Interracial marriage in the United States: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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[[File:US miscegenation.svg|thumb|upright=1.45|U.S. states, by date of repeal of [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]]: {{legend|#d3d3d3|No laws passed}}
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{{legend|#f3ee66|Repealed between 1948 and 1967}}
{{legend|#cc2f2f|Overturned June 12, 1967}}]]
[[Interracial marriage]] has been legal throughout the [[United States]] since at least the 1967 [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ([[Warren Court]]) decision ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967) that held that [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] were unconstitutional via the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] adopted in 1868.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1966/395|title=Loving v. Virginia |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1|title=Loving v. Virginia |website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State."<ref name=":1" /> Interracial marriages have been formally protected by federal statute through the [[Respect for Marriage Act]] since 2022.
Historical opposition to interracial marriage was frequently based on [[Theology|religious principles]]. The overwhelming majority of whiteMany Southern [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]] saw [[racial segregation]], including in marriage, as something [[God the Original Segregationist|divinely instituted from God]]. They held that legal recognition of interracial couples would violate biblical teaching and hence their [[Freedom of religion|religious liberty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coffman |first=Elesha |date=2011-01-15 |title=Almighty God Created the Races: Christianity, Marriage & American Law. |url=https://christianscholars.com/almighty-god-created-the-races-christianity-marriage-american-law/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Christian Scholar’s Review |language=en-US}}</ref> This[[Roman positionCatholic]] wastheology, heldon bythe prominentother evangelicalhand, [[Christianarticulated denomination|denominations]]strong suchopposition asto theany [[Southernstate-sanctioned Baptistsegregation Convention]] untilon the late-20thgrounds that segregation violated human centurydignity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GrantCoffman |first=TobinElesha |date=2011-0601-2415 |title=OppositionAlmighty toGod InterracialCreated the Races: Christianity, Marriage Lingers& AmongAmerican EvangelicalsLaw. |url=https://www.christianitytodaychristianscholars.com/news/2011/june/oppositionalmighty-togod-interracialcreated-the-races-christianity-marriage-lingersamerican-among.htmllaw/ |access-date=20232024-08-0231 |website=[[ChristianityChristian Today]]Scholar’s Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Since ''Loving'', states have repealed their defunct bans, the last of which was [[Alabama]] in a [[2000 Alabama Amendment 2|2000 referendum]].
[[Public opinion of interracial marriage in the United States|Public approval of interracial marriage]] rose from 5% in the 1950s to 94% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Gallup |date=September 10, 2021 |title=U.S. Approval of Interracial Marriage at New High of 94% |first=Justin |last=McCarthy |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/354638/approval-interracial-marriage-new-high.aspx |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> The number of [[interracial marriage]]s as a proportion of new marriages has increased from 3% in 1967 to 19% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Kim |last2=Barrasso |first2=Amanda |date=February 25, 2021 |title=In Vice President Kamala Harris, we can see how America has changed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/02/25/in-vice-president-kamala-harris-we-can-see-how-america-has-changed/ |access-date=December 14, 2022 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>
==Historical background==
The first recorded interracial marriage in what is today the United States took place in 1565 in [[New Spain]], when Luisa de Ábrego, a [[free black]] Hispanic woman from [[Andalucía]], and Miguel Rodriguez, from [[Segovia]], married in [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]], [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Cody Cottier |title=America's Oldest City Is Not Where You'd Expect |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/americas-oldest-city-is-not-where-youd-expect |access-date=2023-06-23 |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=2020-12-04 |language=en |quote=first documented Christian marriage: the interracial union of Luisa de Abrego, a free black woman, and Miguel Rodriguez, a Spanish soldier}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Sheldon Gardner |title=Piecing together the past |url=https://www.staugustine.com/story/news/local/2018/03/27/website-provides-details-on-early-st-augustine-residents/12855990007/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |work=[[The St. Augustine Record]] |date=2018-03-31 |language=en |quote=Luisa de Abrego [...] a free black domestic servant [...] met Miguel Rodriguez and traveled with him to St. Augustine, and they married after they arrived in 1565. Theirs was the first documented Christian marriage in what became the continental United States}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=23 June 2023 |author1=Sarah Durwin |quote=en 1565, y más concretamente en San Agustín donde se celebraría la primera boda cristiana documentada en el territorio continental de lo que hoy es Estados Unidos. Los protagonistas serían el segoviano Miguel Rodríguez y Luisa de Abrego, una negra libre de Andalucía |title=La Florida española celebró la primera boda interracial 500 años antes de que fuera legal en Estados Unidos |url=https://www.eldebate.com/historia/20230221/primera-boda-cristiana-estados-unidos-protagonizaron-dos-espanoles_94979.html |work=[[ElDebate.com]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
The first recorded "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of Matoaka, the daughter of a [[Powhatan]] chief today commonly known as [[Pocahontas]], who married tobacco planter [[John Rolfe]] in 1614.<ref name=Origins>{{cite journal|volume=10|issue=12|date=September 2017|title=Interracial Marriage in 'Post-Racial' America|first=Jessica|last=Viñas-Nelson|url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america|journal=Origins}}</ref>▼
▲TheFifty firstyears recordedlater, the first "interracial" marriage in what[[New is today the United StatesEngland]] was that of Matoaka, thepresently daughterbetter ofknown aas “[[PowhatanPocahontas]]", chiefthe todaydaughter commonlyof known asa [[PocahontasPowhatan]] chief, who married tobacco planter [[John Rolfe]] in 1614.<ref name=Origins>{{cite journal|volume=10|issue=12|date=September 2017|title=Interracial Marriage in 'Post-Racial' America|first=Jessica|last=Viñas-Nelson|url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america|journal=Origins}}</ref>
The first law prohibiting interracial marriage was passed by the [[Maryland General Assembly]] in 1691.<ref name="Anti-miscegenation">{{cite news |title=Eugenics, Race, and Marriage |url=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/eugenics-race-and-marriage |access-date=February 23, 2021 |website=Facing History.org}}</ref>
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The [[Quakers|Quaker]] [[Zephaniah Kingsley]] published [[A Treatise on the Patriarchal, or Co-operative System of Society|a treatise]], reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens.<ref name="brown">{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Canter |author-link=Canter Brown Jr. |url=https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4067&context=fhq |date=January 1995 |title=Race Relations in Territorial Florida, 1821-1845 |journal=[[The Florida Historical Quarterly]] |pages=287–307}}</ref>
Before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], interracial unions were not rare in the [[Southern United States|American South]]. They typically involved White men paired with Black women. Unions of Black men with White women were rarer, but also not very well documented, and therefore possibly forgotten by history.<ref>{{cite book | last=Schultz | first=M.R. | title=The Rural Face of White Supremacy: BEYOND JIM CROW | publisher=University of Illinois Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-252-09236-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNFHhiZuAe8C&pg=PA120 | access-date=2023-11-19 | pagepages=120-125120–125}}</ref>
While opposed to slavery, in a speech in [[Charleston, Illinois]] in 1858, [[Abraham Lincoln]] stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of [[negro]]es, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race".<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen A. |last=Douglas|title=The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 |date=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=235}}</ref> By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.<ref name="Anti-miscegenation"/> While interracial marriage had been legal in [[California]] since 1948, in 1957 actor [[Sammy Davis Jr.]] faced a backlash for his relationship with a white woman, actress [[Kim Novak]].<ref name="Smithsonian"/> In 1958, Davis briefly married a black woman, actress and dancer Loray White, to protect himself from mob violence.<ref name="Smithsonian">Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017) [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/hollywood-loved-sammy-davis-jr-until-he-dated-white-movie-star-180964395/ "Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star"], ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' Retrieved February 23, 2021.</ref>
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===Marital stability===
A 2008 study by Jenifer Bratter and Rosalind King conducted on behalf of the [[Education Resources Information Center]] examined whether crossing racial boundaries increased the risk of [[divorce]].<ref name="ERIC">{{cite journal|last=Bratter|first=Jenifer L.|title="But Will It Last?": Marital Instability among Interracial and Same-Race Couples|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00491.x|volume=57|issue=2|journal=Family Relations|pages=160–171|year=2008|s2cid=146490809|jstor=20456781 }}</ref> Comparisons across marriage cohorts revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those that married during the late 1980s.<ref name="ERIC" /> A 2009 study by Yuanting Zhang and Jennifer Van Hook also found that interracial couples were at increased risk of divorce.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00582.x|title=Marital Dissolution Among Interracial Couples|year=2009|last1=Zhang|first1=Yuanting|last2=Van Hook|first2=Jennifer|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|volume=71|issue=1|pages=95–107|pmid=25284887|pmc=4183451}}</ref>
One consistent finding of this research is that [[gender]] is significantly related to divorce risk. Interracial marriages involving a White woman have a higher risk of divorce, as compared with interracial marriages involving Asian or Black women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheung |first1=Fanny M. |last2=Halpern |first2=Diane F. |title=The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women |date=6 August 2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-60218-1 |page=980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I43zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT980 |language=en |quote= "Bratter and King (2009) examined whether crossing racial boundaries increases the risk of divorce. They compared the likelihood of divorce for same race couples to interracial couples and found that interracial couples (particularly those who married in the 1980s) have higher rates of divorce. In addition, white female/black male and white female/Asian male marriages were more prone to divorce than were white/white couples. Couples with non-white females/white males and Hispanic/non-Hispanic individuals had lower rates of divorce. Gender appears to play a role, such that white female/non-white male marriages are at a greater risk for divorce."}}</ref><ref name="CAC2">{{cite book |last1=Ting-Toomey |first1=Stella |last2=Dorjee |first2=Tenzin |title=Communicating Across Cultures, Second Edition |date=23 August 2018 |publisher=Guilford Publications |isbn=978-1-4625-3652-8 |pagepages=364-365364–365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ1gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 |language=en |quote= "Moving beyond interracial–interethnic communication styles and response to transgressions, Bratter and King (2008) used data from the 2002 National Survey of Familial Growth to examine divorce rates for interracial couples. The study revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those marrying during the late 1980s. Compared to same-race white-white couples, they found that Black male–White female marriages and Asian male–White female marriages were more prone to divorce. Interestingly, those involving white male-non-white female marriages and Hispanic-non-Hispanic marriages tended toward lower risks of divorce. Researchers continue to focus on understanding these more fragile interracial marriages. While they cannot conclude that race is the cause per se of divorce, it does seem to be associated with higher risk of divorce or separation (Zhang and Van Hook, 2009). One notable finding is that there is a consistent elevated divorce rate for white females in interracial marriages. ... This distinctive couple type may experience added stress owing to negative reactions from strangers and diminished support from family and friends. Yancey (2007) notes that white females reported encountering more racial incidents with their black husbands and greater hostilities from families and friends as compared to other racial pairings. "}}</ref>
According to authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Tenzin Dorjee, the increased risk of divorce observed in couples with a White wife may be related to decreased support from family members and friends. They note that White women were viewed as "unqualified" by their non-White in-laws to raise and nurture mixed race children, due to their lack of experience in "navigating American culture as a minority". A 2018 study by Jennifer Bratter and Ellen Whitehead found that white women with mixed race children were less likely to receive family support than were non-white women with mixed race children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bratter |first1=Jenifer L. |last2=Whitehead |first2=Ellen M. |title=Ties That Bind? Comparing Kin Support Availability for Mothers of Mixed‐RaceMixed-Race and Monoracial Infants |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=August 2018 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=951–962 |doi=10.1111/jomf.12485 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12485 |language=en |issn=0022-2445}}</ref>
In one study, White women married to Black men were more likely to report incidents of racial discrimination in public, such as inferior restaurant service or police profiling, compared to other interracial pairings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yancey |first1=George |title=Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |date=1 May 2007 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197 |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197 |issn=0047-2328}}</ref> Such prejudicial factors may place these marriages at an increased risk of divorce.<ref name="CAC2">< /ref>
A study published in 2008 reported a lower risk of divorce for inter-ethnic marriages between Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites.<ref name="ERIC">< /ref> However, another study, published in 2011, found that these intermarriages were at an increased risk of divorce. Gender was found to be related to the probability of divorce, with marriages involving White women and Hispanic men having the highest risk of divorce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Roudi Nazarinia |last2=Rollins |first2=Alethea |title=Biracial Families: Crossing Boundaries, Blending Cultures, and Challenging Racial Ideologies |date=12 December 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-96160-6 |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8l-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |language=en |quote= "For example, interracial couples that consist of White female/Black male and White female/Asian male were more likely to divorce than White/White couples (Bratter & King, 2008). White/Latino marriages were also at a higher risk for marital dissolution than homogenous Latino marriages, with Latino husband/white wife intermarriages at the highest risk (Fu and Wolfganger, 2011)."}}</ref>
==Census Bureau statistics==
The number of interracial marriages has steadily continued to increase since the 1967 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in ''Loving v. Virginia'', but also continues to represent an absolute minority among the total number of wed couples. According to Pew Research, among all newlyweds, intermarried pairings were primarily White-Hispanic (43.3%) as compared to White-Asian (14.4%), White-Black (11.9%), and Other Combinations (30.4%). According to the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]], the number of interracially married couples has increased from 310,000 in 1970 to 651,000 in 1980, to 964,000 in 1990, to 1,464,000 in 2000 and to 2,340,000 in 2008; accounting for 0.7%, 1.3%, 1.8%, 2.6% and 3.9% of the total number of married couples in those years, respectively.<ref name=":4">U.S. Bureau of the Census [https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.pdf "Table 60. Married Couples by Race and Hispanic Origin of Spouses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101153904/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.pdf |date=January 1, 2015 }}, December 15, 2010 ([https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.xls Excel table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013045530/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.xls |date=October 13, 2012 }}. Detailed data can be found in the Statistical Abstract of the United States, from [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1979.zip 1979] to [https://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/11statab/pop.pdf 2011].</ref>
These statistics do not take into account the mixing of ancestries within the same "race"; e.g. a marriage involving [[Indian Americans|Indian]] and [[Japanese Americans|Japanese]] ancestries would not be classified as interracial due to the Census regarding both as the same category. Likewise, since [[Hispanic]] is not a race but an [[ethnicity]], Hispanic marriages with non-Hispanics are not registered as interracial if both partners are of the same race (i.e. a [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Black Hispanic]] marrying a non-Hispanic Black partner).
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==Interracial marriage by pairing==
===White and Asian (WMAF)===
{{See also|Asian fetish}}
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Marriages between [[European Americans|white Americans]] and Asian Americans (especially '''"WMAF"''') are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.<ref>Lange, 2005</ref>
Asian Americans of both genders who are U.S.-raised are much more likely to be married to Whites than their non-U.S.-raised counterparts. A 1998 article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' states 36% of young [[Asian Pacific Americans|Asian Pacific American]] men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/dec98/melt29.htm | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=America's Racial and Ethnic Divides: Interracial Marriages Eroding Barriers | date=November 9, 1998}}</ref>
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The number of Japanese women married to American men is doubled to that of Japanese men. Japanese census showed 6,000 American women of various ethnicities (mostly white) married Japanese men. In 1997, 15,000 North American wives and children of non-Japanese origin migrated to Japan as dependent of Japanese male nationals.<ref>Looking Beyond the Mask
When American Women Marry Japanese Men
By Nancy Brown Diggs · 2016 [https://wwwbooks.google.co.ukcom/books/edition/Looking_Beyond_the_Mask/LGDlqbT1iGAC?hlid=en&gbpv=1LGDlqbT1iGAC&dq=6,000+japanese+15,000+spouses&pg=PA2&printsec=frontcover]</ref>
====Select notable instances====
{{Expand section}}
* [[News Corp]] founder, [[Rupert Murdoch]] and [[Wendi Deng]]
* [[The Beatles]] member, [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]
* Actor, [[Nicolas Cage]] and Alice Kim/Erika Koike/Riko Shibata
* Actors, [[Macaulay Culkin]] and [[Brenda Song]]
* ''[[Saturday Night Live|SNL]]'' comedian, [[John Mulaney]] and [[Olivia Munn]]
* Shark Tank investor, [[Chris Sacca]] and Crystal English Sacca
* Angel investor/All In podcast host, [[Jason Calacanis]] and Jade Li
===Jewish and Asian (Jasian)===
Since at least post-war immigration if not [[Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants]] on Christmas, a rise in Jewish-Asian ("'''Jasian'''" or "'''Jew-Asian'''") marriages has occurred, as covered by numerous press articles from ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' and [[NPR]] to Jewish publications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freedman |first1=Samuel G. |title=A Jewish-Asian Couple’sCouple's Union Leads to a Scholarly Interest in Intermarriage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/us/studying-and-living-jewish-asian-intermarriage.html |publisherwork=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/02/10/384069013/part-asian-american-all-jewish|title=Part Asian-American, All Jewish?|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/study-of-asian-jewish-couples-finds-few-tiger-moms/|title=Study of Asian-Jewish Couples Finds Few Tiger Moms|publisher=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education|Chronicle of Higher Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-jew-asian-marriages-on-the-rise-academic-couple-takes-on-subject-close-to-home/|title=With Jewish-Asian marriages on the rise, academic couple takes on subject close to home|publisher=[[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/culture/books/a-jewish-asian-love-affair-1.63377|title=A Jewish-Asian love affair|publisher=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://urj.org/blog/jewish-asian-american-welcoming-new-demographic|title=Jewish, Asian, American: Welcoming a New Demographic|date=December 14, 2022 |publisher=[[Union for Reform Judaism]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-crucial-need-for-jewish-and-asian-american-relations/|title=The Crucial Need for Jewish and Asian-American Relations|date=September 24, 2015 |publisher=[[eJewish Philanthropy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forward.com/life/132080/the-social-network-on-the-lore-of-jewish-men-and-a/|title=‘The'The Social Network’Network' on the Lore of Jewish Men and Asian Women|date=October 13, 2010 |publisher=[[The Forward]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishboston.com/read/the-jewasian-phenomenon-raising-jewish-asian-families/|title=The JewAsian Phenomenon: Raising Jewish-Asian Families|publisher=Jewish Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mixedasianmedia.com/issue-006/jews-and-asians-go-together-like-peanut-butter-and-jelly|title=Jews and Asians: We Go Together Like Peanut Butter and Jelly|date=December 5, 2018 |publisher=Mixed Asian Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commentary.org/articles/naomi-schaefer-riley/when-east-meets-east/|title=When East Meets East|date=October 19, 2016 |publisher=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary Magazine]]}}</ref> In 2013, [[Pew Research Center]] released subsequent study findings on how 72% of non-Orthodox Jews since 2000 are marrying a non-Jewish person, and the same for 58% of Orthodox Jews, rising over thirty years since the 1990 national survey and "substantially over the last five decades."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2013/11/12/what-happens-when-jews-intermarry/|title=What happens when Jews intermarry?|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=November 12, 2013|first=ALAN|last=COOPERMAN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/|title=A Portrait of Jewish Americans|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=October 1, 2013|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/moishe-house-to-embark-on-expansion-opportunities-for-interfaith-couples/|title=Moishe House to 'Embark' on expansion opportunities for interfaith couples|publisher=[[eJewish Philanthropy]]|date=August 24, 2023|first=Haley|last=Cohen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-pew-number-that-matters-72/|title=The Pew number that matters: 72%
|date=May 19, 2021}}</ref>
OneLiving in modern times where Jews no longer have to be segregated into their own schools (i.e. Yeshivas) or clubs (i.e. Jewish fraternities) etc. leads to opportunities to meet a broader pool of people in society and integration. Another aspect may be a similar achievement rate as a [[Model minority|model minority]] after traumatic political events, i.e. [[List of concentration and internment camps|concentration, internment, and re-education camps]], without the risk or feeling of having incestual relations with a relative and [[Inbreeding|genetically-affected]] children on the [[autism spectrum]] etc. A 2014 scientific study by geneticists, Shai Carmi, PhD (Hebrew University) et al. published by [[Nature Communications]] found that all Ashkenazi Jews<ref name="300Study">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carmi S, Hui KY, Kochav E, Liu X, Xue J, Grady F, Guha S, Upadhyay K, Ben-Avraham D, Mukherjee S, Bowen BM, Thomas T, Vijai J, Cruts M, Froyen G, Lambrechts D, Plaisance S, Van Broeckhoven C, Van Damme P, Van Marck H, Barzilai N, Darvasi A, Offit K, Bressman S, Ozelius LJ, Peter I, Cho JH, Ostrer H, Atzmon G, Clark LN, Lencz T, Pe'er I | title = Sequencing an Ashkenazi reference panel supports population-targeted personal genomics and illuminates Jewish and European origins | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | page = 4835 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25203624 | pmc = 4164776 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms5835 | bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.4835C }}</ref> descend from 330-350 individuals who were genetically about half -Middle Eastern and half -European, making all Ashkenazi Jews related to the point of being at least 30th cousins or closer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/|title=Ashkenazi Jews descend from 350 people, study finds|author= Andrew Tobin| work=The Times of Israel|access-date=28 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602003405/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DNA ties Ashkenazi Jews to group of just 330 people from Middle Ages |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-ashkenazi-jews-dna-diseases-20140909-story.html |publisherwork=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who Knew? All European Jews Are 30th Cousins or Closer |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/who-knew-all-european-jews-are-30th-cousins-or-closer-n199641 |website=NBC News |language=en |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Emspak |first1=Jesse |title=Oy Vey! European Jews Are All 30th Cousins, Study Finds |url=https://www.livescience.com/47755-european-jews-are-30th-cousins.html |website=[[Live Science]] |language=en |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/|title=Ashkenazi Jews descend from 350 people, study finds|author= Andrew Tobin| work=The Times of Israel|access-date=28 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602003405/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was confirmed by another 2022 genome study by Shamam Waldman, PhD (also Hebrew University) published by [[Cell (journal)]] that modern Ashkenazis descend from a small group, with the original researcher, Shai Carmi, stating, "Whether they’re from Israel or New York, the Ashkenazi population today is homogenous genetically."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldman |first1=Shamam |title=Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century |url=https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01378-2 |publisher=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dolgin |first1=Elie |title=Ashkenazi Jews Have Become More Genetically Similar Over Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/science/ashkenazi-jews-genetic-history.html |publisherwork=The New York Times |date=30 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=MEETING THE ANCESTORS: DNA from a medieval German cemetery opens a window on the history of today’stoday's largest Jewish population |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/meeting-ancestors-history-ashkenazi-jews-revealed-medieval-dna |publisher=[[Science (journal)|Science]]}}</ref>
Notably, test score patterns correlating to [[Race and intelligence#Test scores|race and intelligence]], and a shared value in education and achievement, have resulted in the [[Jewish quota]] and [[Asian quota]] in Ivy League admissions when [[Affirmative action|affirmative action]] was legal from 1961-2023 (until [[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]] won suit for educational discrimination against Asians),<ref>{{cite webnews |last1=Riley |first1=Jason |title=The New Jews of Harvard Admissions |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-jews-of-harvard-admissions-1432077157|publishernewspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bodenner |first1=Chris |title=Are Asians the Jews of the 21st Century When It Comes to College Admissions? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/should-asian-americans-be-limited-within-predominately-white-institutions-contd/625494/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en |date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Glenn Harlan |title=Asians get the Ivy League's Jewish treatment: Column |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/11/23/ivy-league-college-asians-race-jews-students-diversity-discrimination-quotas-column/19445201/ |publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stulberg |first1=Anthony S. Chen, Lisa M. |title=Harvard, Asian Americans and Jews: Behind the Supreme Court's affirmative action case |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/11/19/affirmative-action-scotus/ |publisherwork=[[Salon.com]] |language=en |date=19 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Jennifer |title=Asian Americans, Affirmative Action & the Rise in Anti-Asian Hate |url=https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/150/2/180/98321/Asian-Americans-Affirmative-Action-amp-the-Rise-in |website=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mounk |first1=Yascha |title=Opinion: Is Harvard Unfair to Asian-Americans? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/opinion/is-harvard-unfair-to-asian-americans.html |publisherwork=The New York Times |date=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite webmagazine |last1=Gersen |first1=Jeannie Suk |title=At Trial, Harvard’sHarvard's Asian Problem and a Preference for White Students from “Sparse"Sparse Country”Country" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/at-trial-harvards-asian-problem-and-a-preference-for-white-students-from-sparse-country |publishermagazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite webnews |last1=Shapira |first1=Ian |title=Before Asian Americans sued Harvard, the school once tried restricting the number of Jews |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/09/14/before-asian-americans-sued-harvard-the-school-tried-restricting-the-number-of-jews/ |publishernewspaper=[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] |date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenberg |first1=Susan H. |title=Intellectuals at the Gate |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/09/22/how-ivy-leagues-jewish-quotas-shaped-higher-education |website=Inside Higher Ed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kampeas |first1=Ron |title=Harvard’sHarvard's Jewish quotas cited in US Supreme Court’sCourt's affirmative action ruling |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/harvards-jewish-quotas-cited-in-us-supreme-courts-affirmative-action-ruling/ |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> with [[Pershing Square Capital Management|Pershing Square Capital]] and hedge fund manager, [[Bill Ackman]], writing his Harvard senior thesis titled, ''Scaling the Ivy Wall: The Jewish and Asian American Experience in Harvard Admissions.''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ackman|first1=William Albert|title=Scaling the ivy wall: the Jewish and Asian American experience in Harvard admissions|url=http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?owi=17534608|website=Classify|publisher=OCLC Research|access-date=May 21, 2015|archive-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202113712/http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?owi=17534608|url-status=live}}</ref>
Besides educational discrimination, another aspect could be sharing experiences of sudden physical discrimination (i.e. [[Antisemitism|anti-semitism]]; and [[Stop Asian Hate|Asian hate]] during COVID).
====Select notable instances====
{{Expand section}}
* [[Facebook]] cofounder, [[Mark Zuckerberg]] and [[Priscilla Chan]]
* [[Facebook]] cofounder, [[Eduardo Saverin]] and Elaine Andriejanssen
* [[Uber]] cofounder, [[Travis Kalanick]] and Angie You/Gabi Holzwarth (as seen in [[Super Pumped (TV series)]])
* Actors, [[Bryan Greenberg]] and [[Jamie Chung]]
* TV hosts, [[Maury Povich]] and [[Connie Chung]]
* Filmmaker, [[Woody Allen]] and Soon-Yi Previn
====In popular culture====
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|196,000
|}
In the United States, there has been a historical disparity between Black female and Black male exogamy ratios: according to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 354,000 White female/Black male and 196,000 Black female/White male marriages in March 2009, representing a ratio of 181:100.<ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census [https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.pdf "Table 60. Married Couples by Race and Hispanic Origin of Spouses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101153904/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.pdf |date=January 1, 2015 }}, December 15, 2010 ([https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.xls Excel table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013045530/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.xls |date=October 13, 2012 }})</ref> This traditional disparity has seen a rapid decline over the last two decades, contrasted with its peak in 1981 when the ratio was still 371:100.<ref>U.S. Bureau of the Census [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1982.zip "Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1982-83"]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 1983. Section 1: Population, file 1982-02.pdf, 170 pp.</ref> In 2007, 4.6% of all married Blacks in the United States were wed to a White partner, and 0.4% of all Whites were married to a Black partner.<ref name="Fryer">{{cite journal|last=Fryer, Jr.|first=Roland G. Jr.|date=Spring 2007|title=Guess Who's Been Coming to Dinner? Trends in Interracial Marriage over the 20th Century|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=21|issue=2|pages=71–90|doi=10.1257/jep.21.2.71|citeseerx=10.1.1.169.3004}}</ref>
[[File:Robert De Niro Grace Hightower VF 2012 Shankbone 2.JPG|thumb|[[Robert De Niro]] and his wife [[Grace Hightower]] were a prominent interracial couple, shown here at the 2012 [[Tribeca Film Festival]].]]
The role of gender in interracial divorce dynamics, found in social studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King, was highlighted when examining marital instability among Black/White unions.<ref name="ERIC" /> White wife/Black husband marriages show twice the divorce rate of White wife/White husband couples by the 10th year of marriage,<ref name="ERIC" /> whereas Black wife/White husband marriages are 44% less likely to end in divorce than White wife/White husband couples over the same period.<ref name="ERIC" /> According to Census Bureau data Black wife/White husband marriages have the lowest rates of divorce.
According to Census Bureau data in 1985, Black men participated in 143,000 interracial marriages (approximately 3% of all married Black men in the U.S.).<ref name=":0" />
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[[File:Public opinion of interracial marriage in the United States.png|thumb|upright=2|Historical data according to [[Gallup, Inc.]]]]
Historically, interracial marriage in the United States was subject to great public opposition (often a taboo),<ref name="nbc">{{cite news|title=After 40 years, interracial marriage flourishing|url=httphttps://www.nbcnews.com/id/18090277/ns/us_news-life/t/after-years-interracial-marriage-flourishing/#.URxKrx3Ac8Vwbna18090277|access-date=February 14, 2013|date=April 15, 2007|website=[[NBC News]]|agency=[[Associated Press|AP]]}}</ref> especially among whites.<ref name="gallup"/> According to opinion polls, by 1986 only one third of Americans approved of interracial marriage in general.<ref name="ny times">{{cite news |last=Saulny |first=Susan |title=Interracial Marriage Seen Gaining Wide Acceptance |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/us/pew-study-americans-more-accepting-of-interracial-marriage.html|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220115914/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/16/us/pew-study-americans-more-accepting-of-interracial-marriage.html |archive-date=2012-02-20 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |date=February 16, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In contrast, in 2011, the vast majority of Americans approved of marriages between different races in general, while just 20 years earlier, in 1991, less than half approved.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news |last=Jayson |first=Sharon |title=Interracial marriage: More accepted, still growing |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/wellness/marriage/story/2011-11-07/Interracial-marriage-More-accepted-still-growing/51115322/1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011042047/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/wellness/marriage/story/2011-11-07/Interracial-marriage-More-accepted-still-growing/51115322/1 |archive-date=2012-10-11 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |date=November 7, 2011 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
It was only in 1994 when more than half of Americans approved of such marriages in general.<ref name="gallup">{{cite web|title=Most Americans Approve of Interracial Marriages|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/28417/most-americans-approve-interracial-marriages.aspx|publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup, Inc.]]|access-date=January 16, 2013|date=August 16, 2007}}</ref> The approval/disapproval rate differs between demographic groups (for example by race, gender, age, and socioeconomic and marital status).{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}}
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Attitudes towards interracial marriage can vary depending upon the race of the union and the person judging them.<ref>Chuang, Roxie, Clara Wilkins, Mingxuan Tan, and Caroline Mead. "Racial minorities' attitudes toward interracial couples: An intersection of race and gender." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations (2020): 1368430219899482.</ref>
A 2011 poll, found that 46% of Mississippi Republicans polled said they think interracial marriage should be illegal. A further 14% were not sure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/04/mississippi-republicans/349433/ | title=Poll: 46 Percent of Mississippi GOP Want to Ban Interracial Marriage | website=[[The Atlantic]] | date=April 7, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.salon.com/2011/04/07/poll_mississippi_interracial_marriage/ | title=Poll: 46 percent of Mississippi Republicans want interracial marriage ban | date=April 7, 2011 }}</ref>
==Relevant fields==
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===Religion and interracial marriage===
Historically, many American religionsreligious groups disapproved of interracial marriage.<ref name=ChicagoNow>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagonow.com/dating-marriage-divorce-black-white/2016/07/the-only-religion-that-encourages-interracial-marriage/|title=The Only Religion That Encourages Interracial Marriage|publisher=Chicago Now|year=2016}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ReligiousAccording to several studies on the topic by sociologist [[Samuel L. Perry]], religious tradition and church attendance are consistent predictors for attitudes towards interracial marriages. Biblical literalists are less likely to support interracial marriage to Asians and Latinos. Whites who attend multiracial congregations or engage in devotional religious practices are more likely to support interracial marriages.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Religion and Whites' Attitudes Toward Interracial Marriage with African Americans, Asians, and Latinos|journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion|volume=52|issue=2|pages=425–442|author=Samuel Perry|doi=10.1111/jssr.12020|year=2013}}</ref> Region also moderates the relationship between religion and interracial dating. Children with a religious upbringing in non-Western states, particularly the South, were less likely to have interracially dated than those without religious upbringings.<ref name="Perry2014">{{Cite journal|title=Religious Socialization and Interracial Dating|journal=Journal of Family Issues|volume=37|issue=15|pages=2138–2162|author=Samuel L. Perry|date=2014|doi=10.1177/0192513X14555766|s2cid=145428097}}</ref> Religious attitudes combined with [[Christian nationalism]] increased opposition to intermarriage more than either attribute measured independently.<ref>{{cite book|title=Christian Nationalism and White Racial Boundaries: Examining Whites' Opposition to Interracial Marriage|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273445013|year=2015|author=Samuel L. Perry}}</ref>
According to a [[Baylor University]] study "people with no religious affiliation were not statistically more likely to be in intermarriages than evangelical or mainline [[Protestantism|Protestants]] or people from other religions"<ref name=ARDA>[http://blogs.thearda.com/trend/featured/the-ties-that-may-not-bind-race-religion-and-marriage/ The Association of Religious Data: "The ties that may not bind: Race, religion and marriage" By David Briggs] January 14, 2013</ref> with one exception, [[Catholic Church|Catholics]]. Catholics were twice as likely to be in an interracial marriage than the general population.<ref name=ARDA /> It is speculated that the reason for this is twofold: the increasing diversity of the [[Catholic Church in the United States#Demographics|Catholic population]] (which has seen a huge influx of immigrants, Catholicism has sizable to significant number of adherents from many nationalities worldwide) and the fact that Catholics typically base their choice of parish on geography rather than on its ethnic or racial makeup which creates more opportunities for interracial mixing.<ref name=ARDA /> [[Jews]] were also more likely to date interracially than Protestants.<ref name="Perry2014" />
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==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Loving: Interracial Intimacy in America and the Threat to White Supremacy|publisher=2017 [[Beacon Press]]|isbn=978-0807058275|author=Sheryll Cashin|date=June 6, 2017}}
{{North America topic|Interracial marriage in}}