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{{Jews and Judaism sidebar}}
'''Jews''' ({{lang-he|יְהוּדִים}}, {{small|[[ISO 259#ISO 259-2|ISO 259-2]]:}} {{transliteration|he|''Yehudim''}}, {{small|[[Modern Hebrew|Israeli pronunciation]]:}} {{IPA-he|jehuˈdim|}}) or '''Jewish people''' are, in the broad sense,<ref name=Britannica/> an [[ethnoreligious group]], [[nation]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnos]] pertaining to [[Judaism]],<ref name="Nicholson20022">{{cite book |author=M. Nicholson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvI8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=International Relations: A Concise Introduction |publisher=NYU Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8147-5822-9 |pages=19–}} "The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"</ref><ref name="Dowty19982">{{cite book |author=Alan Dowty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vL8r4U1FKSQC&pg=PA3 |title=The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-92706-3 |pages=3–}} "Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"</ref> an [[ethnic religion]] and cultural body originating amongfrom the ancient [[Israelites]]<ref name="Scheindlin19982">{{cite book |author=Raymond P. Scheindlin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C&pg=PA1 |title=A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-513941-9 |pages=1–}} Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"</ref><ref name="Incorporated20092">{{cite book |author=Facts On File, Incorporated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA337 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0 |pages=337–}}"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"</ref><ref name="MD20122">{{cite book |author=Harry Ostrer MD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PT26 |title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-997638-6 |pages=26–}}</ref> and [[Hebrews]].<ref name=Britannica>{{Cite web |title=Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jew-people |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hebrew | people | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hebrew |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Cline |first=Eric H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54913803 |title=Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-472-11313-5 |location=Ann Arbor |pages=33 |oclc=54913803 |quote=Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews |author-link=Eric H. Cline}}</ref> of historical [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Israel and Judah]]. Jewish ethnicity, religionnationhood, and communityreligion are strongly interrelated,<ref name="Lederhendler20012">{{cite book |author=Eli Lederhendler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvahJv83AgC&pg=PA101 |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-534896-5 |pages=101–}} "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"</ref><ref name="Yee20052">{{cite book |author=Tet-Lim N. Yee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4OwXhMOn5cC&pg=PA102 |title=Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-139-44411-8 |pages=102–}} "This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible."</ref> and both followers ofas [[Judaism]] and individuals born intois the community,[[ethnic but not practitionersreligion]] of the religionJewish people, canalthough alsoits beobservance referredvaries tofrom asstrict Jewsto none.<ref name="KrauszTulea2">{{cite book |author1=Ernest Krausz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90 |title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997] |author2=Gitta Tulea |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1 |pages=90–}} "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"</ref><ref name="Pew2">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1 October 2013 |title=A Portrait of Jewish Americans |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/ |website=Pew Research Center |quote=But the survey also suggests that Jewish identity is changing in America, where one-in-five Jews (22%) now describe themselves as having no religion.}}</ref>
Jews trace their origins to the [[Israelites]], a people that emerged from within the Canaanite population to establish the [[Iron Age]] kingdoms of [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Israel and Judah]].<ref name="John Day pp. 47">[[John Day (Old Testament scholar)|John Day]] (2005), ''In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel'', Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 [48] 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'.</ref> Modern Judaism emerged from [[Yahwism]], the religion of the Israelites, by the late 6th century BCE,<ref name="MINDELL2009">{{cite book|author=David P Mindell|title=The Evolving World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8kA6eaz7hsC&pg=PA224 |year= 2009 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04108-0|page=224}}</ref> with a theology considered by religious Jews to be the expression of a [[Mosaic covenant|covenant]] with [[God in Judaism|God]] established with the Israelites, their ancestors.<ref name="Knowledge Resources: Judaism">{{cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |title=Knowledge Resources: Judaism |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827210045/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/traditions/judaism |archive-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Babylonian captivity]] of Judahites following their [[Kingdom of Judah|kingdom's]] destruction,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Albertz|first=Rainer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&pg=PA45|title=Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.|date=2003|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-055-4|language=en|pages=45ff|quote=Since the exilic era constitutes a gaping hole in the historical narrative of the Bible, historical reconstruction of this era faces almost insurmountable difficulties. Like the premonarchic period and the late Persian period, the exilic period, though set in the bright light of Ancient Near Eastern history, remains historically obscure. Since there are very few Israelite sources, the only recourse is to try to cast some light on this darkness from the history of the surrounding empires under whose dominion Israel came in this period.}}</ref> the movement of Jewish groups around the Mediterranean in the [[Hellenic period]], and subsequent periods of violent dispersion, such as under the Romans, gave rise to the [[Jewish diaspora]], a wide dispersion of Jewish communities across the world that maintained their sense of [[Jewish history]], [[Jewish identity|identity]] and [[Jewish culture|culture]].<ref>
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