Journey to the Center of the Earth: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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{{shortShort description|1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne}}▼
{{Other uses|Journey to the Center of the Earth (disambiguation)}}▼
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
▲{{short description|1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne}}
▲{{Other uses|Journey to the Center of the Earth (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox book <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name = Journey to the Center of the Earth
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| followed_by = [[From the Earth to the Moon]]
}}
'''''Journey to the Center of the Earth''''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|Voyage au centre de la Terre}}), also translated with the variant titles '''''A Journey to the Centre of the Earth''''' and '''''A Journey into the Interior of the Earth''''', is a classic science fiction novel by [[Jules Verne]]. It was first published in French in 1864, then reissued in 1867 in a revised and expanded edition. Professor Otto Lidenbrock is the tale's central figure, an eccentric German scientist who believes there are [[Lava tube|volcanic tubes]] that reach to the very center of the earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their Icelandic guide Hans [[abseiling|rappel]] into Iceland's celebrated inactive volcano [[Snæfellsjökull]], then contend with many dangers, including cave-ins, subpolar tornadoes, an underground ocean, and living prehistoric creatures from the [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] eras (the 1867 revised edition inserted additional prehistoric material in Chaps. 37–39). Eventually the three explorers are spewed back to the surface by an active volcano, [[Stromboli]], located in [[southern Italy]].
The category of [[subterranean fiction]] existed well before Verne. However his novel's distinction lay in its well-researched [[Victorian era|Victorian]] science and its inventive contribution to the science-fiction subgenre of [[time travel]]—Verne's innovation was the concept of a prehistoric realm still existing in the present-day world. ''Journey'' inspired many later authors, including [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]] in his novel ''[[The Lost World (Conan Doyle novel)|The Lost World]]'', [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] in his ''[[Pellucidar]]'' series,{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} and [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] in ''[[The Hobbit]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooker |first=Mark |title=The Tolkienaeum: Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium |publisher=Llyfrawr |pages=1–12 |isbn=978-1-49975-910-5 |year=2014 }}</ref>
== Plot ==
The story begins in May 1863, at the home of Professor Otto Lidenbrock in [[Hamburg]], [[German Confederation|Germany]]. While leafing through an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic [[saga]], Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a codedcyphered note written in [[runes|runic script]] along with the name of a 16th-century Icelandic [[alchemy|alchemist]], Arne Saknussemm. When translated into English, the note reads:
{{blockquote|Go down into the crater of Snaefells Jökull, which Scartaris's shadow caresses just before the calends of July, O daring traveler, and you'll make it to the center of the earth. I've done so. Arne Saknussemm|sign=|source=}}
[[File:Snaefellsjökull.jpg|thumb|[[Snæfellsjökull]]]]
Lidenbrock departs for Iceland immediately, taking the reluctant Axel with him. After a swift trip via [[Kiel]] and [[Copenhagen]], they arrive in [[Reykjavík]]. There they hire as their guide Icelander Hans Bjelke, a Danish-speaking [[Common eider|eider]]duck hunter, then travel overland to the base of [[Snæfellsjökull]].
In late June they reach the volcano and set off into the bowels of the earth, encountering many dangers and strange phenomena. After taking a wrong turn, they run short of water and Axel nearly perishes, but Hans saves them all by tapping into a [[subterranean river]], which shoots out a stream of water that Lidenbrock and Axel name the "Hansbach" in the guide's honor.[[File:'Journey to the Center of the Earth' by Édouard Riou 03.jpg|thumb|[[Édouard Riou]]'s illustration of an [[ichthyosaurus]] (which is actually more like a [[mosasaurus]]) battling a [[plesiosaurus]].]]
Following the course of the Hansbach, the explorers descend many miles, during which, Axel accidentally gets separated from Lidenbrock and Hans and briefly gets lost in the caverns, but survives a rockslide before being found again. Eventually, the explorers reach an underground world, with an ocean (which Lidenbrock christens the Saknussemm Sea) and a vast ceiling with clouds, as well as a permanent [[Aurora]] giving light. The travelers build a raft out of semipetrified wood and set sail. WhileOn atthe seashoreline, they encountersee prehistoricthe fish such as ''[[Pterichthyodesgazelle]]-like ''Leptotherium'', (herethe called "Pterichthys") ''[[Dipteruscattle]]-like '' (referred to as "Dipterides") and giant marine reptiles from the Age ofMerycotherium'', the [[Dinosaurtapir]]s, namely an-like ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]Pachydermatous lophiodon'', and athe ''[[Plesiosaurus]]anoplotherium''. A(which lightningis storm threatensdescribed to destroybe the raft and its passengers, but instead throws them onto thea sitecompound of ana enormous fossil graveyard[[horse]], includinga bones from the ''[[Pterodactylusrhinoceros]]'', ''a [[Megatheriumcamel]]'', ''and a [[Deinotheriumhippopotamus]]), a [[Glyptodonmastodon]],'' and a [[mastodonMegatherium]] andwhile thea preserved[[Pterodactylus]] bodyflies ofin athe prehistoric mansky.
While at sea, they encounter prehistoric fish such as ''[[Pterichthyodes]]'' (here called "Pterichthys") ''[[Dipterus]]'' (referred to as "Dipterides") and giant marine reptiles from the Age of the [[Dinosaur]]s, namely an ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'' and a ''[[Plesiosaurus]]'', in which a fight between the monsters almost endangers the raft. A lightning storm threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers, but instead throws them onto the site of an enormous fossil graveyard (which Lidenbrock, at first, thinks is on the coast they'd departed from, assuming the storm blew them back the way they'd come), including bones from a ''Pterodactylus'', a ''Megatherium'', a ''[[Deinotherium]], a [[Glyptodon]],'' a mastodon, and the preserved body of a prehistoric hominid.
Lidenbrock and Axel venture into a forest featuring primitive vegetation from the [[Tertiary Period]];. inIn its depths they are stunned to find a prehistoric humanoid that is described to be more than twelve feet in height with a head that was huge and unshapely like a buffalo, a mane that is similar to a prehistoric elephant that hid most of its head, and wielding a primitive staff. It was watching over a herd of mastodons like a [[shepherd]] and surpassed the height of the known prehistoric hominids that Lidenbrock and Axel know. Fearing theythe humanoid may be hostile, theyLidenbrock and Axel leave the forest before it can see them.
Continuing to explore the coastline, the travellers find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead, but it has been blocked by a recent cave-in. The adventurers lay plans to blow the rock open with [[gun cotton]], meanwhile paddling their raft out to sea to avoid the blast. On executing this scheme, they open a bottomless pit beyond the impeding rock and are swept into it as the sea rushes down the huge open gap. After spending hours descending at breakneck speed, their raft reverses direction and rises inside a volcanic chimney that ultimately spews them into the open air. When they regain consciousness, they learn that they have been ejected from [[Stromboli]], a [[volcanic island]] located off [[Sicily]].
The trio returns to Germany, where they enjoy great acclaim; Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of the day, Axel discovers that the poles on the compass got reversed during the storm and marries his sweetheart Gräuben, and Hans returns to his peaceful, eiderduck-hunting life in [[Iceland]].
== Main characters ==
* Professor Otto LiedenbrockLidenbrock: a hot-tempered geologist at the [[Johanneum Gymnasium]] with radical ideas.
* Axel: LiedenbrockLidenbrock's nephew, a young student whose ideas are more cautious.
* Hans Bjelke: Icelandic eiderduck hunter who hires on as their guide; resourceful and imperturbable.
* Gräuben: LiedenbrockLidenbrock's goddaughter, with whom Axel is in love; from Vierlande (region southeast of Hamburg).
* Martha: LiedenbrockLidenbrock's housekeeper and cook.
== Publication notes ==
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== Adaptations ==
=== Film ===
* 1959: ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'', USA, directed by [[Henry Levin (film director)|Henry Levin]], starring [[James Mason]] and [[Pat Boone]], distributed by [[20th Century Fox]]. The film transfers Verne's beginning locale from [[Hamburg]] to [[Edinburgh]], "Professor Otto Lidenbrock" becomes "Professor Oliver Lindenbrook", and Axel becomes earth-sciences student Alec McEwan. Special effects are sometimes perfunctory, modern lizards being used to portray Verne's prehistoric creatures — [[Rhinoceros iguana]]s, for instance, are decked out in a paste-on Sail-like dorsal fin to represent ''[[Dimetrodon]]s''. The film also introduces a new subplot and two additional main characters: a female explorer ([[Arlene Dahl]]) and a villainous antagonist ([[Thayer David]]).
* 1978: ''[[Where Time Began|Viaje al centro de la Tierra]]'', Spain, directed by [[Juan Piquer Simón]], starring [[Kenneth More]] and {{Interlanguage link multi|Pep Munné|es}}. It was distributed in both the U.S. in theaters as ''[[Where Time Began]]'' and the U.K. on TV as ''The Fabulous Journey to the Centre of the Earth''.
* The surname of [[Kathy Ireland]]'s character in ''[[Alien from L.A.]]'' (1988), a film about a girl who falls through the Earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society, is Saknussemm.
* 1989: ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1989 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' took only the title and general concept from the Verne novel, offering a new storyline aimed at a teen audience. It was written by [[Debra Ricci]], [[Regina Davis]], [[Kitty Chalmers]], and [[Rusty Lemorande]], and was directed by Lemorande and [[Albert Pyun]]. It stars [[Emo Philips]], [[Paul Carafotes]], [[Jaclyn Bernstein]], [[Kathy Ireland]], [[Janet Du Plessis]], [[Nicola Cowper]], [[Lochner De Kock]], and [[Ilan Mitchell-Smith]].
* 2008: ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 theatrical film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' is a 3-D film by [[Eric Brevig]]. Cast members include [[Brendan Fraser]], [[Anita Briem]], and [[Josh Hutcherson]]. The film is a modern-day paraphrase of the 1860s original — it uses Verne's book as its inciting incident instead of Saknussemm's message, then follows the novel's overall structure with fidelity: a geology professor, his nephew, and an Icelandic guide (now a woman named "Hannah") penetrate Snaefells, discover a seashore with giant mushrooms, sail across an underground ocean inhabited by a pod of ''[[Elasmosaurus]]'', a relative of the [[plesiosaurus]], and reach the other side where they encounter a terrestrial animal from prehistory, in this case a ''[[TyrannosaurusGiganotosaurus]]'', a predatory theropod dinosaur rather than a [[mastodon]]. Ultimately the three explorers exit the heating underworld via an erupting volcano, find themselves in present-day Italy, and return to their starting point in academia.
* 2008: ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 Asylumdirect-to-video film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' was a [[direct-to-DVD]] release by [[The Asylum]], also released as ''Journey to Middle Earth'' in the United Kingdom. Starring [[Greg Evigan]] as Joseph Harnet and [[Dedee Pfeiffer]] as Emily Radford, it's a low-budget adaptation, which, as with most Asylum films, was apparently released to [[Mockbuster|draft]] off of the Eric Brevig film.
=== Television ===
* An animated television series, ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (TV series)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'', first broadcast in 1967 on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], starring the voices of [[Ted Knight]], [[Pat Harrington, Jr.]], and [[Jane Webb]]; loosely based on Verne's novel and closer to the 1959 film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journey to the Center of the Earth|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061270/combined|work=IMDb|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
* The first part of the second series of ''[[Around the World with Willy Fog]]'' entitled ''[[Willy Fog 2]]'' by Spanish studio [[BRB Internacional]] was titled "Journey to the Centre of the Earth".
* A limited animation [[A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1977 film)|television special]] in the ''[[Famous Classic Tales]]'' series was aired by [[CBS]] in 1977.
* In 1993, [[NBC]] aired a made-for-TV [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1993 film)|film version]] with a cast including [[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]], [[F. Murray Abraham]] and [[Kim Miyori]]. The film used the title and general premise of Verne's novel, but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth-penetrating machine borrowed from Burroughs.<ref name=imdb>{{cite web|title=Journey to the Center of the Earth|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107279/|work=IMDb|publisher=IMDb.com, Inc.|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
* The ''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' 1996 episode "Hot Diggety Dawg" followed the novel and featured several major scenes identifying the central character as Professor Lidenbrock.
* The 37th episode of ''[[The Triplets]]'', called ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', makes reference to this novel.
* The 1999 [[Hallmark Entertainment]] [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (miniseries)|miniseries]] starred [[Treat Williams]], [[Jeremy London]], [[Bryan Brown]], [[Tushka Bergen]], and [[Hugh Keays-Byrne]]. This version deviates massively from Verne's original.
* The 2001 animated television series ''[[Ultimate Book of Spells]]'' references the novel, as the main protagonists are sent on adventures through the centre of the earthEarth with the titular object. It was originally planned to be named after the book in general, but was changed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/news/bkn-summons-new-spells-series|title=BKN Summons New Spells Series}}</ref>
* ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 TV film)| Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' was a 2008 American-Canadian TV film from RHI Entertainment. Starring [[Rick Schroder]], [[Peter Fonda]], [[Victoria Pratt]], Steven Grayhm, and Mike Dopud, it was shot in and around Vancouver during the summer of 2007.
* The 2012 episode ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', from ''[[Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom]]'', makes reference to the novel. In it, the naughty twins Daisy and Poppy magically send Mrs. Fotheringill to the center of the earth, and it's up to Grandpapa Thistle to guide Ben, Holly and their family there on a rescue mission.
* Slim film+television and Federation Entertainment will produce an upcoming television series adaptation, developed by [[Ashley Pharoah]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Grater |first=Tom |title='Around The World In 80 Days' Gets Second Season; Producers Also Developing 'Journey To The Centre Of The Earth' Series |url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/around-the-world-in-80-days-second-season-producers-developing-journey-to-the-centre-of-the-earth-series-1234881229/ |work=Deadline |date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
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* A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by [[National Public Radio]] in 2000 for its series ''[[Radio Tales]]''.
* A 90-minute radio adaptation by [[Stephen James Walker|Stephen Walker]] directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] on 28 December 1995, and rebroadcast on [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]] on 20 November 2011, on 11 and 12 November 2012, and on 20 and 21 December 2014. [[Nicholas Le Prevost]] stars as Professor Otto Lidenbrock, [[Nathaniel Parker]] as Axel, and Oliver Senton as Hans. Kristen Millwood plays Rosemary McNab, a new character who funds and accompanies the expedition.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007jtt8 "Jules Verne- Journey to the Centre of the Earth"], BBC Radio 4 Extra, 20 November 2011.</ref>
* A two-part [[BBC Radio 4]] adaptation of ''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017. Featuring [[Stephen Critchlow]] as Professor Lidenbrock, Joel MacCormack as Axel, and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans, it was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08jk8x6 "Radio 4 relevant page"]</ref>
=== Theme park (themed areas) and rides ===
* A high speed [[dark ride]] attraction themed after the novel, [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (attraction)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]], operates at the [[Tokyo DisneySea]] theme park in [[Urayasu]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], Japan. It is located in the Verne-inspired [[Mysterious Island (Tokyo DisneySea)|Mysterious Island]] area of the park which also includes a dark ride based on ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the SeaSeas]]''.
* [[Timekeeper|Le Visionarium]] (Timekeeper), featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride (1992–2005) and [[Space Mountain: Mission 2|Space Mountain, de la Terre à la Lune]], in its original version (1995–2005), based directly on ''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]'' in Discoveryland (the hub facing part of the Land features steampunk-related theming) at [[Disneyland Park (Paris)|Euro Disneyland]] (now Disneyland Paris) between 1992 and 2005
=== Other ===
* [[Classics Illustrated]] published ''Classics Illustrated'' 138 "Journey to the Center of the Earth" with cover and illustrations by Norman Nodel in 1957.
*Video games called ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'': [[A Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1984 video game)|in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64]]; in 1989 by [[Topo Soft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0005559|title=Viaje al Centro de la Tierra - World of Spectrum|website=www.worldofspectrum.org}}</ref> for the [[ZX Spectrum]] and in 2003 by [[Frogwares]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/journey-to-the-center-of-the-earth|title=Journey to the Center of the Earth for Windows (2003) - MobyGames|website=MobyGames}}</ref>
https://dn790005.ca.archive.org/0/items/JourneyToTheCenterOfTheEarth_201902/Journey%20to%20the%20Center%20of%20the%20Earth.pdf
*A ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' game for [[Sega Genesis]] was planned but never released.<ref name="GamePro45">{{cite magazine|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:GamePro_US_045.pdf&page=110|title=CES '93 Report - Gaming On The Horizon: Genesis|magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=45|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=April 1993|pages=122–125}}</ref>▼
* Video games called ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'': [[A boardJourney gameto the adaptationCentre of the bookEarth (1984 video game)|in designed1984 by RüdigerOzisoft Dornfor wasthe releasedCommodore 64]]; in 1989 by Kosmos[[Topo Soft]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0005559|title=Viaje al Centro de la Tierra - World of Spectrum|website=www.worldofspectrum.org}}</ref> for the [[ZX Spectrum]] and in 20082003 by [[Frogwares]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boardgamegeekmobygames.com/boardgamegame/34010journey-to-the-center-of-the-earth|title=Journey to the Center of the Earth for Windows (2003) - MobyGames|website=BoardGameGeekMobyGames}}</ref>
▲* A ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' game for [[Sega Genesis]] was planned but never released.<ref name="GamePro45">{{cite magazine|url=https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:GamePro_US_045.pdf&page=110|title=CES '93 Report - Gaming On The Horizon: Genesis|magazine=[[GamePro]]|issue=45|publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]|date=April 1993|pages=122–125}}</ref>
*[[Caedmon Audio|Caedmon Records]] released an abridged recording of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' read by [[James Mason]], in the 1960s.▼
* A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/34010|title=Journey to the Center of the Earth|website=BoardGameGeek}}</ref>
*[[Tom Baker]] was the reader for a recording released by [[Argo Records (UK)|Argo Records]] in 1977.▼
▲* [[Caedmon Audio|Caedmon Records]] released an abridged recording of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' read by [[James Mason]], in the 1960s.
*[[Jon Pertwee]] was the reader for a recording released by [[Pinnacle Records]] Storyteller in 1975. ▼
▲* [[Tom Baker]] was the reader for a recording released by [[Argo Records (UK)|Argo Records]] in 1977.
*In 2011, [[Audible (store)|Audible]] released an unabridged "Signature Performance" reading of the book by [[Tim Curry]].▼
▲* [[Jon Pertwee]] was the reader for a recording released by [[Pinnacle Records]] Storyteller in 1975.
*A [[concept album]] called ''[[Journey to the Centre of the Earth (album)|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]'' by [[Rick Wakeman]] was released in 1974. It combines song, narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story.▼
▲* In 2011, [[Audible (store)|Audible]] released an unabridged "Signature Performance" reading of the book by [[Tim Curry]].
**Wakeman released a second concept album called ''[[Return to the Centre of the Earth]]'' in 1999. It tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey.▼
▲* A [[concept album]] called ''[[Journey to the Centre of the Earth (album)|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]'' by [[Rick Wakeman]] was released in 1974. It combines song, narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story.
▲** Wakeman released a second concept album called ''[[Return to the Centre of the Earth]]'' in 1999. It tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey.
* Alien Voices, an audio theater group led by [[Leonard Nimoy]] and [[John de Lancie]], released a dramatized version of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997.
* [[Christopher Lloyd]]'s character of Doctor [[Emmett Brown]], one of the two main fictional characters of the ''[[Back to the Future trilogy(franchise)|Back to the Future]]'' film series, makes numerous references to the works of Jules Verne in general, and ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' in particular.
* The 1992 adventure/role-playing game ''[[Quest for Glory III: Wages of War|Quest for Glory III]]'' by [[Sierra Entertainment]] used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information, alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm.
* The [[DC Comics]] comic book series ''[[Warlord (DC Comics)|Warlord]]'' takes place in [[Skartaris]], a land supposed to exist within a [[hollowHollow earthEarth]]. Its creator, Mike Grell, has confirmed that "the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the Earth's core in ''Journey to the Center of the Earth''."<ref name=Cronin2006>Brian Cronin, 2006, [http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2006/06/08/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-54/ "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #54!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821114145/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2006/06/08/comic-book-urban-legends-revealed-54/ |date=21 August 2014 }} (archive)</ref>
* [[Halldór Laxness]], the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize, set his novel ''Under the Glacier'' in the area of [[Snæfellsjökull]]. The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to ''A Journey to the Center of the Earth'' in connection with it.
* Norihiko Kurazono's [[Chitei Ryokou]] (地底旅行) is a [[manga]] adaptation of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' that was serialized in [[Comic Beam]] from 2015 to 2017.
== See also ==
* [[Subterranean fiction]]▼
* [[Pellucidar]]
* ''[[Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea]]''
▲* [[Subterranean fiction]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
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== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal | last=Debus | first=Allen | date=July 2007 | title=Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth | periodical=Science Fiction Studies | volume=33 | issue=3 | pages=405–20 |jstor=4241461 }}.
== External links ==
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jules-verne/journey-to-the-center-of-the-earth/f-a-malleson}}
* [http://jv.gilead.org.il/wolcott/CE-allc/ ''Journey into the Interior of the Earth''] (Malleson translation; Ward, Lock & Co., 1877) from JV.Gilead.org.il
* {{gutenbergGutenberg|no=3748|name=''A Journey into the Interior of the Earth''}} (Malleson; Ward, Lock)
* {{gutenbergGutenberg|no=18857|name=''A Journey to the Centre of the Earth''}} (Griffith and Farran, 1871) – "not a translation at all but a complete re-write of the novel"
* {{FadedPage|id=20091001|name=Journey to the Centre of the Earth}} (original French text, 1864)
* {{librivoxLibrivox book | dtitle=Journey to the Interior of the Earth |stitle=Journey to the of the Earth | author=Jules Verne}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110830211934/http://thedramapod.com/drupal/node/209 ''Journey to the Center of the Earth''] free audio book at TheDramaPod.com
* [https://archive.org/details/AJourneyToTheCenterOfTheEarth_201803/ 1963 BBC Radio serial of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth''] (audio) at the [[Internet Archive]] (archive.org)
* [https://archive.org/details/JourneyToTheCentreOfTheEarth1995/ 1995 BBC Radio adaptation of ''Journey to the Center of the Earth''] (audio) at the Internet Archive.org
* [https://archive.org/details/JourneytotheCentreoftheEarth2017/ 2017 BBC Radio ''Classic Serial'': "Journey to the Center of the Earth"] (audio) at the Internet Archive.org
{{Journey to the Center of the Earth}}
{{Verne}}
{{Subterranea}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1864 French novels]]
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▲[[Category:Novels set in Icelandsubterranea]]
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