Jinan: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{Infobox settlement

| name = Jinan

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| population_total = 9,202,432

| population_as_of = 2020 census

| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/shandong/admin/|title=China: Shāndōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303113532/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/shandong/admin/|url-status=live}}</ref>

| population_density_km2 = auto

| population_urban = 8,352,574

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| population_blank2 =

| population_note =

| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shandong Statistical Yearbook-2016|url=http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/tjnj/nj2016/indexch.htm|website=www.stats-sd.gov.cn|access-date=28 February 2024|archive-date=5 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505054752/http://www.stats-sd.gov.cn/tjnj/nj2016/indexch.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[Sub-provincial city]]

| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 785.6 trillion [[US$]] 118.7 billion

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}}

'''Jinan'''{{efn|{{Lang-zh|s=济南|p=Jǐnán}}; [[Postal Map Romanization|alternately]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as '''Tsinan'''{{efn|In addition to the names in [[#Infobox|the infobox above]], Jinan has also been romanized as '''Tse-nan'''.<ref>"China" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 9th ed., 1878.</ref>}}}} is the ~~[[Capital (political)|~~capital]] of [[Shandong]] province in [[East China|Eastern China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions-Shandong|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43600.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|year=2001|access-date=April 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619213427/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43600.htm|archive-date=June 19, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> With a population of 9.2 million, it is one of the largest cities in Shandong in terms of population. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub.<ref name="hktdc"/> The city has held [[Sub-provincial city|sub-provincial]] administrative status since 1994.<ref name="hktdc">{{cite web

|url=http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/Jinan-Shandong-City-Information/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X09W9EV.htm

|title=Jinan (Shandong) City Information

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|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |publisher=豆丁网 |date=February 19, 1995 |access-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> Jinan is often called the "City of Springs" for its famous 72 [[Artesian aquifer|artesian]] springs.<ref name=spr>{{cite web|url=http://news.163.com/09/0914/09/5J5OKPRJ000120GR.html|script-title=zh:济南新72名泉评定前后 |work=[[163.com]] news |access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603115445/http://news.163.com/09/0914/09/5J5OKPRJ000120GR.html|archive-date=June 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Jinan is one of the top 35 cities in the world for scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122050201/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is home to [[List of universities and colleges in Shandong|several major universities]], including [[Shandong University|~~Shangdong~~Shandong]], [[Shandong Normal University|Shandong Normal]], [[Shandong Jianzhu University|Shandong Jianzhu]], [[University of Jinan]], [[Qilu University of Technology]], [[Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] and [[Shandong University of Finance and Economics]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2021 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Jinan |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=jinan |access-date=October 31, 2021 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031051236/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?city=jinan |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably, [[Shandong University]] is one of [[List of universities in China|China's most prestigious universities]] as a member of the [[Double First-Class Construction]]. The city is rated Beta- (Global second-tier city) by the biannual [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GAWC]] ratings in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|access-date=June 21, 2021|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Names ==

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During the times of the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE – 220 CE), Jinan was the capital of the feudatory [[Kingdom of Jibei]] ({{zh|t={{linktext|濟|北|國}}}}) and evolved into the cultural and economic hub of the region. The [[Tomb of the Jibei King|Han dynasty tomb]] where the last king of Jibei, Liu Kuan ({{zh|labels=no|s={{linktext|刘|宽}} |t={{linktext|劉|寬}} |p=Liú Kuān}}), was buried at Shuangru Mountain  was excavated by archaeologists from [[Shandong University]] in 1995 and 1996.<ref name="multiple1">{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2007-09/18/content_11176999.htm|script-title=zh:《第五批重点文物保护单位：汉济北王墓(古墓葬)》|access-date=October 3, 2009|script-work=zh:中国文明网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002182732/http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2007-09/18/content_11176999.htm|archive-date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 2000 artifacts such as jade swords, jade masks, and jade pillows have been recovered within the 1,500 square meter excavation site, emphasizing the wealth of the city during the period.<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://www.dzwww.com/qiluwanbao/qilujinzhoumo/200212130655.htm|script-title=zh:《济北王墓：一个诸侯王的身后事》|access-date=October 3, 2009|author=Liu Guolin ({{lang|zh-hans|刘国林}}) |script-website=zh:大众网|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903113226/http://www.dzwww.com/qiluwanbao/qilujinzhoumo/200212130655.htm|archive-date=September 3, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cao Cao]] (155 – 220 CE) was an official in Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of the Han dynasty.<ref>de Crespigny, p.39</ref> His son, [[Cao Pi]], overthrew the last emperor of the [[Han dynasty|Han]] and founded the [[Cao Wei|Wei Kingdom]] (220 – 265 CE) of the [[Three Kingdoms ~~Period~~period]].

Beginning in the 5th century CE, [[Buddhism]] flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple ({{zh|labels=no |c={{linktext|朗|公|寺}} |p=Lǎnggōng Sì}}, later renamed Shentong Temple, ({{zh|labels=no |c={{linktext|神|通|寺}} |p=Shéntōng Sì}}, and now in ruins) in the southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive construction of Buddhist sites in the southern counties of [[Licheng District, Jinan|Licheng]] and [[Changqing District|Changqing]] such as the [[Lingyan Temple (Jinan)|Lingyan Temple]] and the [[Thousand-Buddha Cliff]]. In particular, a large number of cave temples were established in the hills south of Jinan.<ref name="eb"/>

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|Dec snow days = 2.1

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-cn |access-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CMA old">

{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=May 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=September 21, 2013

}}</ref><ref> {{cite web

|url = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps

|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)

|publisher = = [[China Meteorological Administration]]

| language = zh
| access-date = 2023-04-11

|title = Experience Template

|archive-date = 4 April 2023

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps

|url-status = live

}}</ref>

}}

~~===Air quality===~~

~~{{See also|2013 Eastern China smog}}~~

According to the National Environmental Analysis released by [[Tsinghua University]] and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Jinan is one of ten most air polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air polluted cities are in China, including [[Taiyuan]], [[Beijing]], [[Urumqi]], [[Lanzhou]], [[Chongqing]], Jinan and [[Shijiazhuang]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Weather & Extreme Events: 7 of 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities Are in China|url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/7-of-10-most-air-polluted-cities-china-130116.htm|access-date=September 1, 2014|work=January 16, 2013|agency=news.discovery.com|publisher=Imaginechina/Corbis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908214144/http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/7-of-10-most-air-polluted-cities-china-130116.htm|archive-date=September 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, several northern cities are among the most polluted cities and have some of the worst air quality in China. Reporting on China's air quality has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Jinan is among China's 10 most polluted cities, and is the only Shandong city to be on this list. Other cities on the blacklist includes major Chinese cities like [[Beijing]], [[Shijiazhuang]], [[Zhengzhou]], and 6 other prefectural cities all in [[Hebei]] Province.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bildner |first1=Eli |title=Interactive Maps of China's Most–and Least–Polluted Places |url=http://newsmotion.org/feed-story/interactive-maps-china%E2%80%99s-most%E2%80%93and-least%E2%80%93polluted-places |access-date=September 1, 2014 |work=Global Voices China |agency=newsmotion.org |date=February 27, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903071400/http://newsmotion.org/feed-story/interactive-maps-china%E2%80%99s-most%E2%80%93and-least%E2%80%93polluted-places |archive-date= September 3, 2014 }}</ref> These cities are all situated in traditional geographic subdivision of "Huabei ([[North China]]) Region".

A dense wave of smog began in the [[Central China|Central]] and [[East China|Eastern]] part of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around {{convert|1200|km}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82535 |title=Smog Shrouds Eastern China |publisher=Earth Observatory |date=December 10, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324172215/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82535 |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> including Jinan and surrounding Shandong area. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving [[air mass]]es carrying industrial emissions, collected [[air pollution|airborne pollutants]] to form a thick layer of smog over the region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Smog and fog hit east, north China|url=http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013-12/06/content_30814209.htm|access-date=May 15, 2014|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=December 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206153436/http://china.org.cn/environment/2013-12/06/content_30814209.htm|archive-date=December 6, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and [[coal]]-powered [[district heating]] system in [[North China]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-12/07/c_118458506.htm|script-title=zh:三问今冬十面"霾"伏|script-work=zh:人民日报海外版 |trans-work=[[People's Daily]] overseas version |via=[[Xinhua]] |date=December 7, 2013 |access-date=September 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222103923/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-12/07/c_118458506.htm|archive-date=December 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly [[sulfur dioxide|SO2]]) towards China's east coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/newsdesk/energy/data/map-shanghais-charts-air-pollution |title=Map: Shanghai's off the charts air pollution |publisher=Greenpeace |date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307155938/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/newsdesk/energy/data/map-shanghais-charts-air-pollution |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==

Line 413 ⟶ 412:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|历下区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Lìxià Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|~~لِﺷﯿَا~~لِثِیَا ~~ﺛُﻮْ~~ٿِیُوِ}}

| align="center" |754,136

| align="center" |101.18

Line 421 ⟶ 420:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|市中区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Shìzhōng Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|~~شِذْﻮ~~شِجْو ~~ﺛُﻮْ~~ٿِیُوِ}}

| align="center" |713,581

| align="center" |281.49

Line 429 ⟶ 428:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|槐荫区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Huáiyìn Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|~~ﺧُﻮَىْىٍ~~خُوَیْءٍ ~~ﺛُﻮْ~~ٿِیُوِ}}

| align="center" |476,811

| align="center" |151.61

Line 437 ⟶ 436:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|天桥区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Tiānqiáo Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|تِیًاٿِیَوْ ٿِیُوِ}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |688,415

| align="center" |258.97

Line 447 ⟶ 446:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|历城区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Lìchéng Qū}}

| align="~~left~~center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|لِچٍْ ٿِیُوِ}}

| align="center" |1,124,306

| align="center" |1301.21

Line 455 ⟶ 454:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|长清区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Chángqīng Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|چَانْٿٍْ ٿِیُوِ}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |578,740

| align="center" |1208.59

Line 463 ⟶ 462:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|济阳区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Jǐyáng Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|ݣِیَانْ ٿِیُوِ}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |517,948

| align="center" |1098.81

Line 473 ⟶ 472:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh|章丘区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Zhāngqiū Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|جَانْٿِیُوْ ٿِیُوِ}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |1,064,210

| align="center" |1719.09

Line 481 ⟶ 480:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh|莱芜区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Láiwú Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|لَیْوُ ٿِیُوِ}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |989,535

| align="center" |1739.61

Line 489 ⟶ 488:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|钢城区}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Gāngchéng Qū}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|قَانْچٍْ ٿِیُوِ}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |308,994

| align="center" |506.42

Line 499 ⟶ 498:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|平阴县}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Píngyīn Xiàn}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|پِیٍٔءٍ ثِیًا}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |331,712

| align="center" |715.06

Line 507 ⟶ 506:

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-hans|商河县}}

| align="left" |{{transliteration|zh|Shānghé Xiàn}}

| align="center" |{{lang|zh-Arab|شَانْحَ ثِیًا}}

~~| align="left" |~~

| align="center" |564,125

| align="center" |1162.40

Line 515 ⟶ 514:

==Economy==

[[File:Shizhong, Jinan, Shandong, China - panoramio (20).jpg|thumb|~~280x280px~~223x223px|View of [[Shizhong District, Jinan|Shizhong District]]]]

[[File:Qianfoshanpark.jpg|thumb|right|Skyline seen from the [[Thousand Buddha Mountain]]]]

Line 529 ⟶ 528:

==Demographics==

As of the [[2020 Chinese census]], its total population (including [[Laiwu City]] merged recently) was 9,202,432 inhabitants and its built-up (''or metro'') area made of 6 out of 10 urban districts ([[Jiyang District, Jinan|Jiyang]], [[Zhangqiu District|Zhangqiu]], [[Laiwu District|Laiwu]] and [[Gangcheng District|Gangcheng]] not yet conurbated) was home to 5,452,335 inhabitants, most of them with Han ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=济南市统计局统计公报济南市第七次全国人口普查公报 |url=http://jntj.jinan.gov.cn/art/2021/6/16/art_18254_4742896.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=jntj.jinan.gov.cn}}</ref>

==Shopping centers==

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[[File:Beiyuan Station Jinan Metro 20221022 04.jpg|thumb|Beiyuan Station on the [[Jinan Metro]]]]

Started by construction in 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.e23.cn/content/2013-12-29/2013C2900252.html|script-title=zh:20131229济南新闻济南轨道交通市域快线建设启动|author=田艳敏|access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041530/http://news.e23.cn/content/2013-12-29/2013C2900252.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jinan Metro]] opened in 2019. Currently, Lines 1, 2 and 3 are operational, and has 40 stations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=定了！济南地铁3号线12月28日正式通车|url=http://sd.ifeng.com/a/20191213/7976177_0.shtml|access-date=June 24, 2021|website=sd.ifeng.com|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212217/http://sd.ifeng.com/a/20191213/7976177_0.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Expressways===

Line 604 ⟶ 603:

==Education and research==

[[File:山东大学（中心校区）~~里的一尊孔子像~~南门（正门）.jpg|thumb|~~upright|~~Central Campus of [[Shandong University]]]]

[[File:Building of Shandong Normal University.jpg|thumb|[[Shandong Normal University]]]]

Jinan is one of the top 35 cities in the world for scientific research as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities.<ref name=":0" /> Notably, [[Shandong University]] is one of [[List of universities in China|China's most prestigious universities]] as a member of the former [[Project 985]] and the current [[Double First-Class Construction]].

Line 638 ⟶ 637:

In 2009, Jinan hosted the [[2009 National Games of China]], the premier sports event at the national level in China and the first major multi-sports event held in China after the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]]. The National Games' main venue was the [[Jinan Olympic Sports Center]].<ref name=Opening>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-10/17/content_8805502.htm 11th Chinese National Games opens in Jinan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429044735/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-10/17/content_8805502.htm |date=April 29, 2014}}. [[Xinhua News Agency]] (October 17, 2009). Retrieved on October 21, 2009.</ref>

Since 2014, Jinan has also been known as the site of ~~China’s~~China's national winter swimming festivals at [[Daming Lake]], since 2016 organized in cooperation with the [[International Winter Swimming Association]] (IWSA). In the 2019–20 season, Jinan hosted the 8th Winter Springs-swimming International Invitational.<ref>[https://iwsa.world/events/4 IWSA official website]</ref>

==Twin towns and sister cities==

Line 664 ⟶ 663:

: {{flagdeco|ETH}} [[Arba Minch]], [[Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region]], Ethiopia (September 4, 2018)

==Notable People==

*[[Yan Ping (artist)|Yan Ping]] (born 1956) - oil painter

==See also==