Ivan Puluj: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{Short description|Ukrainian physicist and inventor (1845–1918)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = Іван Пулюй.png
| name = Ivan Pului
| imagenative_name = Іван Пулюй.png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1845|2|2}}
| image_size =
| birth_place = [[Hrymailiv]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria]],
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Hrymayliv]], [[Austrian Empire]] (present-daynow [[Ukraine]])▼
| birth_date = 2 February 1845
▲| birth_place = [[Hrymayliv]], [[Austrian Empire]] (present-day [[Ukraine]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1918|01|31|1845|02|02|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[PragueSmíchov]], [[Austria-Hungary]] <br>(present-daynow a district of [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]])
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]<br />[[University of Strasbourg]]▼
| nationality = [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]]
| known_for = Discovery of [[X rays-ray]]s▼
| residence =
| spouse = {{marriage|Kateřina Stožicky|1884}}
| field = [[Physicist]]
| children = 6
| work_institution = [[Czech Technical University in Prague]]
| fields = [[Physics]]
▲| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]<br />[[University of Strasbourg]]
| work_institutions = University of Vienna<br>[[Czech Technical University in Prague|Imperial-Royal German Technical University in Prague]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[August Kundt]]
▲| known_for = [[X rays]]
}}
'''Ivan PuluiPavlovych Puluj''' (son of Pavlo Pului {{lang-uk|Іва́нІван Пулю́йПавлович Пулюй}}, син{{IPA|uk|iˈwɑn Павла́ Пулю́яpʊˈlʲuj|pron}}; {{lang-de|Johann Puluj}}; 2 February 1845 – 31 January 1918) was a Ukrainian [[physicist]] and [[inventor]], who has been championed as an early developer of the use ofdiscovered [[X-ray]]s forindependently of [[medicalWilhelm imagingRöntgen]]. His contributions were largely neglected until the end of the 20th century.▼
▲'''Ivan Pului''' (son of Pavlo Pului {{lang-uk|Іва́н Пулю́й, син Павла́ Пулю́я}}; {{lang-de|Johann Puluj}}; 2 February 1845 – 31 January 1918) was a Ukrainian [[physicist]] and [[inventor]], who has been championed as an early developer of the use of [[X-ray]]s for [[medical imaging]]. His contributions were largely neglected until the end of the 20th century.
==Biography==
Son of Pavlo Puluj and Xenia née Burshtynska ({{lang-uk| син Павла́ Пулю́я i Ксенiї ур. Бурштинської}}).
Ivan PuluiHe graduated with honors from Theological Faculty of the [[University of Vienna]] (1869), later also from the Department of Philosophy (1872). In 1876 PulyuiPului finished his doctorate on internal friction in gases at the [[University of Strasbourg]] under supervision of [[August Kundt]]. PuluiPuluj taught at the Navy academy in [[Fiume]] ([[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]) (1874–1876), [[University of Vienna]] (1874–1884) and the German part of the [[Czech Technical University in Prague|HigherImperial-Royal German Technical SchoolUniversity]] in Prague]] (1884–1916). He served as the rector of the [[CzechImperial-Royal German Technical University in Prague({{lang-de|HigherKaiserlich-Königlich TechnicalDeutsche SchoolTechnische Hochschule}}) in Prague]]1888–1889.<ref>{{cite (Germanbook part)|url=https://archive.org/details/diekkdeutschetec00prag/page/190/mode/2up?q=puluj |title=Die K.K. Deutsche technische Hochschule in 1888–1889Prag, 1806–1906. |date=1906 |place=Prague|language=de|page=191}}</ref> Puluj also worked as a state adviser on electrical engineering for [[Bohemia]]n and [[Moravia]]n local governments.▼
In addition, he completed [[Kulish's Bible|a translation]] of the [[Bible]] into the [[Ukrainian language]].<ref>[http://www.tntu.edu.ua/?l=en&p=university/puluj Ivan Pul'uj] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025558/http://www.tntu.edu.ua/?l=en&p=university%2Fpuluj |date= 8 March 2012 }}. TNTU.edu.ua. Retrieved on 8 May 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/religion.and.society/interview/article%3B15456/ Комментарии]. Risu.org.ua. Retrieved on 8 May 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120919101157/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/religion.and.society/interview/article;15456/ |date=19 September 2012 }}</ref>▼
▲Ivan Pului graduated with honors from Theological Faculty of the [[University of Vienna]] (1869), later also from the Department of Philosophy (1872). In 1876 Pulyui finished his doctorate on internal friction in gases at the [[University of Strasbourg]] under supervision of [[August Kundt]]. Pului taught at the Navy academy in [[Fiume]] ([[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]) (1874–1876), [[University of Vienna]] (1874–1884) and the German part of the [[Czech Technical University in Prague|Higher Technical School in Prague]] (1884–1916). He served as the rector of the [[Czech Technical University in Prague|Higher Technical School in Prague]] (German part) in 1888–1889. Puluj also worked as a state adviser on electrical engineering for [[Bohemia]]n and [[Moravia]]n local governments.
==Personal life==
▲In addition, he completed a translation of the [[Bible]] into the [[Ukrainian language]].<ref>[http://www.tntu.edu.ua/?l=en&p=university/puluj Ivan Pul'uj] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308025558/http://www.tntu.edu.ua/?l=en&p=university%2Fpuluj |date= 8 March 2012 }}. TNTU.edu.ua. Retrieved on 8 May 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/religion.and.society/interview/article%3B15456/ Комментарии]. Risu.org.ua. Retrieved on 8 May 2014. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120919101157/http://www.risu.org.ua/eng/religion.and.society/interview/article;15456/ |date=19 September 2012 }}</ref>
4 October 1884, he married Kateřina née Stožicky (1863–1945) in Vienna.<ref name=AZ>{{cite web |url=http://katalog.ahmp.cz/pragapublica/permalink?xid=34539D50838C4EBEBCDCAD7050198984&scan=49#scan49 |title=Death certificate of Ivan Puluj | date=1918-01-31 |access-date=2023-02-22 |language=cs}}</ref><ref name=ET>{{cite journal |url=https://www.iucr.org/news/newsletter/volume-28/number-2/physicist-and-electrician-of-ukrainian-roots-johann-puluj-18451918-his-professional-career-and-the-invisible-cathode-rays |title=Johann Puluj (1845–1918): his career and the "invisible cathode rays" |author=Emilie Těšínská | journal=IUCr Newsletter |issue=(2020) Volume 28, Number 2 |language=en}}</ref> They had six children: Natalia (wife of the composer [[Vasyl Barvinsky]]), Olga, Maria Xenia Margareta (died in Vienna in 1974), Alexander Hans (1901–1984), Pavlo (died in 1986) and Georg (1906–1987).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.icmp.lviv.ua/sites/default/files/preprints/pdf/2001U.pdf |title=Петер Пулюй i архiв Iвана Пулюя |author=Юрiй Головач, Роман Пляцко, Галина Сварник | publisher=Нацiональна академiя наук України |place=Львів |date=2020 |language=uk |page=4}}</ref>
==Scientific contribution==
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[[File:Apparat nach Puluj.png|thumb|Puluj's apparatus for determining the mechanical equivalent of heat]]Puluj did heavy research into [[cathode ray]]s, publishing several papers about those rays between 1880 and 1882. In 1881 as a result of [[experiment]]s into what he called ''cold light'' Prof. Puluj developed the Puluj lamp.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205092029/http://www.uibk.ac.at/exphys/museum/en/details/tubes/puluj.html Puluj-Röhre, 1870]. uibk.ac.at</ref> Puluj experimented with his new device and published his results in a [[scientific paper]], ''Luminous Electrical Matter and the Fourth State of Matter'' in the ''Notes of the Austrian Imperial Academy of Sciences'' (1880–1883), but expressed his ideas in an obscure manner using obsolete terminology. Puluj did gain some recognition when the work was translated and published as a book by the [[Royal Society]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref name="Kulynyak">{{cite journal|last=Kulynyak|first=Danylo |date=9 July 2000|title=Ivan Pului, the discoverer of X-rays|journal=Ukrainian Weekly|publisher=[[Ukrainian National Association|Ukrainian National Association, Inc]]|location=Parsippany, NJ|volume=68|issue=23|page=6}}</ref>
While Puluj's findingfindings were essentially X-rays, which he reported his results 6 weeks after [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] publishedreported his,.<ref name=mayo>{{cite journal
|last = Gaida
|first = Roman
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|archivedate = 28 May 2008
|accessdate =6 April 2008|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
and can not be credited with the discovery of X-rays.
Puluj made many other discoveries as well. He is particularly noted{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} for inventing a device for determining the [[mechanical equivalent of heat]] that was exhibited at the ''[[Exposition Universelle (1878)|Exposition Universelle]]'', [[Paris]], 1878. Puluj also participated in opening of several [[power plant]]s in Austria-Hungary.<ref>Czech language [https://archive.today/20120713111027/http://ctn.cvut.cz/pt/download.php?id=169 biographical article] in the journal of the [[Czech Technical University]] (2005, No 2, p. 39-40) mentions details and problems Puljui met during the construction of early power plants in the Czech lands.</ref>
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* A stamp published on the occasion of Puluj's 150th Birth Anniversary in 1995.<ref name=mayo/>
* Streets in [[Kyiv]], [[Lviv]] and other Ukrainian cities have the name of Ivan Puluj.
* On 14 May 2021, asteroid [[226858 Ivanpuluj]], discovered by astronomers at the [[Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory]] in 2004, was {{MoMP|226858|named}} by the [[Working Group for Small BodyBodies Nomenclature]] in his memory.<ref name="WGSBN-Bulletin-Archive" />
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Ivan-Pulyui.jpg|Stamp of Johann Puluj]] -->
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* Crookes, W., & Puluj, J. (1880). Annalen der Physik. Phil. Trans. 1: 152–3879. (Annals of Physics).
* Puluj, J., & Glaser, G. (1880). The Fourth State of Matter. A Refutation. Science. 58–59.
* Puluj, J. (1880). Strahlende Elektrodenmaterie. ©Akademie d. Wissenschaften Wien, 864–923. http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SBAWW_81_2_0864-0923.pdf
http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/SBAWW_81_2_0864-0923.pdf
* Puluj, J. (1883). Strahlende Elektroden-Materie und der sogenannte vierte Aggregatzustand. (Radiant electrode material and the so-called fourth state).
* Puluj, J. (1887). Objective Darstellung der wahren Gestalt einer schwingenden Saite. Annalen der Physik: 267(8): 1033–1035. (Objective presentation of the true form of a vibrating string).
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==Support of Ukrainian culture==
Puluj is also known for his contribution in promoting [[Ukraine|Ukrainian culture]]. He actively supported opening of a Ukrainian university in [[Lviv]] and published articles to support Ukrainian language. Together with [[Panteleimon Kulish|P. Kulish]] and [[Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky|I. Nechuy-Levytsky]] he translated [[Gospels]] and [[Psalter]] into [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].{{fact|date=January 2021}} Being a professor, Puluj organized scholarships for Ukrainian students in [[Austria-Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shkarlat |first=Kateryna |orig-date=November 19, 2023 |title=Ivan Puluj: Outstanding Ukrainian who discovered X-rays long before Röntgen |url=https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/ivan-puluj-incredible-facts-about-outstanding-1700345952.html |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=RBC-Ukraine |language=en}}</ref>
The World Association of Roentgenologists was created in 2018 in Lviv city in honor of Ivan Puluj.
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<ref name="WGSBN-Bulletin-Archive">{{cite web
|title = WGSBN Bulletin Archive
|work = Working Group for Small BodyBodies Nomenclature
|date = 14 May 2021
|url = https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/files/Bulletins/index.html
|accessdate = 16 May 2021}} ([https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/files/Bulletins/V001/WGSBNBull_V001_001.pdf Bulletin #1])</ref>
}}
}} <!-- end of relist -->
== Literature ==
* R. Gajda, R. Plazko: ''Johann Puluj: Rätsel des universalen Talents''. EuroWelt-Verlag, Lwiw 2001, {{ISBN|966-7343-04-9}}
* S. Nahorniak, M. Medyukh: ''Physical-technical ideas of Ivan Pul'uj''. Dschura, Ternopil 1999, {{ISBN|966-7497-34-8}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.icmp.lviv.ua/sites/default/files/preprints/pdf/2001U.pdf |title=Петер Пулюй i архiв Iвана Пулюя |author=Юрiй Головач, Роман Пляцко, Галина Сварник | publisher=Нацiональна академiя наук України |place=Львів |date=2020 |language=uk}}
== External links ==
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{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:PulyuiPuluj, Ivan}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
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[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Ukrainian]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians]]
[[Category:Austro-HungarianInventors inventorsfrom Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:People from Ternopil Oblast]]
[[Category:PeopleScientists from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Czech Technical University in Prague faculty]]
[[Category:Austrian scientific instrument makers]]
[[Category:X-ray pioneers]]