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and task-motivated subjects. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 18, 252-262.</ref> while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as "[[stage hypnosis]]", a form of [[mentalism]].
Hypnosis-based therapies for the management of [[irritable bowel syndrome]] and [[menopause]] are supported by evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=S. L.|last2=Yao|first2=C. K.|last3=Philpott|first3=H.|last4=Yelland|first4=G. W.|last5=Muir|first5=J. G.|last6=Gibson|first6=P. R.|date=2016|title=Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of gut-directed hypnotherapy is similar to that of the low FODMAP diet for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics|language=en|volume=44|issue=5|pages=447–459|doi=10.1111/apt.13706|pmid=27397586|s2cid=42525698|issn=1365-2036|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lacy|first1=Brian E.|last2=Pimentel|first2=Mark|last3=Brenner|first3=Darren M.|last4=Chey|first4=William D.|last5=Keefer|first5=Laurie A.|last6=Long|first6=Millie D.|last7=Moshiree|first7=Baha|date=January 2021|title=ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome|journal= American Journal of Gastroenterology|language=en-US|volume=116|issue=1|pages=17–44|doi=10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036|pmid=33315591|issn=0002-9270|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|date=November 2015|title=Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382310/|journal=Menopause|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1155–1172; quiz 1173–1174|doi=10.1097/GME.0000000000000546|issn=1530-0374|pmid=26382310|s2cid=14841660|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322145613/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382310/|url-status=live}}</ref> Use of hypnosis for treatment of other problems has produced mixed results, such as with [[smoking cessation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hypnotherapy is more effective than nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation: Results of a randomized controlled trial|year=2014|doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.012|language=en|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229913002100|last1=Hasan|first1=Faysal M.|last2=Zagarins|first2=Sofija E.|last3=Pischke|first3=Karen M.|last4=Saiyed|first4=Shamila|last5=Bettencourt|first5=Ann Marie|last6=Beal|first6=Laura|last7=Macys|first7=Diane|last8=Aurora|first8=Sanjay|last9=McCleary|first9=Nancy|journal=Complementary Therapies in Medicine|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–8|pmid=24559809|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222162421/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229913002100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hypnosis for smoking cessation: a randomized trial|year=2008|pmid=18569754|language=en|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18569754/|last1=Carmody|first1=T. P.|last2=Duncan|first2=C.|last3=Simon|first3=J. A.|last4=Solkowitz|first4=S.|last5=Huggins|first5=J.|last6=Lee|first6=S.|last7=Delucchi|first7=K.|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|volume=10|issue=5|pages=811–818|doi=10.1080/14622200802023833|s2cid=36395279|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303055959/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18569754/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Joanne|last2=McRobbie|first2=Hayden|last3=Dong|first3=Christine Y|last4=Walker|first4=Natalie|last5=Hartmann-Boyce|first5=Jamie|date=2019-06-14|editor-last=Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group|title=Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=6|pages=CD001008|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3|pmc=6568235|pmid=31198991}}</ref> The use of hypnosis as a form of therapy to retrieve and integrate early trauma is controversial within the scientific mainstream. Research indicates that hypnotising an individual may aid the formation of false memories,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynn |first1=Steven Jay |last2=Krackow |first2=Elisa |last3=Loftus |first3=Elizabeth F. |author-link3=Elizabeth Loftus |last4=Locke |first4=Timothy G. |last5=Lilienfeld |first5=Scott O. |author-link5=Scott Lilienfeld |date=2014 |chapter=Constructing the past: problematic memory recovery techniques in psychotherapy |editor1-last=Lilienfeld |editor1-first=Scott O. |editor2-last=Lynn |editor2-first=Steven Jay |editor3-last=Lohr |editor3-first=Jeffrey M. |title=Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=[[Guilford Press]] |pages=245–275 |isbn=9781462517510 |oclc=890851087}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=French |first=Christopher C. |url=https://www.academia.edu/101922617 |title=The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony |publisher=UPIAR |year=2023 |isbn=9791281441002 |editor-last=Ballester-Olmos |editor-first=V.J. |location=Turin, Italy |pages=283–294 |chapter=Hypnotic Regression and False Memories |editor-last2=Heiden |editor-first2=Richard W.}}</ref> and that hypnosis "does not help people recall events more accurately".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Celia |title=Hypnosis does not help accurate memory recall, says study |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1338671/Hypnosis-does-not-help-accurate-memory-recall-says-study.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1338671/Hypnosis-does-not-help-accurate-memory-recall-says-study.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=Telegraph |access-date=11 March 2019|date=26 August 2001}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Medical hypnosis is often considered [[pseudoscience]] or [[quackery]].<ref name=naud/>
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==== Menopause ====
There is evidence supporting the use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of [[menopause]] related symptoms, including [[hot flash]]es.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hickey|first1=Martha|last2=Szabo|first2=Rebecca A.|last3=Hunter|first3=Myra S.|date=2017-11-23|title=Non-hormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5101|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=359|pages=j5101|doi=10.1136/bmj.j5101|issn=0959-8138|pmid=29170264|s2cid=46856968|access-date=7 September 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907105558/https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5101|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[North American Menopause Society]] recommends hypnotherapy for the nonhormonal management of menopause-associated [[vasomotor]] symptoms, giving it the highest level of evidence.<ref name="auto"/>
==== Irritable bowel syndrome ====
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A number of studies show that hypnosis can reduce the pain experienced during burn-wound [[debridement]],<ref name="Patterson">{{cite journal | vauthors = Patterson DR, Questad KA, de Lateur BJ | title = Hypnotherapy as an adjunct to narcotic analgesia for the treatment of pain for burn debridement | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 156–63 | date = January 1989 | pmid = 2563925 | doi = 10.1080/00029157.1989.10402884}}</ref> bone marrow aspirations, and [[childbirth]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/english/1699.pdf | vauthors = Mendoza ME, Capafons A |year=2009 |title=Efficacy of clinical hypnosis: A summary of its empirical evidence |journal=Papeles del Psicólogo |volume=30 |pages=98–116 |issue=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108013040/http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/english/1699.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Ewin">{{cite journal |url=http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4523306/Ewin-Use_hypnosis_treatment_burn_patients.pdf |title=The use of hypnosis in the treatment of burn patients |journal=International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis |vauthors=Ewin DM |year=2001 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=274–83 |pmid=1289964 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705212147/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4523306/Ewin-Use_hypnosis_treatment_burn_patients.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis'' found that hypnosis relieved the pain of 75% of 933 subjects participating in 27 different experiments.<ref name="Nash">Nash, Michael R. "[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-truth-and-the-hype-of-2001-07 The Truth and the Hype of Hypnosis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104111/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-truth-and-the-hype-of-2001-07 |date=1 November 2013 }}". [[Scientific American]]: July 2001</ref>
Hypnosis is effective in decreasing the fear of [[Treatment of cancer|cancer treatment]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180619122514.htm|title=Hypnosis may help reduce fear of cancer treatment in children: Hypnosis could help to reduce the fear of medical procedures in children and young people with cancer.|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=22 June 2018|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417183052/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180619122514.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> reducing pain from<ref name="Butler">{{cite journal | vauthors = Butler B | title = The use of hypnosis in the care of the cancer patient | journal = Cancer | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–14 | date = January 1954 | pmid = 13126897 | doi = 10.1002/1097-0142(195401)7:1<1::AID-CNCR2820070103>3.0.CO;2-0 | doi-access = free}}</ref> and coping with cancer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4431493/Peynovska-Efficacy_hypnotherapy_supplement_therapy_cancer.pdf |vauthors=Peynovska R, Fisher J, Oliver D, Matthew VM |year=2003 |title=Efficacy of hypnotherapy as a supplement therapy in cancer intervention |work=Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 30 June – 3 July 2003 |access-date=5 May 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706012254/http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4431493/Peynovska-Efficacy_hypnotherapy_supplement_therapy_cancer.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> and other chronic conditions.<ref name="Nash"/> Nausea and other symptoms related to incurable diseases may also be managed with hypnosis.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spiegel D, Moore R | title = Imagery and hypnosis in the treatment of cancer patients | journal = Oncology | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 1179–89; discussion 1189–95 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9268979}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Garrow D, Egede LE | title = National patterns and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use in adults with diabetes | journal = Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = 895–902 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17109581 | doi = 10.1089/acm.2006.12.895}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mascott C | title = Hypnotherapy. A complementary therapy with broad applications | journal = Diabetes Self-Management | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 15–18 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15586907}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwekkeboom KL, Gretarsdottir E | title = Systematic review of relaxation interventions for pain | journal = Journal of Nursing Scholarship | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 269–77 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17044345 | doi = 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2006.00113.x}}</ref> Some practitioners have claimed hypnosis might help boost the immune system of people with cancer. However, according to the [[American Cancer Society]], "available scientific evidence does not support the idea that hypnosis can influence the development or progression of cancer."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/hypnosis
|title=Hypnosis
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==== Other uses of hypnotherapy====
The success rate for habit control is varied. A meta-study researching hypnosis as a quit-smoking tool found it had a 20 to 30 percent success rate,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/28/health/28REAL.html| title=The Claim: Hypnosis Can Help You Stop Smoking| newspaper=The New York Times| date=28 September 2004| last1=O'Connor| first1=Anahad| access-date=19 February 2017| archive-date=28 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528070140/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/28/health/28REAL.html| url-status=live}}</ref>{{Medical citation needed|date=September 2021}} while a 2007 study of patients hospitalised for cardiac and pulmonary ailments found that smokers who used hypnosis to quit smoking doubled their chances of success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071022124741.htm |title=Hypnotherapy for Smoking Cessation Sees Strong Results |date=24 October 2007 |website=ScienceDaily |access-date=1 October 2011 |archive-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902135806/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071022124741.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=September 2021}} In 2019, a Cochrane review was unable to find evidence of benefit of hypnosis in smoking cessation, and suggested if there is, it is small at best.<ref name="Barnes, J. 2019"/>
In 2019, a Cochrane review was unable to find evidence of benefit of hypnosis in smoking cessation, and suggested if there is, it is small at best.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barnes|first1=Joanne|last2=McRobbie|first2=Hayden|last3=Dong|first3=Christine Y|last4=Walker|first4=Natalie|last5=Hartmann-Boyce|first5=Jamie|date=2019-06-14|editor-last=Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group|title=Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2019|issue=6|pages=CD001008|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001008.pub3|pmc=6568235|pmid=31198991}}</ref>
Hypnosis may be useful as an adjunct therapy for weight loss. A 1996 meta-analysis studying hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioural therapy found that people using both treatments lost more weight than people using cognitive behavioural therapy alone.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The [[virtual gastric band]] procedure mixes hypnosis with [[hypnopedia]]. The hypnosis instructs the stomach that it is smaller than it really is, and hypnopedia reinforces alimentary habits. A 2016 pilot study found that there was no significant difference in effectiveness between VGB hypnotherapy and relaxation hypnotherapy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Greetham S, Goodwin S, Wells L, Whitham C, Jones H, Rigby A, Sathyapalan T, Reid M, Atkin S | title = Pilot Investigation of a Virtual Gastric Band Hypnotherapy Intervention | journal = The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis | volume = 64 | issue = 4 | pages = 419–33 | date = 1 October 2016 | pmid = 27585726 | doi = 10.1080/00207144.2016.1209037 | s2cid = 22511575 | url = https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/435222 | access-date = 21 July 2021 | archive-date = 9 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211009202917/https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/435222 | url-status = live }}</ref>
Hypnosis may be useful as an adjunct therapy for weight loss. A 1996 meta-analysis studying hypnosis combined with cognitive behavioural therapy found that people using both treatments lost more weight than people using cognitive behavioural therapy alone.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
American psychiatric nurses, in most medical facilities, are allowed to administer hypnosis to patients in order to relieve symptoms such as anxiety, arousal, negative behaviours, uncontrollable behaviour, and to improve self-esteem and confidence. This is permitted only when they have been completely trained about their clinical side effects and while under supervision when administering it.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1078-3903(03)00226-X|author=Valente, M.S.|year=2003|title=Hypnosis: A Useful Strategy for Symptom Relief|journal=Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association|volume= 9|issue=5|pages=163–66|s2cid=146512348}}</ref>
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