Kashgar: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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The [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)]] involved insurrection among various Muslim ethnic groups. It broke out in 1862 in [[Gansu]] then spread rapidly to [[Dzungaria]] and through the line of towns in the [[Tarim Basin]].

[[Dungan people|Dungan]] troops based in [[Yarkent County|Yarkand]] rose and in August 1864 massacred some seven thousand Chinese and their Manchu commander. The inhabitants of Kashgar, rising in their turn against their masters, invoked the aid of [[Sadik Beg]], a [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] chief, who was reinforced by [[Buzurg Khan]], the heir of [[Jahanghir Khoja]], and his general [[Yakub Beg of Yettishar|Yakub Beg]]. The latter men were dispatched at Sadik's request by the [[Alimqul|ruler of Khokand]] to raise what troops they could to aid his Muslim friends in Kashgar.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Sadik Beg soon repented of having asked for a Khoja, and eventually marched against Kashgar, which by this time had succumbed to Buzurg Khan and Yakub Beg, but was defeated and driven back to Khokand. Buzurg Khan delivered himself up to indolence and debauchery, but Yakub Beg, with singular energy and perseverance, seized control of Kashgar, [[Yangihissar]], [[Yarkent County|Yarkand]], and four other towns, Buzurg Khan proving himself totally unfit for the post of ruler. Yakub Beg subsequently proclaimed himself emir of [[Yettishar]] ({{literally|the Seven Cities}}).{{cn|date=September 2024}}

With the overthrow of Chinese rule in 1865 by Yakub Beg, the manufacturing industries of Kashgar supposedly declined.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Yakub Beg entered into relations with the [[British Empire|British]] and [[Russian Empire]]s, and signed respective treaties with each. However, he failed to receive meaningful assistance from the two [[great power]]s when he was in need of their support against the Qing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/achinesebiograp01gilegoog|title=A Chinese biographical dictionary, Volume 2|author=Herbert Allen Giles|year=1898|publisher=B. Quaritch|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/achinesebiograp01gilegoog/page/n912 894]|access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref>

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===First East Turkestan Republic===

Kashgar was the scene of continual battles from 1933 to 1934. [[Ma Shaowu]], a [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]], was the [[Tao-yin]] of Kashgar, and he fought against Uyghur rebels. He was joined by another Chinese Muslim general, [[Ma Zhancang]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}

====Battle of Kashgar (1933)====

{{main|Battle of Kashgar (1933)}}

Uyghur and Kyrgyz forces, led by the Bughra brothers and [[Tawfiq Bay]], attempted to take the New City of Kashgar from Chinese Muslim troops under General [[Ma Zhancang]]. They were defeated.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Tawfiq Bey, a Syrian Arab traveller, who held the title ''Sayyid'' (descendant of [[Muhammed]]) and arrived at Kashgar on 26 August 1933, was shot in the stomach by the Chinese Muslim troops in September. Previously Ma Zhancang arranged to have the Uyghur leader [[Timur Beg]] killed and beheaded on 9 August 1933, displaying his head outside of [[Id Kah Mosque]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}

[[Han Chinese]] troops commanded by Brigadier Yang were absorbed into [[Ma Zhancang]]'s army. A number of Han Chinese officers were spotted wearing the green uniforms of Ma Zhancang's unit of the 36th division; presumably they had converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=brigadier+yang+ma+daughter&pg=PA95|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=288|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>