Ionic order: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Short description|Order of classical architecture}}

[[File:SixIonicOrdersIonic Order from “Les ruines plus beaux des monuments de la Grèce” p197.jpg|thumb|right|Architects' first real look at the Greek Ionic order: Julien David LeRoy, ''Les ruines plus beaux des monuments de la Grèce'' Paris, 1758 (Plate XX)]]

The '''Ionic order''' is one of the three canonic [[classical order|orders]] of [[classical architecture]], the other two being the [[Doric order|Doric]] and the [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]]. There are two lesser orders: the [[Tuscan order|Tuscan]] (a plainer Doric), and the rich variant of Corinthian called the [[composite order]]. Of the three classical canonic orders, the Corinthian order has the narrowest columns, followed by the Ionic order, with the Doric order having the widest columns.

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The Ionic [[column]] is always more slender than the Doric; therefore, it always has a base:<ref name="Heck1856">{{cite book|author=Johann Georg Heck|title=The Art of Building in Ancient and Modern Times, Or, Architecture Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHhJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25|year=1856|publisher=D. Appleton|page=25}}</ref> Ionic columns are eight and nine column-diameters tall, and even more in the [[Antebellum architecture|Antebellum]] colonnades of late American Greek Revival plantation houses.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Ionic columns are most often [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]]. After a little early experimentation, the number of hollow flutes in the shaft settled at 24. This standardization kept the fluting in a familiar proportion to the diameter of the column at any scale, even when the height of the column was exaggerated. RomanUnlike Greek Doric fluting, which runs out to an [[arris]] or sharp edge, that was easily damaged by people brushing it as they passed by, Ionic fluting leaves a little flat-seeming surface of the column surface between each hollow; Greek(in flutingfact runsit outis toa small segment of a knifecircle edgearound thatthe wascolumn).<ref>[[A. easilyW. scarredLawrence|Lawrence, A. W.]], ''Greek Architecture'', p. 130, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art. Lawrence dates this innovation to c. 500 BC</ref>

In some instances, the fluting has been omitted. English architect [[Inigo Jones]] introduced a note of sobriety with plain Ionic columns on his [[Banqueting House, Whitehall]], London, and when Beaux-Arts architect [[John Russell Pope]] wanted to convey the manly stamina combined with intellect of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], he left colossal Ionic columns unfluted on the Roosevelt memorial at the [[American Museum of Natural History]], New York City, for an unusual impression of strength and stature. Wabash Railroad architect R.E. Mohr included eight unfluted Ionic frontal columns on his 1928 design for the railroad's [[Delmar Boulevard station]] in St. Louis.

{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center| footer = '''Left image''': Characteristic design of the Ionic [[anta capital]] (essentially flat layout with straight horizontal [[Molding (decorative)|moldings]]).<br /> '''Right image''': A Ionic [[anta capital]], with extensive bands of floral patterns in prolongation of adjoining [[frieze]]s at the [[Erechtheion]] (circa 410 BC).| footer_align = left | image1 =Ionic anta capital at the Erechtheum.jpg| width1 = 150 | caption1 = | image2 =Detail Erechtheum Acropolis Athens.jpg| width2 = 184| caption2 = }}

The [[entablature]] resting on the columns has three parts: a plain [[architrave]] divided into two, or more generally three, bands, with a [[frieze]] resting on it that may be richly sculptural, and a [[cornice]] built up with [[dentil]]s (like the closely spaced ends of joists), with a corona ("crown") and cyma ("ogee") [[Molding (decorative)|molding]] to support the projecting roof. Pictorial, often narrative, [[bas-relief]] frieze carving provides a characteristic feature of the Ionic order, in the area where the Doric order is articulated with [[triglyph]]s. Roman and Renaissance practice condensed the height of the entablature by reducing the proportions of the architrave, which made the frieze more prominent.

===Anta capital===

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Chéneau en pierre et ornements en terre cuite de la Sicile et de Métaponte. Restaurations partielles du temple de Thésée à Athènes, et de celui de Nèmèsis à Rhamnus. Page of L’Architecture Polychrome chez les Grecs, published in 1851.jpg|19th century illustration of multiple [[polychrome]] elements of [[Ancient Greek architecture]], including an Ionic capital in the top left, by [[Jacques Ignace Hittorff]]

File:Fig 1 The capital and base of the columns, together with the entablature Fig 2 A section of one quarter of the column, t - Stuart James & Revett Nicholas - 1762.jpg|[[Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek]] Ionic order of the [[Temple of Artemis Agrotera]], Athens, {{circa}}440 BC-destroyed in 1778▼

File:Sphix of the Naxians, 570-560 BC, AM of Delphi, 201316.jpg|[[Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek]] [[Archaic Greek Sculpture|Archaic]] Ionic capital of the [[Sphinx of Naxos]], {{circa}}560 BC, [[Naxian marble]], [[Delphi Archaeological Museum]], [[Delphi]], Greece<ref>{{cite book|last1=Papaioannou|first1=Kostas|title=L’art grec|date=1975|publisher=Mazenod|isbn=|page=607|url=|language=fr}}</ref>

▲File:Fig 1 The capital and base of the columns, together with the entablature Fig 2 A section of one quarter of the column, t - Stuart James & Revett Nicholas - 1762.jpg|[[Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek]] Ionic order of the [[Temple of Artemis Agrotera]], Athens, {{circa}}440 BC-destroyed in 1778

Templeofapolloepikouriosbassae.jpg|Ancient Greek Ionic columns in the [[Temple of Apollo at Bassae]], [[Bassae]], Greece, illustration by [[Charles Robert Cockerell]], unknown architect, {{circa}}429-400 BC<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=40|url=|language=en}}</ref>

ARCHITECTURE ORDERS Greeks Etruscan Roman (Doric Ionic Corinthian Tuscan Composite) by Paolo Villa ENG edition.pdf|Compared [[Ionic order]] with [[Doric order|Doric]], [[Tuscan order|Tuscan]], [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] and [[Composite order|Composite]] orders; with [[stylobate|stereobate]]

Erechtheion Temple.jpg|Ancient Greek Ionic columns of the [[Erechtheion]], Athens, Greece, with parallel volutes, unknown architect, 421-405 BC<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=38|url=|language=en}}</ref>

File:Details van de Tempel van Portunus te Rome Dimostrazione in grande delle parti del tempio della Fortuna Virile (titel op object) Archeologische vondsten in en rond Rome (serietitel) Le Antichità Romane (serietitel), RP-P-OB-36.889.jpg|[[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]] Ionic corner capital from the [[Temple of Portunus]], Rome, with two sides with volutes, and one for the corner of the facade projecting at a 45° angle, unknown architect, early 4th century BC

File:Roman Forum Temple of Saturn.jpg|Roman Ionic columns of the [[Temple of Saturn]], Rome, with diagonal volutes, unknown architect, 3rd of 4th century AD{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=14}}▼

File:The Oval Plaza, built in the beginning of the 2nd century AD to connect the Cardo with the Sanctuary of Zeus, Gerasa, Jordan (33601218974).jpg|Roman Ionic columns of a [[colonnade]] of the oval plaza in [[Jerash]], [[Jordan]], unknown architect, 2nd-3rd centuries AD<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Mortimer|title=Roman Art and Architecture|date=1964|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0500200216|page=61 & 239|url=https://archive.org/details/ROMANARTANDARCHITECTURE1964ByMORTIMERWHEELER_201712/mode/1up|language=en}}</ref>

▲File:Roman Forum Temple of Saturn.jpg|Roman Ionic columns of the [[Temple of Saturn]], Rome, with diagonal volutes, unknown architect, 3rd of 4th century ADcenturies{{sfn|Hopkins|2014|p=14}}

Hagia Sophia (15468276434).jpg|[[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] Ionic capital in the [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], by [[Anthemius of Tralles]] or [[Isidore of Miletus]], 6th century{{sfn|Hodge|2019|p=62}}

07-Villa-Rotonda-Palladio.jpg|[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] Ionic columns of the [[Villa La Rotonda]], outside [[Vicenza]], Italy, by [[Andrea Palladio]], 1567-1605

File:Interior Luca e Martina 33.JPG|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] Ionic columns in the [[Santi Luca e Martina]], Rome, by [[Pietro da Cortona]], 1634-1669<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=292|url=|language=en}}</ref>

2017 Escultura. Palacio de Versalles P41.jpg|Baroque Ionic columns on the garden façade of the [[Palace of Versailles]], [[Versailles]], France, by [[Jules Hardouin-Mansart]], 1678–1688<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=21|url=|language=fr}}</ref>

File:Coupe en jade (Louvre, MR 465).jpg|[[Baroque]] Ionic capital at the top of the base of a cup, by [[Michel Debourg]], 1686-1687, jade and gilded silver, Louvre<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010099319|website=collections.louvre.fr|title=Coupe ronde|access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

Iglesia de San Carlos Borromeo, Viena, Austria, 2020-01-31, DD 52-54 HDR.jpg|Baroque Ionic columns in the [[Karlskirche]], [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], 1715–1737, by [[Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach]]{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=230}}

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File:Facade of Gare de Paris-Nord, Paris 10 April 2017.jpg|Neoclassical Ionic pilasters on the façade of the [[Gare du Nord]], Paris, by Jacques Ignace Hittorff, 1861-1865<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=444|url=|language=en}}</ref>

Petit Palais, Paris 8th 004.JPG|Beaux Arts Ionic columns of the [[Petit Palais]], Paris, by [[Charles Giraud]], 1900{{sfn|Jones|2014|p=294}}

File:Immeuble art nouveau de France-Lanord (Nancy) (4244309566).jpg|[[Art Nouveau]] railing with highly stylized reinterpretations of the Ionic column as balusters, on the [[France-Lanord Building]] ([[Avenue Foch (Nancy)|Avenue Foch]] no. 71), [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], France, by [[Émile André]], 1904<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00106195|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr|title=Immeuble France-Lanord|access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref>

(Agen) - La Façade du Théâtre Ducourneau sur la place du Docteur Esquirol.jpg|Beaux Arts Ionic columns on the facade of the [[Ducourneau Theater]], [[Agen]], France, by [[Guillaume Tronchet]], 1906-1908

Detail of the restored Union Station, Washington, D.C LCCN2011633893.tif|Polychrome [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] Ionic capitals in the [[Washington Union Station]], [[Washington, D.C.]], US, by [[Daniel Burnham]], {{circa}}1907