Kiribati: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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| GDP_nominal_year = 2023

| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,989<ref name="autogenerated3"/>

| Gini = 27.8<!--number only-->

| Gini_year = 2019

| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->

| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

| Gini_ref =

| Gini_rank =

| HDI = 0.628 <!--number only-->

| HDI_year = 2022

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In French, the Northern Islands were until then called {{lang|fr|îles Mulgrave}} and [[Nikunau|Byron Island]] was not part of them. In English, the archipelago, particularly the southern part, was often referred to as the ''Kingsmills'' in the 19th century, although the name ''Gilbert Islands'' was used increasingly, including in the [[British Western Pacific Territories|Western Pacific Order in Council]] of 1877 and in the Pacific Order of 1893.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pacific Order, 1893 |url=http://www.paclii.org/sb/legis/sb-uk_act/po189395.rtf |publisher=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute |access-date=23 July 2020 |year=1893}}</ref>

The name ''Gilbert'', already in the name of the British protectorate since 1892, was incorporated into the name of the entire [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony]] (GEIC) from 1916 and was retained after the Ellice Islands became the separate country of [[Tuvalu]] in 1976. The spelling of Gilberts in the Gilbertese language as {{lang|gil|Kiribati}} may be found in books in Gilbertese prepared by [[missionaries]], but with the meaning of Gilbertese ([[demonym]] and language) (see e.g., Hawaiian Board of Missionaries, 1895).{{sfn|HBM|1895}} The first mention as a dictionary entry of the word ''Kiribati'' as the native name of the country was written down in 1952 by [[Ernest Sabatier]] in his comprehensive {{lang|fr|Dictionnaire gilbertin–français}}.{{Citation needed |date=October 2023 }}

The indigenous name often suggested for the Gilbert Islands proper is {{lang|gil|Tungaru}} (see e.g., [[Ernest Sabatier]], 1952–1953, or [[Arthur Grimble]], 1989{{sfn|Grimble|1989}}). The rendition ''Kiribati'' for Gilberts was chosen as the official name of the new independent state by the chief minister, Sir [[Ieremia Tabai]] and his [[cabinet of Kiribati|cabinet]], on such grounds that it was modern,<ref name=cind/> and to comprehend the inclusion of outer islands (e.g., [[Phoenix Islands|the Phoenix Group]] and Line Islands), which were not considered part of the Tungaru (or Gilberts) chain.{{sfn|Sabatier|1954}}{{NoteTag|{{harvp|Sabatier|1954}} says that ''Kiribati'' is already the meaning for all the Gilberts District of GEIC.}}<ref name="auto1"/>

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The Gilbert Islands gained independence as the Republic of Kiribati on 12 July 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/oceania/ki.htm|title=Kiribati Map and Information, Map of Kiribati, Facts, Figures and Geography of Kiribati -Worldatlas.com |website=worldatlas.com|language=en|access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref> Then, in September, the United States relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited [[Phoenix Islands|Phoenix]] and Line Islands, in a 1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati ([[Treaty of Tarawa|ratified in 1983]]).<ref>Kiribati was then granted sovereignty on [[Canton Island]], [[Enderbury Island]], Birnie Island, Mckean Island, Rawaki, Manra, Orona, and Nikumaroro from the Phoenix Islands; and [[Teraina]], [[Tabuaeran]], [[Kiritimati]], Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Caroline Islands, Vostok Islands and Flint Island from the Line Islands.</ref> Although the indigenous [[Gilbertese language|Gilbertese]] name for the Gilbert Islands proper is "Tungaru", the new state chose the name "Kiribati", the Gilbertese spelling of "Gilberts", because it was more modern and as an equivalent of the former colony to acknowledge the inclusion of Banaba, the Line Islands, and the [[Phoenix Islands]]. The last two archipelagoes were never initially occupied by Gilbertese until the British authorities, and later the Republic Government, resettled Gilbertese there under resettlement schemes.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last= Maude |first= H. E. |year= 1952 |title= The colonisation of the Phoenix Islands |journal= Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume= 61 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 62–89 |url= http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_61_1952/Volume_61,_No._1_%2B_2/The_colonization_of_the_Phoenix_Islands,_by_H._E._Maude,_p_62-89/p1 |access-date= 27 February 2015 |archive-date= 14 November 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221114130302/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_61_1952/Volume_61,_No._1_+_2/The_colonization_of_the_Phoenix_Islands,_by_H._E._Maude,_p_62-89/p1 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 1982, the first [[1982 Kiribati parliamentary election|elections since independence]] were held. A no-confidence vote provoked the [[1983 Kiribati parliamentary election|1983 new election]]. In the post-independence era, [[overcrowding]] has been an issue, at least in British and aid organisations' eyes. In 1988, an announcement was made that 4,700 residents of the main island group would be resettled onto less populated islands. In September 1994, [[Teburoro Tito]] from the opposition was elected president.<ref>{{Cite book |last=East |first=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VO4AwAAQBAJ&dq=Teburoro+Tito+25+August+1953&pg=PA274 |title=Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders |last2=Thomas |first2=Richard J. |date=2014-06-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-63940-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1995, Kiribati unilaterally moved the [[internationalInternational dateDate lineLine]] far to the east to encompass the Line Islands group, so that the country would no longer be divided by the date line. The move, which fulfilled one of President Tito's campaign promises, was intended to allow businesses across the expansive territory to keep the same business week. This also enabled Kiribati to become the first country to see the dawn of the [[third millennium]], an event of significance for tourism. Tito was re-elected in 1998. In 1999, Kiribati became a full member of the United Nations, 20 years after independence.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/58/statements/kirieng031001.htm |title = Kiribati |publisher = United Nations |date = 1 October 2003 |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref> In 2002, Kiribati passed a controversial law that enabled the government to shut down newspaper publishers. The legislation followed the launching of Kiribati's first successful non-government-run newspaper. President Tito was re-elected in 2003 but was removed from office in March 2003 by a no-confidence vote and replaced by a Council of State. [[Anote Tong]] of the opposition party [[Boutokaan Te Koaua]] was elected to succeed Tito in July 2003. He was re-elected in 2007 and in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.electionguide.org/country.php?ID=113 |title = IFES Election Guide – Country Profile: Kiribati |publisher = Electionguide.org |access-date = 14 May 2010 }}</ref>

In June 2008, Kiribati officials asked Australia and New Zealand to accept Kiribati citizens as permanent refugees. Kiribati is expected to be the first country to lose all its land territory to [[climate change]]. In June 2008, Kiribati President Anote Tong said that the country had reached "the point of no return." He added, "To plan for the day when you no longer have a country is indeed painful but I think we have to do that."<ref>{{cite news |title=Leader of disappearing island nation says climate change an issue of survival, not economics |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/05/asia/AS-GEN-New-Zealand-World-Environment-Day.php |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=International Herald Tribune |agency=Associated Press|date=5 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605183737/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/05/asia/AS-GEN-New-Zealand-World-Environment-Day.php |archive-date=5 June 2008 |location=Wellington, New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kiribati's President: 'Our Lives Are at Stake' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=3002001 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=ABC News |publisher=American Broadcasting Company |date=7 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Marks |first1=Kathy |title=Paradise lost: climate change forces South Sea islanders to seek sanctuary abroad |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/paradise-lost-climate-change-forces-south-sea-islanders-to-seek-sanctuary-abroad-841409.html |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=The Independent|date=6 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Suchit |title=Tiny atoll in Pacific cries out for help |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Tiny-atoll-in-Pacific-cries-out-for-help/articleshow/3104328.cms |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=6 June 2008 |location=Wellington/Christchurch}}</ref>

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=== Administrative divisions ===

{{Main|List of islands of Kiribati}}

[[File:CarolinePic-Kepler-Long.JPG|thumb|[[Line Islands]]: [[MilleniumMillennium Island]] channel between west side of Long Island and Nake Island]]

[[File:Marakei Atoll.jpg|thumb|[[Marakei]], North Gilbert Islands]]

There are 21 inhabited islands in Kiribati. Kiribati can be geographically divided into three [[archipelago]]es or groups of islands, which have no administrative functions. They are:

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* [[Line Islands]]

Four of the former districts (including Tarawa) lie in the Gilbert Islands, where most of the country's population lives. Five of the Line Islands are uninhabited ([[Malden Island]], [[Starbuck Island]], [[MilleniumMillennium Island]], [[Vostok Island]] and [[Flint Island]]). The Phoenix Islands are uninhabited except for [[Kanton Island|Kanton]], and have no representation. Banaba itself is sparsely inhabited now. There is also a non-elected representative of the Banabans on [[Rabi Island]] in Fiji.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McAdam |first=Jane |title=How a small Pacific community sparked constitutional innovation on citizenship |url=https://www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/news/how-small-pacific-community-sparked-70-years-constitutional-innovation-citizenship |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au}}</ref>

Each of the 21 inhabited islands<ref name=CIA/> has its own local council that takes care of daily affairs. There is one council for each inhabited island, with two exceptions: Tarawa Atoll has three councils: [[Betio]] Town Council, {{ill|Teinainano Urban Council|it}} (TUC) (for the rest of [[South Tarawa]]) and Eutan Tarawa Council (ETC) (for [[North Tarawa]]); and [[Tabiteuea]] has two councils.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kiribati |url=https://dlab.epfl.ch/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/k/Kiribati.htm |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=dlab.epfl.ch}}</ref>

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* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kiribati/ Kiribati]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085059/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kiribati.htm Kiribati] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' (archived 7 June 2008)

* {{curlie|Regional/Oceania/Kiribati}}

* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16431122 Kiribati] from the [[BBC News]]

* {{wikiatlas|Kiribati}}

* [http://www.phoenixislands.org/ Phoenix Islands Protected Area] {{Webarchiveusurped|url1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20191203203818/http://www.phoenixislands.org/ |date=3Phoenix DecemberIslands 2019Protected Area]}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120114110615/http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/exploration/wilkes/wilkes.html Exhibit: The Alfred Agate Collection: The United States Exploring Expedition, 1838–1842] from the Navy Art Gallery (archived 14 January 2012)

* [https://kiribati-data.sprep.org/dataset/birds-kiribati Birds of Kiribati] from [[Conservation International]]