Kadapa district: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| demographics1_title1 = Official

| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br />[[Urdu language|Urdu]]

| demographics_type2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]

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'''Kadapa district''' (officially: '''YSR district''';<ref>{{cite web |title=YSR District|url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/|access-date=2023-05-10|publisher=Kadapa district}}</ref> formerly: '''Cuddapah district'''<ref name="census" >{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/148/download/242/DH_2011_2820_PART_A_DCHB_YSR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=2023-04-11}}{{rp|2}}</ref>) is one of the twenty six districts in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. In the 2022 reorganisation of Andhra Pradesh districts, the district boundary iswas largely restricted to the Kadapa parliamentary constituency area. It is also one of the eight districts in the [[Rayalaseema]] region. [[Kadapa]] is the administrative headquarters for this district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Six districts in Andhra reel under drinking water crisis |url=httphttps://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/may/13/six-districts-in-state-reel-under-drinking-water-crisis-1976113.html |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 May 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

Barytes, Lime Stonelimestone, Asbestosasbestos and Uraniumuranium are major mineral resources of the district. The district is home to many religious and historic places of interest. [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta|Kodandarama Temple]] at Vontimetta, Chennakesava temple of [[Pushpagiri Temple Complex|Pushpagiri]], [[Siddavatam |Siddavatam Fort]] and [[Gandikota |Gandikota gorge]] are some of the famous places.

==Etymology==

[[File:YS_Rajasekhara_Reddy_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|[[YS Rajasekhara Reddy]] (YSR) Postal stamp]]

The old records of the district reveal that Kadapa was previously called ''Gadapa'' which translated in Telugu to ''threshold''. The ancient village of Kadapa with its large tank and temple of Lord Venkateswara at [[Devuni Kadapa]] was a convenient camping place for the myriads of pilgrims travelling to the holy shrine of [[Tirupati]]. On 19 August 2005, the nomenclature of “Cuddapah”"Cuddapah" had beenwas changed to “Kadapa”"Kadapa" by the Government of A.P. It was renamed as Y.S.R District during the year 2010, in honour of [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]], the former chief minister of [[United Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2010 |title=Ex-Andhra Pradesh CM YSR's native district Kadapa to be named after him |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-andhra-pradesh-cm-ysrs-native-district-kadapa-to-be-named-after-him/articleshow/6064018.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221194117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ex-Andhra-Pradesh-CM-YSRs-native-district-Kadapa-to-be-named-after-him/articleshow/6064018.cms |archive-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>

== History ==

This region was part of [[Maurya Empire]], [[Satavahana dynasty]], [[Chola dynasty]], [[Pallava dynasty]], [[Pandya dynasty]], [[Bana Kingdom]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]], [[Kakatiya dynasty]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Maratha Empire]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and [[Carnatic Sultanate]] during the course of its history upto medieval period.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=III}} Later on it was ruled as part of [[East India Company|British East India]] company.

=== Prehistory ===

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Pratapa rudra ruled the district with Warangal as the capital. Jyothi village located in [[Siddavatam]] mandal has 108 [[Lingam|Shiva linga]]s on the bank of the river Penna which are dated to the rule of Kakatiyas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/mysterious-cases-of-hindu-temples-that-will-shock-you/188898 |title=Mysterious cases of Hindu temples that will shock you |date=2016-01-18 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Speakingtree.in}}</ref>

In A.D.1309, Allah-ud-din Khilji defeated PratapaRudra and took over the region.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=IV}} In 1344, the confederation of [[Hindu kingsking]]s overthrew the Muslim rule. This led to the formation of [[Vijayanagar Empire]], who ruled the area for two centuries. [[Gandikota]] fort located on the bank of the Penna river was the citadel of [[Pemmasani Nayaks]], commanders of Vijayanagar army. After the fall of Vijayanagar kingdom, this region came under the rule of Qutub shahis, who later became part of Mughal empire.

As part of Qutub Shahi rule, Riza Quli Beg under the title of Nek naam Khan and his successors ruled the region<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267900272 |title=The Career(s) and Memory of Neknam Khan in Seventeenth-Century Deccan |date=2014-01-01 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> with certain degree of autonomy. Later Abdul Nabi Khan was appointed as the governor of the district in the year 1714. The Marathas invaded and defeated the nawabs of Kurnool and Kadapa in 1740. [[Hyder Ali]] took over Gurramkonda and Kadapa from Marathas in 1760. He appointed his brother-in-law Mir Saheb in Kadapa district. Thus Mir Saheb became son first ruler of the district. This region was transferred to Nizam by the [[Treaty of Seringapatam|treaties of Mysore and Srirangapatnam]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=IV}}

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}}</ref> Munro was appointed as principal Collector over the ceded districts. Munro subjugated over 80 Palegars, instituted revenue collection system through which he secured the finances.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=V}} The district headquarters were situated in [[Siddavatam]] but moved to [[Kadapa]] in 1812.<ref name="Siddavatam">{{cite web|url=https://aptourism.gov.in/destinations/103/siddavatam-fort|title=Siddavatam Fort|access-date=2023-05-10|publisher=AP Tourism}}</ref> On April 4th4, 2022, [[Annamayya district]] was formed from the parts of erstwhile [[YSR Kadapa district]] and others.

====Demographics====

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Kadapa district occupies an area of {{convert|11228|km2|sqmi}}.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=VI}} This district is bordered on north by [[Nandyal district]], south by [[Annamayya district]], east by [[Nellore district|SPS Nellore district]] and west by [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] and [[Anantapur district]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=VI}}

The main rivers in this district are [[Penna River|Penna]], [[Kundu River|Kundu]],[[Chitravathi River|Chitravathi]], [[Papagni River|Papagni]], and [[Sagileru]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=VIII-IX}} Vellikonda, Palakonda, Nallamalai, Lankamalai and Yerramalai are the major hill ranges in the district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=VI-VII}} The forests of Kadapa comprise fuel forests up to an elevation of 800 feet, red sanders lying between the elevation of 800 feet and 2,000 feet and Shorea Eugenia at elevations of more than 2,000 feet.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=IX}} The district has a forest cover of 28.49%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Annam |first=Bandhavi |date=2022-01-14 |title=Andhra Pradesh stands first in increasing forest cover |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/jan/14/andhra-pradesh-stands-first-in-increasing-forest-cover-2406660.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023011454/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/jan/14/andhra-pradesh-stands-first-in-increasing-forest-cover-2406660.html |archive-date=2022-10-23 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Fauna===

The [[Bonnet macaque|Bonnet monkey]] (MacacaRadiataMacaca Radiata) also known as the Madras Langur is common. Tiger and Panther can be seen in the interior areas of Nallamalas, Lankamalas, Palakonda-Seshachalam and Velikonda forests. mungoose, jackal, fox, wolves, wild dogs, bear, the Malabar squirrel, porcupine, the Indian antelope, Indian gazelle, Blue bull, sambar, deer and wild pigs are also found in the forests. Grey partridge known as Kamju, the quail, the Jungle fowl, the dove, pigeon and wild goose are the other common birds found in this district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=IX}}

===Soil===

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===Minerals===

Barytes, Lime Stone and Asbestos are the major minerals. Napa slabs, road metal, building stone, marble, are also found in the district.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=X}} [[Limestone]] is available in Yerraguntla. [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] is extracting asbestos in Brahman palli and barytes in Mangampet. Kadapa is also famous for its stone called "kadapa stone" used in building construction and for slabs especially in south India. In Tummalapalle, there are 49,000 tonnes of confirmed uranium deposits which are mined and processed locally.<ref>{{cite web | title =Tummalapalle uranium mill to start operation by March 2011 | work =Article from the Times of India | publisher =WISE Uranium Project | date =24 October 2010 | url =http://www.wise-uranium.org/upinap.html | access-date =19 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title =India: 'Massive' uranium find in Andhra Pradesh | work =BBC News – South Asia |publisher=BBC | date =19 July 2011 | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14196372 | access-date =19 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Climate===

The summer season is spread over March-MayMarch–May. This is followed by the South-West monsoon during June - September. North East monsoon season is spread over October-NovemberOctober–November. December-FebruaryDecember–February is the winter or cold season. The average annual rainfall is 572.25 &nbsp;mm. The rainfall generally increases from the North-West to the South-East. October is the month with maximum rainfall. {{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=X}}

== Demographics ==

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After reorganization,the district had a population of 20,60,654, of which 809,290 (39.27%) lived in urban areas.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=VI}} Kadapa district had a sex ratio of 985 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3,37,860 (16.40%) and 40,994 (12.9903%) of the population respectively.{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=XVIII}} Hinduism is the dominant religion with 83.02% followers followed by Islam with 15.40% followers.

{{Pie chart

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=== Mandals ===

The list of 36 mandals in YSR district, divided into 4 revenue divisions, is given below.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal {{!}} District YSR(Kadapa), Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/tehsil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004190216/https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/tehsil/ |archive-date=2023-10-04 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=YSR District |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Div col}}

# [[Badvel revenue division]]

## [[Atlur mandal|Atlur]]

## [[B. Kodur mandal|B. Kodur]]

## [[Badvel mandal|Badvel]]

## [[BramhamgariBrahmamgari Matham mandalMatam|Bramhamgari Matham]]

## [[Chapadu mandal|Chapadu]]

## [[Duvvur mandal|Duvvur]]

## [[Gopavaram mandal|Gopavaram]]

## [[Kalasapadu mandal|Kalasapadu]]

## [[Khajipet mandal|Khajipet]]

## [[Mydukur mandal|Mydukur]]

## [[Porumamilla mandal|Porumamilla]]

## [[Sri Avadhutha Kasinayana mandal|Sri Avadhutha Kasinayana]]

# [[Jammalamadugu revenue division]]

## [[Jammalamadugu mandal|Jammalamadugu]]

## [[Kondapuram, mandalKadapa district|Kondapuram]]

## [[Muddanur mandal|Muddanur]]

## [[Mylavaram mandal|Mylavaram]]

## [[Peddamudium mandal|Peddamudium]]

## [[Proddatur mandal|Proddatur]]

## [[Rajupalem, mandalKadapa district|Rajupalem]]

# [[Kadapa revenue division]]

## [[Chennur, mandalKadapa district|Chennur]]

## [[Chinthakommadinne mandal|Chinthakommadinne]]

## [[Kadapa mandal|Kadapa]]

## [[Kamalapuram mandal|Kamalapuram]]

## [[Pendlimarri mandal|Pendlimarri]]

## [[Siddavatam mandal|Siddavatam]]

## [[Vallur mandal|Vallur]]

## [[Vontimitta mandal|Vontimitta]]

## [[Yerraguntla mandal|Yerraguntla]]

# [[Pulivendula revenue division]]

## [[Chakarayapet mandal|Chakarayapet]]

## [[Lingala mandal|Lingala]]

## [[Pulivendula mandal|Pulivendula]]

## [[Simhadripuram mandal|Simhadripuram]]

## [[Thondur mandal|Thondur]]

## [[Veerapunayunipalle mandal|Veerapunayunipalle]]

## [[Vempalle mandal|Vempalle]]

## [[Vemula mandal|Vemula]]

{{Div end}}

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== Politics and government==

The district is covered by [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa]] (fully) and [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]] (partially) parliamentary constituencies. The assembly constituencies covering the district are given below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/Right%20to%20Infn.Act/annex1.htm|title=District-wise Assembly-Constituencies|work=ceoandhra.nic.in}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"

!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number

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| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]

|}

Kadapa district is considered to be a bastion of the ruling [[YSR Congress Party|YSR Congress]] party.

== Economy ==

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===Energy===

[[File:Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station.jpg|thumb|Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]]

[[Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station]] with a capacity of 1650MW is one of the biggest coal based power plant. It is atnear to [[YerraguntlaProddatur]].

=== Industries ===

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</gallery>

[[Siddavatam]] (Sidhout) at a distance of 25 Km Kadapa town is famous for its fort and temples. Matli Maharajas built the fort in A.D.1303. Hyder Ali destroyed it in 1770.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The fort is spread over an area of 30 acres and has 17 bastions. It is called the southern gate way of [[Srisailam]].<ref name="Siddavatam"/> [[Brahmamgari Matham]] (B. Mattam), is the place where SreeVeerabrahmendra Swamy, a 17th century saint and clairvoyant entered Jeevasamadhi. The annual prayer festival is held for 6 days in the month of Vysakha.

[[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta|Kodandarama Temple]] dedicated to the god [[Rama]], is located in [[Vontimitta]]. The temple is built in [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara architectural style]] and is dated to the 16th century. This inspired [[Pothana]] to compose Andhra Maha Bhagavatham. It is located at a distance of {{Convert|25|km}} from [[Kadapa]].{{Sfn|CPO|2022|p=XII-XIV}} Some of the other tourist attractions are Chennakesava temple of [[Pushpagiri Temple Complex|Pushpagiri]], Madhavaraya temple at [[Gandikota]].

[[Gandikota]] gorge was formed in the Erramala range of hills. The river Penna flows in the gorge with a width of 100 m.

== Notable people ==

* [[Vemana]] was a philosopher and poet. His poems in simple language on social, moral, satirical and mystical themes are commonly recited by Telugu people.
* [[Potuluri Veerabrahmam]], a 16th century saint and clairvoyant is known for his work ''[[Kalagnanam]]'', a book of predictions written in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference, First Session, Andhra Saraswatha Parishat, Hyderabad, May 1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhlUAAAAYAAJ|publisher=The Conference|year=1979|page=131|quote= Kalagnana is a special type of discipline very popular in Andhra Desa because of the famous Kalagnanam of Sri Potuluri Veerabrahmendhra swami written in Telugu. It forecasts many incidents which are proved to be correct by the posterity.}}</ref>
* [[Atukuri Molla]] was a poetesspoet of the 16th century. She wrote Molla Ramayanam in simple language.
* [[Charles Philip Brown]] served as district collector of Cuddapa during British rule. He took lot of interest in Telugu language, collected several manuscripts, published Vemana poems.
* [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] was born in Pulivendula. He rose to become chief minister of [[combined Andhra Pradesh]].
* [[Padmanabham (actor)|B. Padmanabham]] acted as a comedian in over 400 films spanning a career of over six decades was born in Pulivendula.

* [[Y. V. Reddy]], Former [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] Governor

== References ==