro Monsutti |date=December 15, 2003 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |title=HAZĀRA: ii. HISTORY |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-2 |edition=Online |access-date=9 August 2012 |location=United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Politics and Modern History of Hazara |trans-title=Sectarian Politics in Afghanistan |first=Humayun |last=Sarabi |date=2005 |url=http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx |publisher=[[Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]] |access-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918105254/http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Congratulations/faces/~/media/Fletcher/Microsites/congratulations/PDFs/Sarabi.ashx |archive-date=2011-09-18}}</ref> Hazara men, along with those of other ethnic groups, were recruited to the army of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in the 18th century.<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0010) |title=Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan |year=1997}}</ref>

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=== 19th century ===

{{Further|1888–1893 Hazara uprisings|Battle of Uruzgan|Persecution of Hazaras|List of massacres against Hazaras}}

During the second reign of [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] in the 19th century, Hazaras from ~~Hazarajat~~[[Hazaristan]] began to be taxed for the first time. However, for the most part, they still managed to keep their regional [[autonomy]] until the 1892 [[Battle of Uruzgan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=1892-10-02 |title=THE AMEER CAPTURES URZAGHAN. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1892/10/02/archives/the-ameer-captures-urzaghan.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and subsequent subjugation of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] began in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mousavi |first=Sayed Askar |title=The Hazaras of Afghanistan: an historical, cultural, economic and political study |date=1998 |publisher=Curzon |isbn=978-1-315-02693-0 |location=Richmond, Surrey |oclc=1100424512}}</ref>

When the [[Treaty of Gandomak]] was signed and the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] ended in 1880, Abdur Rahman Khan set out a goal to bring [[Hazaristan]], [[Turkistan]], and [[Kafiristan]] under his control. He launched several campaigns in Hazarajat due to resistance from the Hazaras in which his forces committed atrocities. The southern part of Hazarajat was spared as they accepted his rule, while the other parts of Hazarajat rejected Abdur Rahman and instead supported his uncle, [[Sher Ali Khan]]. In response to this Abdur Rahman waged a war against tribal leaders who rejected his policies and rule.~~<ref name="Monsutti" />~~ This is known as the [[Hazara Uprisings]].<ref name="Monsutti" />

These campaigns had a catastrophic impact on the demographics of Hazaras causing over sixty percent of the total Hazara population to be [[List of genocides by death toll|massacred]] with some being displaced and exiled from their own lands. The Hazara lands was distributed among loyalist villagers of nearby non-Hazaras. The repression after the uprising has been called [[genocide]] or [[ethnic cleansing]] in the history of modern Afghanistan.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title = تاریخ باستانی هزاره‌ها|last = دلجو|first = عباس| date=2013 |publisher = انتشارات امیری|isbn = 978-9936-8015-0-9|location = کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=کاتب |first=فیض‌محمد |title=سراج‌التواریخ |publisher=مطبعه دارالسلطنته |year=1913 |location=کابل}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zamani |first1=Ezzatullah |date=September 2019 |title=The 'Genocide of the Hazaras' in Afghanistan from 1884 to 1905 and subsequent genocidal campaigns and target killings against them in the 21st century |journal=Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan |url=https://www.academia.edu/40786500}}</ref>

After these massacres, Abdul Rahman Khan forced many Hazara families from the Hazara areas of [[Uruzgan]] and other parts of Hazarajat to leave their hometowns and ancestral lands. causing some many Hazaras fled to neighboring countries such as Central Asia, [[Iran]], [[British India]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]]. Those Hazaras living in the northern [[Hindu Kush]] went to [[Tsarist|Tsarist Russia]], mostly in the southern cities of [[Soviet Union|Russia]], and some of them went to Iran. Many Hazaras living in the Tsarist Russian regions lost their language, accent and ethnic identity over time due to the similarities between the racial building and the physical appearance of the people of those regions, and they settled and gravitated among them. These fleeing Hazaras settled in previous Tsarist Russia regions, including [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Dagestan]]. But the Hazaras in northwestern Afghanistan migrated to Iran and settled in neighborhoods in and around [[Mashhad]]. These Hazaras later became known as "Khawari" orand "Barbari". Another part of Hazaras from the southeast of the Hazara regions of Afghanistan has moved to British India, which resides in [[Quetta]], present-day [[Pakistan~~]]. One of the most famous political and military figures of these Hazaras is [[Musa Khan (general)|Muhammad Musa Khan]], who held the general's military rank in [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani system~~]]. Another group has settled in Syria, Iraq and British India. These Hazara people who migrated to Pakistan, Iran, Syria, and Iraq were unable to settle with the people of these areas because of the differences in [[physical appearance]], so they have not lost their [[Hazaragi|language]], [[Hazara culture|culture]], and [[ethnic identity]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=کوچ اجباری و اثرات فرهنگی واجتماعی آن بر جامعه هزاره |url=http://archive.mashal.org/content.php?c=hejtemahi&id=00115 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=archive.mashal.org}}</ref>

=== 20th and 21st century ===

[[File:Abdul Khaliq.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq]], a Hazara school student who assassinated ~~the king of Afghanistan,~~ [[~~Mohammad~~Muhammad Nadir Shah]], the king of Afghanistan]]

In 1901, [[Habibullah Khan]], Abdur Rahman's eldest son and successor granted amnesty to Hazaras and asked them to return who were exiled by his predecessor. But few of them returned and settled in [[Afghan Turkestan]] and [[Balkh province]] because they had lost their previous lands. Hazara continued to face social, economic and political [[discrimination]] through most of the 20th century. In 1933 [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]] the [[King of Afghanistan]] was assassinated by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (assassin)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]], a [[school student]]. The [[Afghan government]] captured and executed him later, along with several of his family members.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of Afghanistan, 2nd edition|last=Runion|first=Meredith L.|publisher=ABC-CLIO-LLC|year=2017|isbn=978-1-61069-778-1|page=124}}</ref>

Mistrust of the central government by the Hazaras and local uprisings continued. In particular, from 1945 to 1946, during [[Zahir Shah]]'s rule, a [[1945 Hazara Rebellion|revolt took place]] by the leadership of [[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)|Ibrahim Khan]] most known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar" against new taxes that were exclusively imposed on Hazaras. The [[Kuchis]] meanwhile not only were exempted from taxes but also received allowances from the Afghan government.<ref name="Monsutti" /> The angry rebels began capturing and killing government officials. In response, the central government sent a force to subdue the region and later removed the taxes.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

[[File:ابراهیم گاوسوار.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)|Ibrahim Khan]] known as "Ibrahim Gawsawar", The leader of the armed uprising of the Hazara people in protest against taxes during [[Zahir Shah]]'s rule]]

[[File:Mazari.jpg~~|left~~|thumb|200px|[[Abdul Ali Mazari]], ~~a politician and~~ the leader of Hazaras during and following the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]]]

The repressive policies{{clarify|date=April 2022}} of the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] (PDPA) after the [[Saur Revolution]] in 1978 caused uprisings throughout the country. Fearing Iranian influence, the Hazaras were particularly persecuted. President [[Hafizullah Amin]] published in October 1979 a list of 12,000 victims of the [[Nur Muhammad Taraki|Taraki government]]. Among them were 7,000 Hazaras who were shot in the notorious [[Pul-e-Charkhi prison]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorronsoro |first=Gilles |date=2005 |title=Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FApipiENsgwC&pg=PA104 |location=London |publisher=Hurst & Company |isbn=1-85065-703-3 |page=104}}</ref>

During the [[Soviet-Afghan War]], the Hazarajat region did not see as much heavy fighting as other regions of Afghanistan. Most of the Hazara [[Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] fought the Soviets in the regions which were on the periphery of the Hazarajat region. There was a division between the [[Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara]], a party based in Quetta, of Hazara nationalists and secular intellectuals, and the [[Islamist]] parties in Hazarajat.<ref name="Monsutti" /> By 1979, the Hazara-Islamist groups had already liberated Hazarajat from the central [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Soviet-backed Afghan government]] and later took entire control of Hazarajat away from the secularists. By 1984, the Islamist dominance of Hazarajat was complete.

As the Soviets withdrew in 1989, the Islamist groups felt the need to broaden their political appeal and turned their focus to [[Hazara nationalism]].<ref name="Monsutti" /> This led to the establishment of the [[Hizbe-Wahdat]], an alliance of all the Hazara resistance groups (except the [[Harakat-e Islami]]). In 1992 with the fall of [[Kabul]], the Harakat-e Islami took sides with [[Burhanuddin Rabbani]]'s government while the Hizbe-Wahdat took sides with the opposition. The Hizbe-Wahdat was eventually forced out of Kabul in 1995 when the [[Taliban]] movement captured and killed their leader [[Abdul Ali Mazari]]. With the Taliban's capture of Kabul in 1996, all the Hazara groups united with the new [[United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan|Northern Alliance]] against the common new enemy. However, despite fierce resistance Hazarajat fell to the Taliban in 1998. The Taliban had Hazarajat isolated from the rest of the world going as far as not allowing the [[United Nations]] to deliver food to the provinces of [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Ghor Province|Ghor]], [[Maidan Wardak Province|Maidan Wardak]], and [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]].<ref name=Rashid>{{cite book|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed |author-link=Ahmed Rashid|title=Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia|edition=Paperback|date=March 1, 2001|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-08902-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/talibanmilitant000rash}}</ref>

In 1997, a revolt broke out among Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif when they refused to be disarmed by the Taliban; 600 Taliban were killed in subsequent fighting.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, p. 58</ref> In retaliation, the genocidal policies of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]]'s era was adopted by the Taliban. In 1998, six thousand Hazaras were killed in the north; the intention was ethnic cleansing of Hazaras.<ref>Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, London and New Haven, 2000, pp. 67–74</ref> In March 2001, the two giant [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]], were also destroyed even though there was a lot of condemnation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/03/afghanistan.lukeharding |title=Taliban blow apart 2,000 years of Buddhist history |website=The Guardian |date=3 March 2001}}</ref>

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}}

Hazaras have also played a significant role in the creation of [[Pakistan]]. One such Hazara was [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]] of the [[Sheikh Ali (Hazara tribe)|Sheikh Ali tribe]], who had been close friends with [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], having met each other for the first time while they were studying in London. He had been the first from his native province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] to obtain a Bar-at-Law degree and had helped set up the [[All-India Muslim League]] in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1486499|title=Who is Justice Qazi Faez Isa?|date=June 19, 2020|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/626799/qazi-muhammad-isa-and-the-reference-against-justice-qazi-faez-isa/|title=Qazi Muhammad Isa and the reference against Justice Qazi Faez Isa|date=June 14, 2020}}</ref>

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During the years that followed, Hazara suffered severe oppression, and many ethnic massacres, genocides, and pogroms were carried out by the predominantly ethnic Pashtun Taliban and are documented by such groups as the [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref name=HRW>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan: massacres of Hazaras |access-date= December 27, 2007 |publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=February 2001}}</ref>

Following the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in the [[United States]], [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|American and Coalition forces invaded Afghanistan]]. After the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|fall of the Taliban]] many Hazaras became important figures in Afghanistan.<ref name="ngm">{{cite magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302170049/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/geopedia/Hazara_People |archive-date=March 2, 2008 |title=Hazara People |access-date=August 9, 2012 |last=Larson |first=Marisa |date=June 17, 2008|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]}}</ref> Hazara have also pursued higher education, enrolled in the [[Afghan National Army|army]], and many have top government positions.<ref name=cs>{{cite journal |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0806/p06s02-wosc.html?page=2 |title=Afghanistan's success story: The liberated Hazara minority |journal=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=December 27, 2007|last=Sappenfield |first=Mark |date=August 6, 2007}}</ref> For example, Some [[Vice President of Afghanistan|Vice Presidents]], [[Cabinet of Afghanistan|ministers]] and [[list of current governors of Afghanistan|governors]] were Hazara, including [[Karim Khalili]], [[Sarwar Danish]], [[Sima Samar]], [[Muhammad Mohaqiq]], [[Habiba Sarābi]], [[Abdul Haq Shafaq]], [[Sayed Anwar Rahmati]], [[Qurban Ali Urozgani]], [[Muhammad Arif Shah Jahan]], [[Mahmoud Baligh]], [[Sayyed Mohammad Eqbal Munib|Mohammad Eqbal Munib]], and [[Mohammad Asim Asim]]. The mayor of [[Nili, Afghanistan|Nili, Daykundi]] was [[Azra Jafari]], who became the first female mayor in Afghanistan. Some other notable Hazaras include [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]], [[Abdul Wahed Sarābi]], [[Akram Yari]], [[Ghulam Ali Wahdat]], [[Sayed Mustafa Kazemi]], [[Ghulam Husain Naseri]], [[Abbas Noyan]], [[Daoud Naji]], [[Abbas Ibrahim Zada]], [[Ramazan Bashardost]], [[Ahmad Shah Ramazan]], [[Ahmad Behzad]], [[Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili]], [[Fahim ~~Hashimy~~Hashimi]], [[Maryam Monsef]], and others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |title=Many Karzai rivals find way to Parliament |publisher=Pajhwok.com |date=2011-01-22 |access-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313035046/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/01/22/many-karzai-rivals-find-way-parliament |archive-date=2012-03-13}}</ref>

Although Afghanistan has been historically one of the poorest countries in the world, the Hazarajat region has been kept less developed by past governments. Since the ousting of the Taliban in late 2001, billions of dollars poured into Afghanistan for reconstruction and several large-scale reconstruction projects took place in Afghanistan from August 2012. For example, there have been more than 5000 kilometers of road pavement completed across Afghanistan, of which little was done in central Afghanistan (Hazarajat). On the other hand, the [[Band-e Amir]] in [[Bamyan Province]] became the first [[national park]] in Afghanistan. A road from Kabul to [[Bamyan]] was also built, along with new police stations, government institutions, hospitals and schools in the provinces of [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]], [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]] and others mostly Hazara-populated provinces. The first [[ski resort]] in Afghanistan was also established in Bamyan Province.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race|title=(27 February 2012) Afghanistan set to host second national ski race. wanderlust.co.uk|website=Wanderlust.co.uk|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053617/http://www.wanderlust.co.uk/magazine/news/afghanistan-hosts-second-national-ski-race|archive-date=4 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203458604577263343870606130.html|title=Since Skiing Came to Afghanistan, It Has Been Pretty Much All Downhill|first=Charles|last=Levinson|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

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{{Further|Hazaristan|Demographics of Afghanistan|Ethnic groups in Afghanistan}}

[[File:Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in 1890.jpg|thumb|left|Afghanistan and the geographical area of Hazaristan in ~~1890~~the 1890s]]

The Hazaras are one of the largest [[ethnic groups in Afghanistan]], primarily residing in the [[Hazaristan]] region in central Afghanistan and generally scattered throughout Afghanistan.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dames |first=M. Longworth |title=Hazāra |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-1/hazara-SIM_2782 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Edition (1913–1936) |access-date=2023-08-09 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref>

Until the 1890s, the Hazaras were largely autonomous and controlled the Hazaristan region. Nowadays, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others in the cities of the country.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=Hazara {{!}} Definition, Culture, History, & Population {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hazara |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

~~Until the 1880s, the Hazaras were completely autonomous and controlled the entire Hazaristan region.~~

~~Nowadays, the vast majority of Hazaras reside in Hazaristan and many others reside in the cities of the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}~~

=== Central Asia ===

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=== Pakistan ===

[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|[[~~Musa Khan (general)|Muhammad~~General Musa Khan]], ~~a senior general~~ who served as Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army]]

During the period of [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] on the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 19th century, Hazaras worked during the winter months in coal mines, road construction, and other [[working-class]] jobs in some cities of what is now [[Pakistan]]. The earliest record of Hazara in the areas of Pakistan is found in Broadfoot's Sappers company from 1835 in [[Quetta]]. This company had also participated in the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. Some Hazara also worked on the agriculture farms in [[Sindh]] and the construction of the Sukkur barrage.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In 1962, the [[government of Pakistan]] recognized the Hazaras as one of the [[ethnic groups of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=پولادی|first=حسن|title=هزاره‌ها|year=1387}}</ref>

Most Pakistani Hazaras are native to [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]. Localities in the city of [[Quetta]] with prominent Hazara populations include [[Hazara Town]] and [[Mariabad]]. The literacy level among the Hazara community in Pakistan is relatively high compared to the Hazaras of Afghanistan, and they have integrated well into the social dynamics of the local society. Saira Batool, a Hazara woman, was one of the first female pilots in the [[Pakistan Air Force]]. Other notable Hazaras include [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], [[General ~~Muhammad~~ Musa Khan]], who served as the 4th [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1968, [[Air Marshal]] [[Sharbat Ali Changezi]], whose years of service in the [[Pakistan Air Force]] were from 1949 to 1987, [[Hussain Ali Yousafi]], the slain chairman of the [[Hazara Democratic Party]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2009/01/090127_hazara_funeral_strike_zs.shtml "Hussain Ali Yousafi, chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party'"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 26 January 2009</ref> [[Sayed Nasir Ali Shah]], MNA from Quetta and his father [[Haji Sayed Hussain Hazara]] who was a senator and member of [[Pakistan Parliament]] during the [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] era.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

Despite all of this, Hazaras are often targeted by militant groups such as the [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] and others. "Activists say at least 800-1,000 Hazaras have been killed since 1999 and the pace is quickening. More than one hundred have been murdered in and around Quetta since January, according to [[Human Rights Watch]]."<ref name="Bigg" /> The political representation of the community is served by [[Hazara Democratic Party]], a secular liberal democratic party, headed by [[Abdul Khaliq Hazara (Politician)|Abdul Khaliq Hazara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/balochistans-hazaras-speak-out--qs |title=Balochistan's Hazaras speak out — Qurat ul ain Siddiqui interviews Secretary-General of the Hazara Democratic Party, Abdul Khaliq Hazara |publisher=[[Dawn.com]] |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hazarapress.com/political_parties/index.htm |title=List of Political parties |publisher=Hazarapress.com |access-date=2012-07-30}}</ref>

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[[File:Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara]], the leader of Hazaras and the first Sunni representative member in the Iranian Parliament]]

The Hazara people in [[Iran]] are also referred to as '''Barbari''' ({{lang-fa|بربری}}),<ref>{{Citation |last=Ed |title=Berberi |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/berberi-SIM_1374 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |access-date=2023-08-13 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> or '''Khāwari''' ({{lang|fa|خاوری}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=اینترنشنال |first=هزاره |date=2014-05-11 |title=ایل هزاره در خراسان و فرهنگ جعلی جلیل آریایی |url=https://www.hazarainternational.com/fa/?p=20262 |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=هزاره اینترنشنال |language=fa-IR}}</ref> Over many years as a result of political unrest in Afghanistan, some Hazaras have migrated to Iran. The local Hazara population has been estimated at 500,000. At least one-third have spent more than half their life in Iran<ref name="W.I.Smyth" /> Before Iran was forced to relinquish the [[Herat]] region according to the [[Treaty of Paris (1857)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1857 during the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah]], the country was in possession of a much greater part of [[Greater Khorasan]]. One of the tribes that roamed in this part prior to cession, were the Hazaras. The tribe settled on both sides of the border after the border between Iran and Afghanistan was drawn. The leadership of this tribe at the end of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar period]] and also the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi period]] was with [[Muhammad Yusuf Khan Hazara]] known as "Sulat al-Sultanah Hazara", a [[Sunni]] Hazara who was a politician and the first Sunni representative member in the [[National Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] and the only Sunni Iranian who has represented Mashhad in the history of Iran's [[legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf |title="«شورش خراسان» در کتابفروشی‌ها شکل می‌گیرد" |access-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date=2018-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223108/http://zamandaily.ir/attachments/article/787/3404-2.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= بیات|first= کاوه|title= شورش خراسان و صولت‌السلطنه هزاره (زمستان 1320)|year= 2016|url= https://www.iranketab.ir/book/32616-khorasan-uprising|publisher= موسسه فرهنگی هنری جهان کتاب|isbn=978-600-6732-68-8}}</ref>

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Hazara culture is a combination of customs, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, and norms that have been formed in interaction and confrontation with the surrounding phenomena for many years and now it is displayed as a cultural identity.

The Hazara culture is rich in heritage, with many unique cultures, and has common influences with various cultures of [[Central Asia]] and [[South Asia]]. The Hazaras, outside of Hazarajat, have adopted the cultures of the cities where they dwell, resembling the cultures and traditions of the [[Afghan Tajiks]] and [[Pashtuns]]. Traditionally the Hazara are highland farmers. In Hazarajat, they have retained many of their own cultures and traditions and many of their cultures and traditions are more closely related to those of Central Asians than to those of the Afghan Tajiks. Historically and traditionally, Hazaras live in houses, but some of them such as [[Aimaq Hazara]] and a few other are [[semi-nomadic]] and live mostly in [[felt]] [[yurts]], rather than houses.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last1=Latham|first1=Robert Gordon|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn00lathgoog|title=Eastern and northern Asia Europe|publisher=J. van Voorst|year=1859|page=[https://archive.org/details/descriptiveethn00lathgoog/page/n346 333]|access-date=2013-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=افغانستان |first=روزنامه |title=استقبال گسترده از روز فرهنگ هزارگی در کشور – روزنامه افغانستان |url=http://www.dailyafghanistan.com/entertainment_detail.php?post_id=156528 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.dailyafghanistan.com |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Spuler|first=B.|title=Aymak|date=2012-04-24|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/aymak-SIM_0904?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Aymak|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|language=en|access-date=2023-08-15}}</ref>

The Hazara society had a [[Feudalism|feudal]] structure before the domination of [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Abdul Rahman]], the ruler of [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] over [[Hazaristan]] in 1888-1893. Powerful people and landowners were called [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Bey|Beig]], [[Arbab]], [[Mir (title)|Mir]] or [[Malik|Malek]], and this position and influence was passed from father to children.<ref>{{Cite book |last=پولادی |first=حسن |title=هزاره‌ها |year= |pages=456}}</ref> [[Mullah|Mullahs]] and [[Sayyid|Sayyids]] were in the second place. The economy of the millennia was based on agricultural and livestock production.<ref>{{Cite book |last=موسوی |first=سید عسکر |title=هزاره‌های افغانستان |pages=130–135}}</ref>

The invasion of Abdul Rahman's forces on Hazaristan and Hazara-inhabited areas caused the collapse of the life structure there. The lands of the Hazaras were continuously attacked and occupied by [[Pashtuns|Afghans]] and [[Kochis]]. This policy caused the shrinking of Hazaristan area and reduced agricultural production among Hazaristan and in the whole country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=موسوی |first=سید عسکر |title=هزاره‌های افغانستان |pages=100}}</ref>

=== Attire ===

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The Hazaras speak the [[Dari]] and [[Hazaragi]] [[Persian dialects|dialects]] of the [[Persian language]].<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi">{{cite web|url=http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1224&context=theses|title=Attitudes towards Hazaragi|access-date=June 5, 2014 |pages=1–2}}</ref><ref name="hazara-4">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Charles M. |last=Kieffer |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |trans-title=iv. Hazāragi dialect |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-4 |access-date=August 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=Hazāras |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/hazaras-SIM_8617?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=Hazaras |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref>

According to [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Hazaragi is a Persian dialect, which is infused with many [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] and a few [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] words or loanwords.<ref>{{Citation |last=Monsutti |first=Alessandro |title=Hazāras |date=2017-07-01 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/hazaras-COM_30419 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |quote=They speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and a few Mongolian words. |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> According to [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many [[Mongolian ~~language|Mongolian]]~~ and [[Turkic ~~languages|Turkic]]~~ words.<ref name="~~britannica">[https~~:~~//www.britannica.com/topic/Hazara~~ 5"~~Hazara~~ ~~people • Britannica"] In English: ''"The Hazara speak an eastern variety of Persian called Hazaragi with many Mongolian and Turkic words."''<~~/~~ref~~> According to [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], the Hazaras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkic and some Mongolic words.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=HAZĀRA |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hazara-1 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US |quote=The Hazāras speak a Persian dialect with many Turkish and some Mongolian words.}}</ref><ref name="Iranica-Afghanistan">{{cite web |work=[[Louis Dupree (professor)|L. Dupree]] |date=December 15, 1983 |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica |title=AFGHANISTAN iv. Ethnography |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-iv-ethnography |edition=Online |location=United States}}</ref><ref>Malistani, A. H. Tariq and Gehring, Roman (compilers) (1993) '' Farhang-i ibtidal-i milli-i Hazarah : bi-inzimam-i tarjamah bih Farsi-i Ingilisi = Hazaragi – Dari/Persian- English: a preliminary glossary'' A. H. Tariq Malistani, Quetta, {{OCLC|33814814}}</ref><ref name="Farhadi">Farhadi, A. G. Ravan (1955). ''Le persan parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du kâboli accompagnée d'un recuil de quatrains populaires de la région de Kâbol''. Paris.</ref~~> According other sources, the Hazara population speaks Persian with some Mongolian words.<ref name="Atif Adnan" /><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/~~> According to an Iranica article on the language of Hazaras, the present dialect to consist of three strata: (1) pre-Mongol Persian, with its own substratum; (2) the Mongolian language; and (3) modern tājiki, which preserves in it elements of (1) and (2).<ref name="hazara-4" /> The primary differences between Persian and Hazaragi are the accent.<ref name="hazara-4" /> Despite these differences, Hazaragi is mutually intelligible with Dari,<ref name="Attitudes Towards Hazaragi" /> the [[Languages of Afghanistan|official language of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages in Afghanistan|url=https://swedishcommittee.org/afghanistan/language|access-date=2021-02-14|website=The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA)}}</ref>

According to Doctor of Sciences Lutfi Temirkhanov, the ancestors of the Hazaras were Mongol-speaking<ref name="Temirkhanov"/><ref name="TemirkhanovLutfi"/> and only after the resettlement, they mixed with the Persian-speaking and Turkic-speaking population: ''"hordes of Mongol princes and feudal lords found themselves in a Persian-speaking encirclement; they mixed with them, were influenced by the Persian-Tajik culture and gradually adopted the Persian language"''.<ref name="TemirkhanovLanguage">Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 93-94. In Russian: ''"орды монгольских царевичей и феодалов оказались в таджикском окружении; они смешивались с таджиками, подвергались влиянию персидско-таджикской культуры и постепенно принимали язык таджиков, отсюда и таджикская речь хазарейцев"''.</ref> According to a number of sources, in the 16th century ~~during the life of [[Babur]]~~ some ~~of them~~Hazaras spoke a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolian ~~language~~]]~~.<ref~~ ~~name="Массон,~~language ~~Ромодин"~~in />northern Afghanistan.<ref name="Bartold" /><ref name="Iranica" /> According to the [[Great Russian Encyclopedia]] an other sources, until the 19th century some ~~Hazaras~~of them spoke Mongolian.<ref name="bigenc" /><ref name="Vámbéry" /><ref name="Petrushevsky~~" /><ref name="Forensic Science International~~" /> And according to Temirkhanov, the Mongolian elements make up 10% of the Hazara vocabulary.<ref name="TemirkhanovVocabulary"> Temirkhanov L. (1968). [https://www.booksite.ru/etnogr/1968/1968_1.pdf "О некоторых спорных вопросах этнической истории хазарейского народа"]. Советская этнография. 1. P. 91. In Russian: ''"монгольские элементы составляют 10% хазарейской лексики"''.</ref> The Turkic and Mongolic words make up about 20% of the vocabulary of Hazaragi dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=خاوری |first=محمد جواد |title=امثال و حِکم مردم هزاره |publisher=نشر عرفان |location=مشهد |page=16}}</ref>

=== Religion ===

Line 280 ⟶ 276:

=== Art ===

[[File:Dawood Sarkhush.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Dawood Sarkhosh]], a folklore Hazara musician]]

[[File:Faiz Muhammad Kateb Hazara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Faiz Muhammad Kateb]], a prominent writer and historian~~|left~~]]

==== Writers and poets ====

Line 347 ⟶ 343:

Alauddini Hazaras.jpg|[[List of Hazara tribes|Alauddini]] Hazaras in [[Ghazni province]]

File:Hazaras men, Afghanistan.jpg| Hazara men on the anniversary of the death of [[Abdul Ali Mazari]] in Kabul

File:Hazara ~~schoolboys~~schoolgirls in Bamyan, Afghanistan.jpg|Hazara ~~schoolboys~~schoolgirls in [[Bamyan province]]

</gallery>

Line 367 ⟶ 363:

* [[Demographics of Central Asia]]

* [[Aimaq Hazara]]

== References ==