Jewish population by country: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{As of|2023|post=,}} the world's core [[Jewish]] population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population. [[Israel]] hosts the largest core Jewish population in the world with 7.2 million, followed by the [[United States]] with 5.7 million. Other countries with core Jewish populations above 100,000 include France (440,000), West Bank (Pan-Jordan) (432,800), Canada (398,000), the United Kingdom (312,000), Argentina (171,000), Russia (132,000), Germany (125,000), and Australia (117,200). The number of Jews worldwide rises to 18 million with the addition of the "connected" Jewish population, including those who say they are partly Jewish or that have Jewish backgrounds from at least one Jewish parent, and rises again to 21 million with the addition of the "enlarged" Jewish population, including those who say they have Jewish backgrounds but no Jewish parents and all non-Jewish household members who live with Jews. Counting all those who are eligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's [[Law of Return]], in addition to [[Israeli Jews]], raised the total to 25.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish Population Rises to 15.7 Million Worldwide {{!}} The Jewish Agency |url=https://www.jewishagency.org/jewish-population-rises-to-15-7-million-worldwide-in-2023/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.jewishagency.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/global-jewish-population-hits-15-7-million-ahead-of-new-year-46-of-them-in-israel/|title=Global Jewish population hits 15,7 million ahead of new year, 46% of them in Israel|website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

Two countries account for 81% of those recognised as Jews or of sufficient Jewish ancestry to be eligible for citizenship in Israel under its Law of Return: the United States with 51% and Israel with 30% and population centres in [[Judea & Samaria|Judaeo-Samaria]] with 2%.. An additional 16% is split between France (3%), Canada (3%), Russia (3%), the United Kingdom (2%), Argentina (1%), Germany (1%), Ukraine (1%), Brazil (1%), Australia (1%), and Hungary (1%), while the remaining 3% are spread around approximately 98 other countries and territories with less than 0.5% each. With over 7 million Jews, Israel is the ''only'' ~~Jewish~~Jew's-~~majority~~dominated country and the only [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|~~explicitly~~explicit ~~Jewish~~Judaic state]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Israel's Population Crosses 9 Million Mark! |date=10 May 2019 |url=https://unitedwithisrael.org/israels-population-crosses-9-million-mark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512121520/https://unitedwithisrael.org/israels-population-crosses-9-million-mark/ |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |publisher=United With Israel}}</ref>

In 1939, the core Jewish population reached its historical peak of 16.6 million. Almost half ~~the~~off ~~Jewish population~~Jewry lived in America and Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |title= From World-Wide People to First World People |url=

https://www.brandeis.edu/hornstein/sarna/contemporaryjewishlife/From%20World-Wide%20People%20to%20First%20World%20People.pdf |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref> Due to the murder of approximately six million Jews during the [[Holocaust]], this number was reduced to 11 million by 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Jewish Population - Latest Statistics |url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm |access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407202909/http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=pewresearch.org>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2015 |title=The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/ |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401012738/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chart: The decline of Europe's Jewish population |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/09/chart-the-decline-of-europes-jewish-population/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822080433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/02/09/chart-the-decline-of-europes-jewish-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The population grew to around 13 million by the 1970s and then recorded almost no growth until around 2005, due to low [[fertility rate]]s and [[Jewish assimilation|assimilation of Jews]].<ref name=pewresearch.org/> From 2005 to 2018, the world's Jewish population grew 0.63% annually on average, while world population overall grew 1.1% annually in the same period.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=DellaPergola |first=Sergio |author-link=Sergio Della Pergola |chapter=World Jewish Population, 2018 |date=2019 |title=American Jewish Year Book 2018 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_8/tables/13 |language=en |volume=118 |pages=361–449 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-03907-3_8 |isbn=978-3-030-03906-6 |s2cid=146549764}}</ref> This increase primarily reflected the rapid growth of [[Haredi]] and some [[Orthodox Jews|Orthodox]] sectors, who remain a growing proportion of Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2013 |title=Haredi Orthodox account for bulk of Jewish population growth in New York City - Nation |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/haredi_orthodox_account_for_bulk_of_jewish_population_growth_in_new_york_ci |access-date=14 February 2015 |website=Jewish Journal |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225023526/http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/haredi_orthodox_account_for_bulk_of_jewish_population_growth_in_new_york_ci |url-status=live }}</ref>

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===Israel===

Recent Jewish population dynamics are characterized by continued steady increase in the Israeli Jewish population and flat or declining numbers in other countries (the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]]). Jewish immigration to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 [[Tanzimat]] reforms; between 1840 and 1880, Palestinian Jewry rose from 9,000 to 23,000.<ref name=Salmon>{{cite journal | last=Salmon | first=Yosef | title=Ideology and Reality in the Bilu "Aliyah" | journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies | publisher=[President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute] | volume=2 | issue=4 | year=1978 | issn=0363-5570 | jstor=41035804 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035804 | access-date=2023-02-03|page=431|quote=Jewish influx into Palestine. Between 1880 and 1907, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from 23,000 to 80,000. Most of the community resided in Jerusalem, which already had a Jewish majority at the beginning of the influx. [Footnote: Mordecai Elia, Ahavar Tziyon ve-Kolel Hod (Tel Aviv, 1971), appendix A. Between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish settlement in Palestine grew in numbers from 9,000 to 23,000.] The First Aliyah accounted for only a few thousand of the new-comers, and the number of the Biluim among them was no more than a few dozen. Jewish immigration to Palestine had begun to swell in the 1840s, following the liberalization of Ottoman domestic policy (the Tanzimat Reforms) and as a result of the protection extended to immigrants by the European consulates set up at the time in Jerusalem and Jaffa. The majority of immigrants came from Eastern and Central Europe - the Russian Empire, Romania, and Hungary - and were not inspired by modern Zionist ideology. Many were motivated by a blend of traditional ideology (e.g., belief in the sanctity of the land of Israel and in the redemption of the Jewish people through the return to Zion) and practical considerations (e.g., desire to escape the worsening conditions in their lands of origin and to improve their lot in Palestine). The proto-Zionist ideas which had already crystallized in Western Europe during the late 1850s and early 1860s were gaining currency in Eastern Europe.}}</ref> In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|population of Palestine]].<ref>The estimated 24,000 Jews in Palestine in 1882 represented just 0.3% of the world's Jewish population: see On, Raphael R. Bar. "ISRAEL'S NEXT CENSUS OF POPULATION AS A SOURCE OF DATA ON JEWS." Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות ה (1969): 31*-41*. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23524099.</ref><ref name="Mendel2014">{{cite book|last=Mendel|first=Yonatan|title=The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=5 October 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-33737-5|pages=188|quote=Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, Israel/Palestine, Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124.}}</ref> Through the first five phases of [[Aliyah]], the Jewish population rose to 630,000 by the inception of the state of Israel in 1948. By 2014 this had risen to 6,135,000,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaakov Levi |title=Israel Population Now 8.3 Million - 75% Are Jewish |date=5 May 2014 |url=http://www.imemc.org/article/67716 |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Israel National News |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907052737/http://www.imemc.org/article/67716 |url-status=live }}</ref> while the population of the diaspora has dropped from 10.5 to 8.1 million over the same period.<ref name=":3">{{Citation |last=DellaPergola |first=Sergio |author-link=Sergio Della Pergola |title=American Jewish Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |volume=115 |pages=273–364 |editor-last=Dashefsky |editor-first=Arnold |editor-link=Arnold Dashefsky |chapter=World Jewish Population, 2015 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7 |isbn=9783319245034 |editor2-last=Sheskin |editor2-first=Ira M.}}</ref> Current [[Demographics of Israel|Israeli Jewish demographics]] are characterized by a relatively high fertility rate of 3 children per woman and a stable age distribution.<ref name=CBS_fertility>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2012 |title=Fertility Rates, by Age and Religion |url=http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=%2Fshnaton%2Fshnatone_new.htm&CYear=2013&Vol=64&CSubject=30&sa=Continue |access-date=6 September 2013 |website=Statistical Abstract of Israel |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105104614/http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=%2Fshnaton%2Fshnatone_new.htm&CYear=2013&Vol=64&CSubject=30&sa=Continue |url-status=live }}</ref> The overall growth rate of Jews in Israel is 1.7% annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data: Arab Growth Slows, Still Higher than Jewish Rate |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164179 |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Israel National News |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113031/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/164179 |url-status=live }}</ref> The diaspora countries, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.<ref name=:3/>

Immigration trends also favour Israel ahead of diaspora countries. ~~The Jewish state~~Israel has a positive immigration balance (called [[aliyah]] in Hebrew). Israel saw ~~its~~it's ~~Jewish~~Judaic numbers significantly buoyed by a million-strong wave of Jewish immigrants from the former [[Soviet Union]] in the 1990s,<ref name=bjpa>[http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105203728/http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 |date=5 November 2013 }} - Mark Tolts.</ref> and immigration growth has been steady (in the low tens of thousands) since then.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration to Israel by Year |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Immigration_to_Israel.html |access-date=6 September 2014 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112043226/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Immigration_to_Israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rest of the world===

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The above table represents Jews that number at least a few dozen per country. Reports exist of Jewish communities remaining in other territories in the low single digits that are on the verge of disappearing, particularly in the Muslim world, as their reaction to the birth of Israel in 1948 was the persecution of Jews in nearly all Muslim lands; these are often of historical interest as they represent the remnant of much larger Jewish populations. For example, Egypt had a [[Egyptian Jews|Jewish community]] of 80,000 in the early 20th century that numbered fewer than 40 as of 2014, mainly because of the forced expulsion movements to Israel and other countries at that time.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 March 2014|title=Egypt's Jewish community buries deputy leader|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/egypt-jewish-community-buries-deputy-leader-201431295947206212.html|access-date=17 July 2015|work=Al Jazeera|archive-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722014416/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/egypt-jewish-community-buries-deputy-leader-201431295947206212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite a 2,000-year history of Jewish presence, there are no longer any known Jews living in Afghanistan, as its last Jewish residents [[Zablon Simintov]] and Tova Moradi, fled the country in September<ref>{{cite web|last1=Donati|first1=Jessica|last2=Harooni|first2=Mirwais|date=12 November 2013|title=Last Jew in Afghanistan faces ruin as kebabs fail to sell|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-jews-idUSBRE9AB0A120131112|access-date=17 July 2015|work=Reuters|archive-date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113071210/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-jews-idUSBRE9AB0A120131112|url-status=live}}</ref> and October 2021,<ref name="The Jerusalem Post 2021 l437">{{cite web|last=Gab|first=Ben Zion | title='Last Jew in Afghanistan' loses title to hidden Jewish family | website= The Jerusalem Post | date=2021-11-03 | url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/not-the-last-jew-in-afghanistan-after-all-683879 | access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref><ref name="Zion Press 2021 x966">{{cite web | last1=Zion | first1=Ilan Ben | last2=Press | first2=Llazar Semini Associated | title=Woman now thought to be Afghanistan's last Jew flees country | website=Independent.ie | date=2021-10-29 | url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/woman-now-thought-to-be-afghanistans-last-jew-flees-country/40996142.html | access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> respectively.

In Syria, another [[Syrian Jews|ancient ~~Jewish community~~Jewry]] saw mass exodus at the end of the 20th century and numbered fewer than 20 in the midst of the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Syria|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Syria.html|access-date=17 July 2015|work=Jewish Virtual Library|archive-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717035309/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Syria.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The size of the ~~Jewish community~~Jewry in [[Indonesia]] has been variously given as 65, 100, or 18 at most over the last 50 years.<ref>CIA World Fact Book</ref><ref>Levenda 2007, pp. 188.</ref> In [[Yemen]] due to the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)|ongoing civil war]], the [[Yemenite Jews]] have faced persecution by the [[Houthi movement|~~Houthis~~Houthi Movement]], who have demanded they convert to Islam or face mandatory expulsion from the country. The Israeli military has conducted operations evacuating the population and moving them to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/21/israel-airlifts-19-of-last-remaining-yemeni-jews|title=Israel airlifts 19 of last remaining Yemeni Jews|work=The Guardian|date=March 21, 2016|access-date=July 4, 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705172911/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/21/israel-airlifts-19-of-last-remaining-yemeni-jews|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 March 2021, 13 Jews were forced by the Houthis to leave Yemen, leaving the last four elderly Jews in Yemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/03/houthis-deport-some-yemens-last-remaining-jews|title=Houthis deport some of Yemen's last remaining Jews|work=Al-Monitor|first=Rina|last=Bassist|date=March 29, 2021|access-date=July 2, 2021|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618102852/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/03/houthis-deport-some-yemens-last-remaining-jews|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486|title=Almost all remaining Jews in Yemen deported - Saudi media|work=The Jerusalem Post|first=Tzvi|last=Joffre|date=March 29, 2021|access-date=July 2, 2021|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520051734/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/almost-all-remaining-jews-in-yemen-deported-saudi-media-663486|url-status=live}}</ref> According to one report there are six Jews left in Yemen: one woman, her brother, three others, and Levi Salem Marahbi (who had been imprisoned for helping smuggle a Torah scroll out of Yemen).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-13-yemeni-jews-leave-pro-iran-region-for-cairo-nations-community-down-to-6/|title=As 13 Yemeni Jews leave pro-Iran region for Cairo, community of 50,000 down to 6|work=The Times of Israel|first=Aaron|last=Boxerman|date=March 30, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701235225/https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-13-yemeni-jews-leave-pro-iran-region-for-cairo-nations-community-down-to-6/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==