Interracial marriage in the United States: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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One consistent finding of this research is that [[gender]] is significantly related to divorce risk. Interracial marriages involving a White woman have a higher risk of divorce, as compared with interracial marriages involving Asian or Black women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheung |first1=Fanny M. |last2=Halpern |first2=Diane F. |title=The Cambridge Handbook of the International Psychology of Women |date=6 August 2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-60218-1 |page=980 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I43zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT980 |language=en |quote= "Bratter and King (2009) examined whether crossing racial boundaries increases the risk of divorce. They compared the likelihood of divorce for same race couples to interracial couples and found that interracial couples (particularly those who married in the 1980s) have higher rates of divorce. In addition, white female/black male and white female/Asian male marriages were more prone to divorce than were white/white couples. Couples with non-white females/white males and Hispanic/non-Hispanic individuals had lower rates of divorce. Gender appears to play a role, such that white female/non-white male marriages are at a greater risk for divorce."}}</ref><ref name="CAC2">{{cite book |last1=Ting-Toomey |first1=Stella |last2=Dorjee |first2=Tenzin |title=Communicating Across Cultures, Second Edition |date=23 August 2018 |publisher=Guilford Publications |isbn=978-1-4625-3652-8 |page=364-365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ1gDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 |language=en |quote= "Moving beyond interracial–interethnic communication styles and response to transgressions, Bratter and King (2008) used data from the 2002 National Survey of Familial Growth to examine divorce rates for interracial couples. The study revealed that, overall, interracial couples have higher rates of divorce, particularly for those marrying during the late 1980s. Compared to same-race white-white couples, they found that Black male–White female marriages and Asian male–White female marriages were more prone to divorce. Interestingly, those involving white male-non-white female marriages and Hispanic-non-Hispanic marriages tended toward lower risks of divorce. Researchers continue to focus on understanding these more fragile interracial marriages. While they cannot conclude that race is the cause per se of divorce, it does seem to be associated with higher risk of divorce or separation (Zhang and Van Hook, 2009). One notable finding is that there is a consistent elevated divorce rate for white females in interracial marriages. ... This distinctive couple type may experience added stress owing to negative reactions from strangers and diminished support from family and friends. Yancey (2007) notes that white females reported encountering more racial incidents with their black husbands and greater hostilities from families and friends as compared to other racial pairings. "}}</ref>

According to authors Stella Ting-Toomey and Tenzin Dorjee, the increased risk of divorce observed in couples with a White wife may be related to decreased support from family members and friends. They note that White women were viewed as "unqualified" by their non-White in-laws to raise and nurture mixed race children, due to their lack of experience in "navigating American culture as a minority". A 2018 study by Jennifer Bratter and Ellen Whitehead found that white women with mixed race children were less likely to receive family support than were non-white women with mixed race children.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bratter |first1=Jenifer L. |last2=Whitehead |first2=Ellen M. |title=Ties That Bind? Comparing Kin Support Availability for Mothers of Mixed-RaceMixed‐Race and Monoracial Infants |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=August 2018 |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=951–962 |doi=10.1111/jomf.12485 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jomf.12485 |language=en |issn=0022-2445}}</ref>

In one study, White women married to Black men were more likely to report incidents of racial discrimination in public, such as inferior restaurant service or police profiling, compared to other interracial pairings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yancey |first1=George |title=Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities |journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies |date=1 May 2007 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=197–213 |doi=10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197 |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197 |issn=0047-2328}}</ref> Such prejudicial factors may place these marriages at an increased risk of divorce.<ref name="CAC2"></ref>

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==Interracial marriage by pairing==

===WhiteAsian and Asian (WMAF)White===

[[File:Wedding cake1.jpg|thumb|An Asian bride and White groom at their wedding (2004)]]

{{See also|Asian fetish}}

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Marriages between [[European Americans|white Americans]] and Asian Americans (especially '''"WMAF"''') are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.<ref>Lange, 2005</ref>▼

Do not add data without including a reference source

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▲Marriages between [[European Americans|white Americans]] and Asian Americans (especially '''"WMAF"''') are increasingly common for both genders in the United States.<ref>Lange, 2005</ref>

Asian Americans of both genders who are U.S.-raised are much more likely to be married to Whites than their non-U.S.-raised counterparts. A 1998 article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' states 36% of young [[Asian Pacific Americans|Asian Pacific American]] men born in the United States married White women, and 45% of U.S.-born Asian Pacific American women took White husbands during the year of publication.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/dec98/melt29.htm | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=America's Racial and Ethnic Divides: Interracial Marriages Eroding Barriers | date=November 9, 1998}}</ref>

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By Nancy Brown Diggs · 2016[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Looking_Beyond_the_Mask/LGDlqbT1iGAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=6,000+japanese+15,000+spouses&pg=PA2&printsec=frontcover]</ref>

Pre-1965: Korean interracial marriages: First generation: Korean men 13.5% (454) out of 3,358 intermarried ,First 1.5 Generation: 39% of Korean men (521) out of 1,338 intermarried, Native born: 40.6% of Korean men (2655) out of 6566 intermarried compared to First generation Korean women: 55.9% (2725) out of 4,588 intermarried, 1.5 Generation 81.6% Korean women (1794) out of 2,199 intermarried, Native born: 46.7% Korean women (3186) out of 6823 intermarried.

====Select notable instances====

{{Expand section|date=December 2023}}

Post-1965 Korean interracial marriages: First generation: Out of 215,098 Korean American male: 1.0% (2150) marries Non-Hispanic white women, 1.3% (2796) marries out Other Asian women, 0.2% (430) Other race 0.2% (430) Multi Race. 1.5 Generation: Out of 34,255 Korean men 16.5% (5653) marries Non-Hispanic White Women, 7.9% (2707) marries other Asian women, 1.6% (548) marries Other Race, 0.2% (68) marries Multi-race women. Native born Korean male: Out of 16,220 that out married 29.1%(4720) married Non-Hispanic white women, 1427 (8.8%) married other Asian women, 4.8%(778) Married Other race women, 2.7% (437) married Multi-Race women. First Generation Korean female of the 277,657 females 48312 (17.4%) married Non-Hispanic White, Other Asian 2.5% (6941) Other Race 2.1% (5830), Multi race 2.7% (2498), 1.5 Generation of the 47,554 females, 45.5% (21637) out marry Non-Hispanic White, 8.3% (3946) Other Asian, 2.7% (1283) marry Other Racer, 2.7% (1283) Multi Race. Native born Korean female. Of the 19,775 females (38.7%) 7652 married Non-Hispanic White, Other Asian 11% (2175) Other Race 6.8% (1344), Multi race 3.0% (593).

* [[News Corp]] founder, [[Rupert Murdoch]] and [[Wendi Deng]]

* [[The Beatles]] member, [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]

* Actor, [[Nicolas Cage]] and Alice Kim; Erika Koike; Riko Shibata

* Actors, [[Macaulay Culkin]] and [[Brenda Song]]

* ''[[Saturday Night Live|SNL]]'' comedian, [[John Mulaney]] and [[Olivia Munn]]

* [[James Gandolfini]] and Deborah Lin

* Shark Tank investor, [[Chris Sacca]] and Crystal English Sacca

* Angel investor/All In podcast host, [[Jason Calacanis]] and Jade Li

The rate for Korean Americans intermarriage was 14% higher than post intermarriage post-1965. Most Korean were international students, mostly men and had to marry white women but overall more Korean women intermarried partially as a result of American serviceman bringing Korean wives from South Korea.<ref>The Handbook of Addiction Treatment for Women Theory and Practice 2001[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Handbook_of_Addiction_Treatment_for/vPYNgHLGf-sC?hl=en&gbpv=0]</ref>

===Jewish and Asian (Jasian)===

Since at least post-war immigration if not [[Jewish-American patronage of Chinese restaurants]] on Christmas, a rise in Jewish-Asian ("'''Jasian'''" or "'''Jew-Asian'''") marriages has occurred, as covered by numerous press articles from ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' and [[NPR]] to Jewish publications.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Freedman |first1=Samuel G. |title=A Jewish-Asian Couple's Union Leads to a Scholarly Interest in Intermarriage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/16/us/studying-and-living-jewish-asian-intermarriage.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/02/10/384069013/part-asian-american-all-jewish|title=Part Asian-American, All Jewish?|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/study-of-asian-jewish-couples-finds-few-tiger-moms/|title=Study of Asian-Jewish Couples Finds Few Tiger Moms|publisher=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education|Chronicle of Higher Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-jew-asian-marriages-on-the-rise-academic-couple-takes-on-subject-close-to-home/|title=With Jewish-Asian marriages on the rise, academic couple takes on subject close to home|publisher=[[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/culture/books/a-jewish-asian-love-affair-1.63377|title=A Jewish-Asian love affair|publisher=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://urj.org/blog/jewish-asian-american-welcoming-new-demographic|title=Jewish, Asian, American: Welcoming a New Demographic|publisher=[[Union for Reform Judaism]]}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-crucial-need-for-jewish-and-asian-american-relations/|title=The Crucial Need for Jewish and Asian-American Relations|date=September 24, 2015 |publisher=[[eJewish Philanthropy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://forward.com/life/132080/the-social-network-on-the-lore-of-jewish-men-and-a/|title='The Social Network' on the Lore of Jewish Men and Asian Women|date=October 13, 2010 |publisher=[[The Forward]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishboston.com/read/the-jewasian-phenomenon-raising-jewish-asian-families/|title=The JewAsian Phenomenon: Raising Jewish-Asian Families|publisher=Jewish Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mixedasianmedia.com/issue-006/jews-and-asians-go-together-like-peanut-butter-and-jelly|title=Jews and Asians: We Go Together Like Peanut Butter and Jelly|date=December 5, 2018 |publisher=Mixed Asian Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.commentary.org/articles/naomi-schaefer-riley/when-east-meets-east/|title=When East Meets East|date=October 19, 2016 |publisher=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary Magazine]]}}</ref> In 2013, [[Pew Research Center]] released subsequent study findings on how 72% of non-Orthodox Jews since 2000 are marrying a non-Jewish person, and the same for 58% of Orthodox Jews, rising over thirty years since the 1990 national survey and "substantially over the last five decades."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2013/11/12/what-happens-when-jews-intermarry/|title=What happens when Jews intermarry?|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=November 12, 2013|first=ALAN|last=COOPERMAN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/|title=A Portrait of Jewish Americans|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=October 1, 2013|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/moishe-house-to-embark-on-expansion-opportunities-for-interfaith-couples/|title=Moishe House to ‘Embark’ on expansion opportunities for interfaith couples|publisher=[[eJewish Philanthropy]]|date=August 24, 2023|first=Haley|last=Cohen}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/the-pew-number-that-matters-72/|title=The Pew number that matters: 72%

|date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> 

According to the "Marriages to Non-Hispanic Whites by College Graduation Status<ref>https://sociology.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/jacobs%20gender%20differences%20in%20intermarriage.pdf%20%20Gender%20Difirentials%20in%20Intermarriage%20Among%20Sixteen%20Race%20and%20Ethnic%20Groups.%20%20Jerry%20A.%20Jacobs%20and%20Teresa%20G.Labov[https://sociology.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/jacobs%20gender%20differences%20in%20intermarriage.pdf]</ref>

Living in modern times where Jews no longer have to be segregated into their own schools (i.e. Yeshivas) or clubs (i.e. Jewish fraternities) etc. leads to opportunities to meet a broader pool of people in society and integration. Another aspect may be a similar achievement rate as a [[Model minority|model minority]] after traumatic political events, i.e. [[List of concentration and internment camps|concentration, internment, and re-education camps]], without the risk or feeling of having incestual relations with a relative. A 2014 scientific study by geneticists, Shai Carmi, PhD (Hebrew University) et al. published by [[Nature Communications]] found that all Ashkenazi Jews<ref name="300Study">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carmi S, Hui KY, Kochav E, Liu X, Xue J, Grady F, Guha S, Upadhyay K, Ben-Avraham D, Mukherjee S, Bowen BM, Thomas T, Vijai J, Cruts M, Froyen G, Lambrechts D, Plaisance S, Van Broeckhoven C, Van Damme P, Van Marck H, Barzilai N, Darvasi A, Offit K, Bressman S, Ozelius LJ, Peter I, Cho JH, Ostrer H, Atzmon G, Clark LN, Lencz T, Pe'er I | title = Sequencing an Ashkenazi reference panel supports population-targeted personal genomics and illuminates Jewish and European origins | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | page = 4835 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25203624 | pmc = 4164776 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms5835 | bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.4835C }}</ref> descend from 330-350 individuals who were genetically about half-Middle Eastern and half-European, making all Ashkenazi Jews related to the point of being at least 30th cousins or closer.<ref>{{cite web |title=DNA ties Ashkenazi Jews to group of just 330 people from Middle Ages |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-ashkenazi-jews-dna-diseases-20140909-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who Knew? All European Jews Are 30th Cousins or Closer |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/who-knew-all-european-jews-are-30th-cousins-or-closer-n199641 |website=NBC News |language=en |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Emspak |first1=Jesse |title=Oy Vey! European Jews Are All 30th Cousins, Study Finds |url=https://www.livescience.com/47755-european-jews-are-30th-cousins.html |website=[[Live Science]] |language=en |date=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/|title=Ashkenazi Jews descend from 350 people, study finds|author= Andrew Tobin| work=The Times of Israel|access-date=28 May 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602003405/http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was confirmed by another 2022 genome study by Shamam Waldman, PhD (also Hebrew University) published by [[Cell (journal)]] that modern Ashkenazis descend from a small group, with the original researcher, Shai Carmi, stating, "Whether they’re from Israel or New York, the Ashkenazi population today is homogenous genetically."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Waldman |first1=Shamam |title=Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century |url=https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01378-2 |publisher=[[Cell (journal)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dolgin |first1=Elie |title=Ashkenazi Jews Have Become More Genetically Similar Over Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/science/ashkenazi-jews-genetic-history.html |work=The New York Times |date=30 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=MEETING THE ANCESTORS: DNA from a medieval German cemetery opens a window on the history of today's largest Jewish population |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/meeting-ancestors-history-ashkenazi-jews-revealed-medieval-dna |publisher=[[Science (journal)]]}}</ref>

Chinese American men marrying college graduates white women is 1443. Chinese men marrying white women who are less than college education is 1679. Chinese American women marrying college graduates white men is 1206 and less than college education 2147.

Notably, test score patterns correlating to [[Race and intelligence#Test scores|race and intelligence]], and a shared value in education and achievement, have resulted in the [[Jewish quota]] and [[Asian quota]] in Ivy League admissions when [[Affirmative action|affirmative action]] was legal from 1961-2023 (until [[Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard]] won suit for educational discrimination against Asians),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riley |first1=Jason |title=The New Jews of Harvard Admissions |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-jews-of-harvard-admissions-1432077157|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bodenner |first1=Chris |title=Are Asians the Jews of the 21st Century When It Comes to College Admissions? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/should-asian-americans-be-limited-within-predominately-white-institutions-contd/625494/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en |date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Glenn Harlan |title=Asians get the Ivy League's Jewish treatment: Column |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/11/23/ivy-league-college-asians-race-jews-students-diversity-discrimination-quotas-column/19445201/ |publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stulberg |first1=Anthony S. Chen, Lisa M. |title=Harvard, Asian Americans and Jews: Behind the Supreme Court's affirmative action case |url=https://www.salon.com/2022/11/19/affirmative-action-scotus/ |work=[[Salon.com]] |language=en |date=19 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Jennifer |title=Asian Americans, Affirmative Action & the Rise in Anti-Asian Hate |url=https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/150/2/180/98321/Asian-Americans-Affirmative-Action-amp-the-Rise-in |website=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mounk |first1=Yascha |title=Opinion: Is Harvard Unfair to Asian-Americans? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/25/opinion/is-harvard-unfair-to-asian-americans.html |work=The New York Times |date=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gersen |first1=Jeannie Suk |title=At Trial, Harvard's Asian Problem and a Preference for White Students from "Sparse Country" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/at-trial-harvards-asian-problem-and-a-preference-for-white-students-from-sparse-country |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shapira |first1=Ian |title=Before Asian Americans sued Harvard, the school once tried restricting the number of Jews |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/09/14/before-asian-americans-sued-harvard-the-school-tried-restricting-the-number-of-jews/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]] |date=28 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenberg |first1=Susan H. |title=Intellectuals at the Gate |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/09/22/how-ivy-leagues-jewish-quotas-shaped-higher-education |website=Inside Higher Ed |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kampeas |first1=Ron |title=Harvard's Jewish quotas cited in US Supreme Court's affirmative action ruling |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/harvards-jewish-quotas-cited-in-us-supreme-courts-affirmative-action-ruling/ |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> with [[Pershing Square Capital Management|Pershing Square Capital]] and hedge fund manager, [[Bill Ackman]], writing his Harvard senior thesis titled, ''Scaling the Ivy Wall: The Jewish and Asian American Experience in Harvard Admissions.''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ackman|first1=William Albert|title=Scaling the ivy wall: the Jewish and Asian American experience in Harvard admissions|url=http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?owi=17534608|website=Classify|publisher=OCLC Research|access-date=May 21, 2015|archive-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202113712/http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?owi=17534608|url-status=live}}</ref>

Filipino American men marrying college graduates white women is 806. Filipino men marrying white women who are less than college education is 1272. Filipina American women marrying college graduates white men is 1150 and less than college education 1452.

Besides educational discrimination, another aspect could be sharing experiences of sudden physical discrimination (i.e. [[Antisemitism|anti-semitism]]; and [[Stop Asian Hate|Asian hate]] during COVID).

Japanese American men marrying college graduates white women is 684. Japanese men marrying white women who are less than college education is 905. Japanese American women marrying college graduates white men is 1535 and less than college education 2147.

====Select notable instances====

{{Expand section|date=December 2023}}

* [[Google]] cofounder, [[Sergey Brin]] and Nicole Shanahan

* [[Facebook]] cofounder, [[Mark Zuckerberg]] and [[Priscilla Chan]]

* [[Facebook]] cofounder, [[Eduardo Saverin]] and Elaine Andriejanssen

* [[Uber]] cofounder, [[Travis Kalanick]] and Angie You; Gabi Holzwarth (as seen in [[Super Pumped (TV series)]])

* Actors, [[Bryan Greenberg]] and [[Jamie Chung]]

* TV hosts, [[Maury Povich]] and [[Connie Chung]]

* Filmmaker, [[Woody Allen]] and Soon-Yi Previn

Korean American men marrying college graduates white women is 641. Korean men marrying white women who are less than college education is 611. Chinese American women marrying college graduates white men is 482 and less than college education 1246.

====In popular culture====

*In [[Aaron Sorkin]]'s ''[[The Social Network]]'' (2010), [[Dustin Moskovitz]]'s character says, "I'm developing an algorithm to define the connection between Jewish guys and Asian girls," to which Eduardo Saverin's character responds, "I don’t think it’s that complicated. [[Asian fetish|They’re hot]], they’re smart, they’re not Jewish..."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://genius.com/Aaron-sorkin-the-social-network-scene-5-annotated|title=Aaron Sorkin: The Social Network (Scene 5) Lyrics|publisher=[[Genius (company)|Genius.com]]}}</ref>

*''[[Fast & Furious]]'' actor, [[Tyrese Gibson]], released a lengthy Instagram video while writing about the industry for his third book, captioned: "I need to know SOOOOO badly why it seems like so many Jewish men are dating asian women?? I need to know this sooooooo bad?????? I’m writing my new book and I need ANSWERS please!!!!!!"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/tv/CbJo2pFgqcV/?hl=en|title=@tyrese on March 15, 2022: "I need to know SOOOOO badly why it seems like so many Jewish men are dating asian women??"|publisher=@tyrese on [[Instagram]]}}</ref>

===Black and White===