High Efficiency Video Coding: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox technology standard

| title = HEVC / H.265 / MPEG-H Part 2

| long_name = High ~~efficiency~~Efficiency ~~video~~Video ~~coding~~Coding

| image =

| caption =

| status = In force

| ~~first_published~~ year_started = {{Start date|2013|06|07|df=y}}

| ~~version_date~~ first_published = {{Start date|~~2021~~2013|0807|2207}}▼

| version = 89.0

▲| version_date = {{Start date|2021|08|22}}

| version_date = {{Start date|2023|09|13}}

| organization = [[ITU-T]], [[ISO]], [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]]

~~| committee = [[ITU-T Study Group 16|SG16]] (Secretary: [[Simao Campos]]) ([[VCEG]]), [[MPEG]]~~

| ~~base_standards~~committee = [[ITU-T Study =Group ~~[[H.261~~16|SG16]], (Secretary: [[~~H.262]],~~Simao ~~[[H.263~~Campos]],) ([[~~H.264~~VCEG]]), [[MPEG-1]]

| ~~related_standards~~base_standards = [[H.~~266~~261]], [[~~Essential~~H.262]], ~~Video~~[[H.263]], ~~Coding|MPEG~~[[ISO/IEC 14496-52]], [[H.264]]

| related_standards = [[H.266]], [[Essential Video Coding|MPEG-5]], [[MPEG-H]]

| abbreviation =

| domain = [[Video compression]]

| license = [[MPEG LA]]<ref>{{cite tech report |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |series=Sustainability of Digital Formats |type=Preliminary draft |title=High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Family, H.265, MPEG-H Part 2 |date=19 November 2020 |url=https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000530.shtml |access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

| website = {{URL|https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.265}}

}}

'''High Efficiency Video Coding''' ('''HEVC'''), also known as '''H.265''' and '''MPEG-H Part 2''', is a [[video coding format|video compression standard]] designed as part of the [[MPEG-H]] project as a successor to the widely used [[Advanced Video Coding]] (AVC, H.264, or [[MPEG-4]] Part 10). In comparison to AVC, HEVC offers from 25% to 50% better [[data compression]] at the same level of [[video quality]], or substantially improved video quality at the same [[bit rate]]. It supports resolutions up to 8192×4320, including [[Ultra-high-definition television|8K UHD]], and unlike the primarily 8-bit AVC, HEVC's higher fidelity Main 10 profile has been incorporated into nearly all supporting hardware.

While AVC uses the integer [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT) with 4×4 and 8×8 block sizes, HEVC uses both integer DCT and [[discrete sine transform]] (DST) with varied block sizes between 4×4 and 32×32. The [[High Efficiency Image File Format|High Efficiency Image Format]] (HEIF) is based on HEVC.<ref name="apple">{{cite web |last1=Thomson |first1=Gavin |last2=Shah |first2=Athar |title=Introducing HEIF and HEVC |url=https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2017/503i6plfvfi7o3222/503/503_introducing_heif_and_hevc.pdf |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |year=2017 |access-date=5 August 2019}}</ref>

== Concept ==

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|title=ITU, ISO and IEC receive another Primetime Emmy for video compression

|website=[[International Telecommunication Union]]

|date=October 26, 2017
|access-date=November 13, 2017

|archive-date=April 19, 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419174859/https://news.itu.int/itu-iso-iec-receive-another-primetime-emmy-for-video-compression-video/

|url-status=dead

}}</ref><ref name=Aachen>{{cite web

|url=http://www.rwth-aachen.de/cms/root/Die-RWTH/Aktuell/Pressemitteilungen/November-2017/~ovhi/Engineering-Emmy-Award-fuer-HEVC-Standar/?lidx=1

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HEVC contains technologies covered by [[patent]]s owned by the organizations that participated in the JCT-VC. Implementing a device or software application that uses HEVC may require a license from HEVC patent holders. The ISO/IEC and ITU require companies that belong to their organizations to offer their patents on [[reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing]] (RAND) terms. Patent licenses can be obtained directly from each patent holder, or through patent licensing bodies, such as [[MPEG LA]], [[Access Advance]], and Velos Media.

The combined licensing fees currently offered by all of the patent licensing bodies are higher than for AVC. The licensing fees are one of the main reasons HEVC adoption has been low on the web and is why some of the largest tech companies ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[~~Advanced Micro Devices|~~AMD]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Arm ~~(company)~~Holdings|ARM]], [[Cisco]], [[Google]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Mozilla]], [[Netflix]], [[Nvidia]], and more) have joined the [[Alliance for Open Media]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/A-Progress-Report-The-Alliance-for-Open-Media-and-the-AV1-Codec-110383.aspx |title=A Progress Report: The Alliance for Open Media and the AV1 Codec |website=Streaming Media Magazine |last=Ozer |first=Jan |date=April 12, 2016 }}</ref> which finalized royalty-free alternative video coding format [[AV1]] on March 28, 2018.<ref name="AV1 Finalized"/>

==History==

The HEVC format was jointly developed by more than a dozen organisations across the world. The majority of active patent contributions towards the development of the HEVC format came from five organizations: [[Samsung Electronics]] (4,249 patents), [[General Electric]] (1,127 patents),<ref name="hevcadvance"/> M&K Holdings (907 patents), [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]] ({{#expr:16+862}} patents), and [[JVC Kenwood]] (628 patents).<ref name="mpegla"/> Other patent holders include [[Fujitsu]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Canon Inc.|Canon]], [[Columbia University]], [[KAIST]], [[Kwangwoon University]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Sungkyunkwan University]], [[Funai]], [[Hikvision]], [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]], [[KT Corporation|KT]] and [[NEC]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Licensors Included in the HEVC Patent Portfolio License|url=https://www.mpegla.com/programs/hevc/licensors/ |website=[[MPEG LA]] |access-date=18 June 2019|archive-date=April 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125606/https://www.mpegla.com/programs/hevc/licensors/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Previous work===

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| {{0}}628

| [[Dolby|Dolby Laboratories]]

| {{0}}624

| <ref name="hevcadvance" />

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* Version 7: (November 29, 2019) Seventh approved version of the HEVC/H.265 standard which adds additional SEI messages for fisheye video information and annotated regions, and also includes corrections to various minor defects in the prior content of the Specification.<ref name=H265DeclaredPatents/><ref name=H265V7>{{cite news |title=ITU-T H.265 (V7) (11/2019) |publisher=ITU |url=https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=14107&lang=en |date=2019-11-29 |access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref>

* Version 8: on 22 August, 2021 Version 8 was approved.<ref>{{Cite news |title=itu |url=https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=14660}}</ref>

* Version 9: ~~Version 9 was approved~~ on 13 September, 2023, itVersion is9 ~~the~~was ~~latest~~approved. ~~version~~<ref>{{Cite news |title=itu |url=https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=15647}}</ref>

* Version 10: on 29 July, 2024 Version 10 was approved, it is the latest version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=itu |url=https://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=15936&lang=en}}</ref>

==Implementations and products==

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On August 8, 2013, [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] announced the release of their HEVC-1000 SDK software encoder which supports the Main 10 profile, resolutions up to 7680×4320, and frame rates up to 120 fps.<ref name=NTTAugust2013NTT>{{cite news |title=NTT Develops World's Highest-level Compression Software Encoding Engine Fully Compliant with Next-gen "HEVC/H.265" Video Coding Standard, Rolls Out "HEVC-1000 SDK" Codec Development Kit |publisher=[[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] |url=http://www.ntt.co.jp/news2013/1308e/130808a.html |date=2013-08-08 |access-date=2013-08-17 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225021320/https://www.ntt.co.jp/news2013/1308e/130808a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On November 14, 2013, [[DivX, ~~Inc.~~LLC|DivX]] developers released information on HEVC decoding performance using an Intel i7 CPU at 3.5 GHz with 4 cores and 8 threads.<ref name=DecodingHEVCNovember2013Divx>{{cite news |title=DivX HEVC Encoder and Decoder Performance |publisher=DivX |url=http://labs.divx.com/node/127935 |date=2013-11-14 |access-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210144143/http://labs.divx.com/node/127935 |archive-date=2013-12-10 }}</ref> The DivX 10.1 Beta decoder was capable of 210.9 fps at 720p, 101.5 fps at 1080p, and 29.6 fps at 4K.<ref name=DecodingHEVCNovember2013Divx/>

On December 18, 2013, [[ViXS Systems]] announced shipments of their XCode (not to be confused with [[Xcode|Apple's Xcode]] [[Integrated development environment|IDE]] for MacOS) 6400 SoC which was the first SoC to support the Main 10 profile of HEVC.<ref name=VixsHEVCDecember2013Shipments>{{cite news |title=ViXS Begins Shipments of Industry's First SoC to Support Ultra HD 4K and 10-bit HEVC |publisher=Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/vixs-begins-shipments-industrys-first-220000729.html |date=2013-12-18 |access-date=2014-01-07}}</ref>

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On August 13, 2014, [[Ittiam Systems]] announced availability of its third generation H.265/HEVC codec with 4:2:2 12-bit support.<ref name=IttiamHEVCAugust2014>{{cite news |title=Ittiam Systems announces availability of its third generation H.265/HEVC codec with 422 12-bit support |publisher=[[Ittiam Systems]] |url=http://www.ittiam.com/News/en/press-releases/2014/158-Ittiam-Systems-announces-availability-of-its-third-generation-H265HEVC-codec-with-422-12-bit-support.aspx |date=August 8, 2014 |access-date=November 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101215501/http://www.ittiam.com/News/en/press-releases/2014/158-Ittiam-Systems-announces-availability-of-its-third-generation-H265HEVC-codec-with-422-12-bit-support.aspx |archive-date=November 1, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

On September 5, 2014, the [[Blu-ray Disc Association]] announced that the 4K [[Blu-ray Disc]] specification would support HEVC-encoded 4K video at 60 fps, the [[Rec. 2020]] color space, [[High-dynamic-range imaging|high dynamic range]] ([[Perceptual quantizer|PQ]] and [[Hybrid log–gamma|HLG]]), and 10-bit [[color depth]].<ref name="CNET4KBlu-raySeptember2014">{{cite news |title=4K Blu-ray discs arriving in 2015 to fight streaming media |publisher=[[CNET]] |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/4k-blu-ray-discs-arriving-in-2015-to-fight-streaming-media/ |date=September 5, 2014 |access-date=September 6, 2014}}</ref><ref name="HMM4KBlu-raySeptember2014">{{cite news |title=BDA Updates Blu-ray 4K Timeline |publisher=[[Home Media Magazine]] |url=http://www.homemediamagazine.com/high-def/bda-updates-blu-ray-4k-timeline-34108 |date=September 5, 2014 |access-date=September 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223337/http://www.homemediamagazine.com/high-def/bda-updates-blu-ray-4k-timeline-34108 |archive-date=September 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> 4K Blu-ray Discs have a data rate of at least 50  Mbit/s and disc capacity up to 100  GB.<ref name="CNET4KBlu-raySeptember2014"/><ref name="HMM4KBlu-raySeptember2014"/> 4K Blu-ray Discs and players became available for purchase in 2015 or 2016.<ref name="CNET4KBlu-raySeptember2014"/><ref name="HMM4KBlu-raySeptember2014"/>

On September 9, 2014, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced the [[iPhone 6]] and [[iPhone 6 Plus]] which support HEVC/H.265 for FaceTime over cellular.<ref name="AppleIPhone6HEVCSeptember2014">{{cite news |title=Apple's iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus use H.265 codec for FaceTime over cellular |publisher=[[AppleInsider]] |author=Mikey Campbell |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/14/09/12/apples-iphone-6-iphone-6-plus-use-h265-codec-for-facetime-over-cellular |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2014}}</ref>

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===Browser support===

HEVC is implemented in these web browsers:

* Android browser (since version 5 from November 2014)<ref name="androidformats">{{cite web|title=Android Core media format and codec support.|url=http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html|access-date=18 December 2015}}</ref>

* [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] (since version 11 from September 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bitmovin.com/wwdc17-hevc-hls-apple-just-announced-feature-support-box/|title=WWDC17 – HEVC with HLS – Apple just announced a feature that we support out of the box |author=Martin Smole |date=6 June 2017 |website=Bitmovin }}</ref>

* [[Microsoft Edge|Edge]] (since version 77 from July 2017, supported on Windows 10 1709+ for devices with supported hardware when HEVC video extensions is installed, since version 107 from October 2022, supported on macOS 11+, Android 5.0+ ~~for all devices~~)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/discussions/updated-dev-channel-build-77-0-211-3-is-live/m-p/745801#M6548|title=*Updated* Dev channel build 77.0.211.3 is live|date=9 July 2017|website=techcommunity.microsoft.com }}</ref>

* [[Google Chrome|Chrome]] (since version 107 from October 2022, supported on macOS 11+, Android 5.0+ ~~for all devices~~, supported on Windows 87+, ChromeOS, and Linux for devices with supported hardware)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chromestatus.com/feature/5186511939567616|title=Enable HEVC hardware decoding|date=21 October 2022|website=ChromeStatus }}</ref>

* [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] (since version 94 from December 2022, supported on the same platforms as Chrome)

In June 2023, an estimated 88.31% of browsers in use on desktop and mobile systems were able to play HEVC videos in HTML5 webpages, based on data from Can I Use.<ref>{{Cite web |title="hevc" {{!}} Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc |url=https://caniuse.com/?search=hevc |website=Can I use}}</ref>

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*Persistent Rice adaptation, a general optimization of entropy coding.

*Higher precision [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC#Features|weighted prediction]] at high bit depths.<ref name=HEVCMeetingReport15>{{cite news |title=Meeting report of the 15th meeting of the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), Geneva, CH, 23 Oct. – 1 Nov. 2013 |publisher=ITU-T |url=http://wftp3.itu.int/av-arch/jctvc-site/2013_10_O_Geneva/JCTVC-O_Notes_d9.doc |format=DOC |date=2013-11-03 |access-date=2013-11-09}}</ref>

*Cross-component prediction, allowing the imperfect [[YCbCr]] color decorrelation to let the luma (or G) match set the predicted chroma (or R/B) matches, which results in up to 7% gain for YCbCr 4:4:4 and up to 26% for RGB video. Particularly useful for screen coding.<ref name=HEVCMeetingReport15/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Khairat|last2=Tung|first2=Nguyen|last3=Mischa|first3=Siekmann|last4=Detlev|first4=Marpe|title=Adaptive Cross-Component Prediction for 4:4:4 High Efficiency Video Coding|url=http://nguyen.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/CCP-ICIP-2014-preprint.pdf|access-date=December 18, 2014|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224215619/http://nguyen.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/CCP-ICIP-2014-preprint.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*Intra smoothing control, allowing the encoder to turn smoothing on or off per-block, instead of per-frame.

*Modifications of transform skip:

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! [[Color depth|Bit depth]]

| {{Yes|8}} || {{Yes|8 to 10}} || {{Yes|8 to 12}} || {{Yes|8 to 10}} || {{Yes|8 to 12}} || {{Yes|8}} || {{Yes|8 to 10}} || {{Yes|8 to 12}} || {{Yes|8 to 16}}

! [[Chroma subsampling|Chroma sampling]] formats

| {{Yes|4:2:0}} || {{Yes|4:2:0}} || {{Yes|4:2:0}} || {{Yes|4:2:0/ 4:2:2}} || {{Yes|4:2:0/ 4:2:2}} || {{Yes|4:2:0/ 4:2:2/ 4:4:4}} || {{Yes|4:2:0/ 4:2:2/ 4:4:4}} || {{Yes|4:2:0/ 4:2:2/ 4:4:4}} || {{Yes|4:2:0/ 4:2:2/ 4:4:4}}

! 4:0:0 ([[Monochrome]])

| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}

! High precision weighted prediction

| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}

! Chroma QP offset list

| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}

! Cross-component prediction