Historiography: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

Tag: Reverted

Line 6:

[[File:Jacob de Wit - Allegorie op het schrijven van de geschiedenis 1754.jpg|thumb|The ''Allegory On the Writing of History'' shows Truth watching the historian write history, while advised by [[Athena#Pallas Athena|Wisdom]]. ([[Jacob de Wit]],1754)]]

'''Historiography''' is the study of the methods of [[historian]]s in developing [[history]] as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term ''historiography'' is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiography of a specific topic covers how historians have studied that topic by using particular sources, techniques of research, and theoretical approaches to the interpretation of documentary sources. Scholars discuss historiography by topic — the [[historiography of the United Kingdom]], of [[historiography of World War II|WWII]], of the [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian Americas]], of early [[historiography of early Islam|Islam]], and of [[Chinese historiography|China]] — and different approaches to the work and the genres of history, such as [[political history]] and [[social history]]. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the development of academic history produced a great corpus of historiographic literature. The extent to which historians are influenced by their own groups and loyalties — such as to their [[Nationalist historiography|nation state]] — remains a debated question.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ferro, Marc |title=The Use and Abuse of History: Or How the Past Is Taught to Children |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415285926}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Candelaria, John Lee |title=Readings in Philippine History |author2=Alporha, Veronica |year=2018 |publisher=RexRe Bookthe Storeacademic discipline of historiography was established in the 5th century BCE with the ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', Incorporatedby [[Herodotus]], who thus established [[Greek historiography]]. In the 2nd century BCE, the [[Ancient Rome|isbnRoman]] statesman [[Cato the Elder]] produced the ''[[Origines]]'', which is the first [[Roman historiography]]. In Asia, the father and son intellectuals [[Sima Tan]] and [[Sima Qian]] established [[Chinese historiography]] with the book ''[[Shiji]]'' (''Records of the Grand Historian''), in the time of the [[Han Empire]] in [[Ancient China]]. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[medieval historiography]] included the works of [[chronicle]]s in [[Medieval literature|medieval Europe]], the [[Ethiopian historiography|Ethiopian Empire]] in the [[African historiography|Horn of Africa]], [[Islamic literature|Islamic histories]] by [[Muslim historians]], and the [[Korean historiography|Korean]] and [[Japanese historiography|Japanese]] historical writings based on the existing Chinese model. During the 18th-century [[Age of Enlightenment]], historiography in the Western world was shaped and developed by figures such as [[Voltaire]], [[David Hume]], and [[Edward Gibbon]], who among others set the foundations for the modern discipline. In the 19th-century historical studies became professionalized at universities and research centers along with a belief that history was like a science.<ref name="iggers">Georg G. Iggers, ''Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge'', 1-4. {{ISBN|978-97123866570819567666}}</ref> In the 20th-century historians incorporated social science dimensions like politics, economy, and culture in their historiography.<ref name="iggers" />

In Europe, the academic discipline of historiography was established in the 5th century BCE with the ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', by [[Herodotus]], who thus established [[Greek historiography]]. In the 2nd century BCE, the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] statesman [[Cato the Elder]] produced the ''[[Origines]]'', which is the first [[Roman historiography]]. In Asia, the father and son intellectuals [[Sima Tan]] and [[Sima Qian]] established [[Chinese historiography]] with the book ''[[Shiji]]'' (''Records of the Grand Historian''), in the time of the [[Han Empire]] in [[Ancient China]]. During the [[Middle Ages]], [[medieval historiography]] included the works of [[chronicle]]s in [[Medieval literature|medieval Europe]], the [[Ethiopian historiography|Ethiopian Empire]] in the [[African historiography|Horn of Africa]], [[Islamic literature|Islamic histories]] by [[Muslim historians]], and the [[Korean historiography|Korean]] and [[Japanese historiography|Japanese]] historical writings based on the existing Chinese model. During the 18th-century [[Age of Enlightenment]], historiography in the Western world was shaped and developed by figures such as [[Voltaire]], [[David Hume]], and [[Edward Gibbon]], who among others set the foundations for the modern discipline. In the 19th-century historical studies became professionalized at universities and research centers along with a belief that history was like a science.<ref name="iggers">Georg G. Iggers, ''Historiography in the Twentieth Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge'', 1-4. {{ISBN|978-0819567666}}</ref> In the 20th-century historians incorporated social science dimensions like politics, economy, and culture in their historiography.<ref name="iggers" />

The research interests of historians change over time, and there has been a shift away from traditional diplomatic, economic, and political history toward newer approaches, especially social and [[cultural studies]]. From 1975 to 1995 the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history increased from 31 to 41 percent, while the proportion of political historians decreased from 40 to 30 percent.<ref name="Stats">Diplomatic dropped from 5 to 3 percent, economic history dropped from 7 to 5 percent, and cultural history grew from 14 to 16 percent. Based on the number of full-time professors in U.S. history departments. [[Stephen H. Haber]], David M. Kennedy, and Stephen D. Krasner, "Brothers under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations", ''International Security'', Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1997), pp. 34–43 at p. 42 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539326 online at JSTOR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531140355/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539326 |date=2019-05-31 }}</ref> In 2007, of 5,723 faculty in the departments of history at British universities, 1,644 (29 percent) identified themselves with social history and 1,425 (25 percent) identified themselves with political history.<ref>See [http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html "Teachers of History in the Universities of the UK 2007&nbsp;– listed by research interest"] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060530073940/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html |date= 2006-05-30 }}</ref> Since the 1980s there has been a special interest in the memories and commemoration of past events—the histories as remembered and presented for popular celebration.<ref>David Glassberg, "Public history and the study of memory." ''The Public Historian'' 18.2 (1996): 7–23 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3377910 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213101636/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3377910 |date=2020-02-13 }}.</ref>