Koreans in the Philippines: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Koreans in the Philippines''', largely consisting of [[expatriate]]s from [[South Korea]] and people born in the Philippines with [[Koreans|Korean]] ancestry, form the second largest [[Korean diaspora]] community in [[Southeast Asia]] and the 14th-largest in the world, after [[Koryo-saram|Koreans in Kazakhstan]] and after [[Koreans in Vietnam]].<ref name="MOFAT2013"/> As of 2013, statistics of South Korea's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (South Korea)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] recorded their population at 88,102 people, a fall of 31% since 2009 after a period of rapid growth in the population in the preceding decade.<ref name="MOFAT2013"/><ref name="Meinardus">{{citation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113170244/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200512/kt2005121517211054280.htm |archive-date=2006-01-13 |url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/opinion/200512/kt2005121517211054280.htm |periodical=The Korea Times |date=2005-12-15 |access-date=2007-02-16 |title="Korean Wave" in Philippines |last=Meinardus |first=Ronaldo}}</ref>

Many South Koreans living in the Philippines are attracted to the low cost of English-language education and housing, both significantly cheaper than those offered in their native South Korea.<ref>{{cite news |url=~~http~~https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/117_51729.html |title=Koreans Flock to the Philippines to Learn English |date=2009-09-13 |access-date=2012-06-09 |work=Korea Times |archive-date=2012-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104105938/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/117_51729.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/2975/top-education-for-less-in-the-philippines-2 |first=Jason |last=Gutierrez |title=Top education for less in the Philippines |work=Philippine Inquirer/Agence France-Presse |date=2011-06-02 |access-date=2012-06-09 |archive-date=2011-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221075156/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/2975/top-education-for-less-in-the-philippines-2 |url-status=live }}</ref> The warmer climate is yet another motivating factor for the recent surge in migration.<ref>{{citation |url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/special/200607/kt2006070917022545270.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714204750/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/special/200607/kt2006070917022545270.htm |archive-date=2012-07-14 |periodical=The Korea Times |date=2006-07-09 |access-date=2007-02-16 |title=Philippine Cultural Center Opens |last=Yoon |first=Won-sup}}</ref> The Philippines is also a popular destination for retired South Koreans on fixed pensions; the Filipino government actively promotes the settlement of South Korean retirees in the country because of the potential lucrative opportunities for the local economy.<ref name="Garcia">{{citation |url=http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/special/200607/kt2006070314293511440.htm |date=2006-07-03 |access-date=2007-03-27 |last=Garcia |first=Cathy Rose A. |periodical=The Korea Times |title=More Koreans Look to Retire in Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224181342/http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/special/200607/kt2006070314293511440.htm |archive-date=2007-02-24}}</ref> There are also known cases of [[North Korea]]ns having been admitted to the Philippines as [[migrant worker]]s.<ref name="GMANews20100103">{{citation |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/180659/north-koreans-rescued-off-cagayan-entered-rp-as-legal-aliens |periodical=GMA News |date=2010-01-03 |access-date=2011-05-25 |title=North Koreans rescued off Cagayan entered RP as legal aliens |last=Taguinod |first=Floro |archive-date=2010-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511115013/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/180659/north-koreans-rescued-off-cagayan-entered-rp-as-legal-aliens |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Migration history==

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The fifth phase of migration history, beginning in the late 1990s and 2000s, saw the number of students increase. The influx of students coincided with a more relaxed [[visa policy of the Philippines|visa policy of the Bureau of Immigration]] (BI) aimed at attracting foreign students.<ref name="PCIJ">{{citation |url=http://pcij.org/stories/the-perpetual-guests/ |periodical=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |last=Lorenzo |first=Isa |date=2007-07-20 |access-date=2011-05-23 |title=The perpetual 'guests' |archive-date=2011-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623080420/http://pcij.org/stories/the-perpetual-guests/ }}</ref> It was also marked by growing influence and engagement by the various Korean associations with mainstream Philippine society.<ref>{{harvnb|Kutsumi|2007|p=64}}</ref> For example, the Merchant Association, formed in July 2001 and renamed as the Financial Expert Union Association in 2002, helped to regularise the status of South Korean entrepreneurs who had been [[illegal immigration|working without a proper visa]], while the South Korean Used Automobile Import Association fought against a newly introduced prohibition on the importation of used cars, and the Travel Company Association worked with the [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Philippine Department of Tourism]] to resolve visa and licensing issues for South Korean tour guides who hoped to work in the Philippines.<ref>{{harvnb|Kutsumi|2007|p=65}}. The law referred to is the Presidential Statute, Article 156, introduced on 12 December 2002.</ref>

This case of migration can be seen in a unique standpoint. Rather than arriving for purposes such as political safety or financial stability, they are rather coming to the Philippines for vacation, leisurely activities, business ventures, or for schooling. In the past, when we look at global migration patterns, people typically leave their countries for safety or financial purposes. This is one of the rare cases in history where a migration pattern so large is coming from a place of stability.

=== North Koreans ===

In the early 2000s, the Philippines also began to become a transit point for [[North Korean defectors|North Korean refugees]] leaving China en route to South Korea, similar to the manner in which the country turned into way-station for [[Vietnamese "boat people"]] in earlier decades.<ref name="PDI20110116">{{citation|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20110116-314769/Are-there-North-Korean-defectors-in-the-Philippines |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |first=Jerry E. |last=Esplanada |date=2011-01-16 |access-date=2011-09-11 |title=Are there North Korean defectors in the Philippines? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915231928/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20110116-314769/Are-there-North-Korean-defectors-in-the-Philippines |archive-date=2013-09-15}}</ref><ref name="ABSCBN20110830">{{citation|url=http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/30/11/wikileaks-cable-manila-transit-point-north-korean-defectors |date=2011-08-30 |access-date=2011-09-11 |periodical=ABS-CBN News |title=WikiLeaks cable: Manila transit point for North Korean defectors |first=Jojo |last=Malig |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402103557/http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/30/11/wikileaks-cable-manila-transit-point-north-korean-defectors |archive-date=2012-04-02}}</ref> The Philippines is one of just three Southeast Asian signatories to the 1951 United Nations [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] (the other two being [[Cambodia]] and [[East Timor]]).<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0505/S00178.htm |periodical=[[Scoop.co.nz]] |last=DeTrani |first=Joseph R. |date=2005-05-10 |access-date=2011-09-11 |title=North Korean HR Act: Issues and Implementation |archive-date=2011-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112194004/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0505/S00178.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hwang Jang-yop]] passed through the Philippines after he defected in 1997. In 2001, seven members of a North Korean family transited through Manila.<ref name="PDI20110116"/> A group of 25 North Korean refugees used the Philippines as a transit point in 2002.<ref>{{citation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1874015.stm |date=2002-03-15 |access-date=2011-09-11 |periodical=BBC News |title=N. Korean refugees reach Philippines |archive-date=2009-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129104424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1874015.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a [[United States diplomatic cables leak|U.S. diplomatic cable leaked by WikiLeaks]], the number would grow to more than 500 annually by 2005; the Philippine government continued to cooperate quietly with the South Korean government to permit transit of refugees, but reacted coolly to suggestions of admitting North Korean refugees for settlement.<ref name="ABSCBN20110830"/> Bureau of Immigration records do not show any North Koreans residing legally in the country; however, unnamed BI sources quoted by the media claimed that some North Korean defectors had blended into the much larger South Korean community in the country and settled down there.<ref name="PDI20110116"/>

==Geographical distribution==

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===Luzon===

====Metro Manila====

[[File:Manila Korea Town, Malate, Manila.jpg|thumb|Manila Korea Town in [[Malate, Manila]]]]

According to MOFAT statistics, the Metro Manila area has the largest Korean population in the Philippines, with 33,267 people. The areas of highest concentration are [[Quezon City]] (6,655 people), [[Manila]] proper (6,104 people) and [[Makati]] (5,643 people).<ref name="MOFAT2013"/> As early as 2002, [[BF Homes Parañaque|BF Homes]] in [[Parañaque]] had been noted for its high concentration of Koreans, with local residents saying that every fifth or sixth door had a Korean business behind it such as a restaurant, travel agency, taekwondo gym, or used appliance seller.<ref>{{citation |first=Raul |last=Palabrica |title=Puzzling inward migration to RP |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10007862_ITM |date=2002-08-11 |access-date=2011-05-25 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023112254/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10007862_ITM |url-status=live }}</ref> The most well-known [[Koreatown]] in the Metro Manila area is located in [[Makati]]'s Barangay Poblacion.<ref name="Garcia"/> Most of the Korean businesses can be found in the area bounded north–south by JP Rizal Avenue and Jupiter, and east–west by Makati Avenue and Rockwell Drive, with P. Burgos running roughly through the middle of the area.<ref>{{citation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715215856/http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20070708-75421 |url=http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20070708-75421 |archive-date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2011-05-23 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |title=Hello Koreatown! |last=Salcedo |first=Margaux }}</ref> In Quezon City, the Kalayaan Plaza Building has various Korean businesses, apartments, and a church (one of seven or eight Korean churches in QC that existed in 2005).{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Increasingly, students are billeted in rented houses in expensive gated communities such as [[Barangay Ayala Alabang]], [[Muntinlupa]] City.<ref name="Inquirer20071125">{{citation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221203251/http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view_article.php?article_id=102961 |archive-date=2013-02-21 |access-date=2011-05-25 |title=Philippines attracts English-eager Koreans |url=http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view_article.php?article_id=102961 |date=2007-11-25 |last=Moral |first=Cheche |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer }}</ref>

A Korea Town was also established in the district of [[Malate, Manila|Malate]] in Manila.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2021/03/11/2083573/korea-town-soon-rise-malate-manila|title='Korea Town' soon to rise in Malate, Manila|first=Jan Milo|last=Severo|website=Philstar.com|date=March 11, 2021|accessdate=February 12, 2022}}</ref>

====Baguio====

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Aside from students, Korean Christians from [[Busan]] and [[Incheon]] have come to plant churches.<ref name="Eufrecina 2006 5">{{harvnb|Eufrecina|Barros|2006|p=5}}</ref> South Korean fashion and entertainment have also become trendy in Baguio, affording entrepreneurial Koreans the chance to do good business as importers of cultural products.<ref name="Eufrecina 2006 6">{{harvnb|Eufrecina|Barros|2006|p=6}}</ref> Koreans participate in local events such as the [[Panagbenga Festival]] (Baguio Flower Festival).<ref>{{harvnb|Eufrecina|Barros|2006|p=7}}</ref> However, their integration is not entirely without problems: in particular despite estimates that the city had the country's second-largest Korean population following Manila, the municipal records showed only ten Koreans who had permits to operate businesses in the city. It was widely known that many were actually working illegally. Residents complained of illegal businesses which violated foreign ownership limits and underpaid wages, and of loud parties held by Koreans in their apartments.<ref name="Cabreza"/> Furthermore, they gained a reputation of being tax-dodgers and corrupt as the Korean businesses contributed little tax revenue to city coffers.<ref name="Butch"/>

====~~Elsewhere in Luzon~~Angeles====

Angeles City is home of the biggest korea town in the Philippines located at Brgy. Anunas in Angeles

According to MOFAT statistics, there are 18,394 Koreans living in other parts of Luzon, primarily [[Angeles City]], (9,652 people) and [[Cavite]] (5,000 people).<ref name="MOFAT2013"/> Koreans also have a presence near the economic freezones like [[Clark Freeport Zone|Clark]] and [[Subic Bay Freeport Zone|Subic]].<ref name="Garcia"/> Between [[Porac, Pampanga|Porac]] and [[Angeles City]] (where Clark is located) numerous residential subdivisions have come to be dominated by Korean nationals.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/features/09/20/08/more-korea-towns-rising-rp |periodical=ABS-CBN News |date=2008-09-20 |access-date=2010-05-23 |title=More 'Korea towns' rising in RP |first1=Henry |last1=Omaga-Diaz |first2=Butch |last2=Mendizabal |first3=Carmi |last3=Cavanlit |archive-date=2011-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211124525/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/features/09/20/08/more-korea-towns-rising-rp |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, Koreans in Angeles held a Kor-Phil Cultural Exchange Hanmadang Festival at Bayanihan Park.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/koreans-showcase-culture-bayanihan-park |periodical=Sun-Star |date=2011-02-11 |access-date=2011-05-25 |title=Koreans showcase culture at Bayanihan Park |last=Navales |first=Rey |archive-date=2011-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319193244/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/koreans-showcase-culture-bayanihan-park |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hanjin]] Group has a US$1 billion shipbuilding project at Subic, estimated to comprise almost a third of total South Korean FDI in the Philippines in 2007 and was then the world's fourth largest shipyard.<ref name="PCIJ"/> Hanjin was lauded by the government for their generation of employment. In 2012 and 2013 they are expected to add another 5,000 jobs to their workforce.<ref>{{citation|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view/20110108-313296/Aquino-in-Subic-rites-thanks-Koreans-for-jobs |title=Aquino, in Subic rites, thanks Koreans for jobs |date=2011-01-08 |access-date=2011-05-25 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110082936/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view/20110108-313296/Aquino-in-Subic-rites-thanks-Koreans-for-jobs |archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref> However, their investments have provoked environmental controversy, especially with their building of a US$20 million condominium complex for their managers in the Subic Watershed Forest Reserve, the home of the [[Aeta peoples]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1159&Itemid=31 |periodical=Asia Sentinel |date=2008-04-20 |access-date=2011-05-23 |title=Koreans, Condos and a Rare Unspoiled Philippine Forest |archive-date=2009-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309085251/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1159&Itemid=31 }}</ref> Korean investors are also building a $20 million industrial and tourism complex in [[Pangasinan]] comprising a [[fish farming|fish farm]], solar and [[wind power]] generation facilities, [[seaplane]] berths, and a [[monorail]].<ref>{{citation |periodical=Philippine Information Agency |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=1&t=1&id=16754 |date=2011-02-12 |last=Sagun |first=Danny O. |title=Koreans to build Aquatic City in Pangasinan |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-date=2016-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114022253/http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=1&t=1&id=16754 |url-status=live }}</ref>▼

▲According to MOFAT statistics, there are 1830,394 Koreans living in other parts of Luzon, primarily [[Angeles City]], (924,652 people) and [[Cavite]] (5,000 people).<ref name="MOFAT2013"/> Koreans also have a presence near the economic freezones like [[Clark Freeport Zone|Clark]] and [[Subic Bay Freeport Zone|Subic]].<ref name="Garcia"/> Between [[Porac, Pampanga|Porac]] and [[Angeles City]] (where Clark is located) numerous residential subdivisions have come to be dominated by Korean nationals.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/features/09/20/08/more-korea-towns-rising-rp |periodical=ABS-CBN News |date=2008-09-20 |access-date=2010-05-23 |title=More 'Korea towns' rising in RP |first1=Henry |last1=Omaga-Diaz |first2=Butch |last2=Mendizabal |first3=Carmi |last3=Cavanlit |archive-date=2011-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211124525/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/features/09/20/08/more-korea-towns-rising-rp |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2011, Koreans in Angeles held a Kor-Phil Cultural Exchange Hanmadang Festival at Bayanihan Park.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/koreans-showcase-culture-bayanihan-park |periodical=Sun-Star |date=2011-02-11 |access-date=2011-05-25 |title=Koreans showcase culture at Bayanihan Park |last=Navales |first=Rey |archive-date=2011-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319193244/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/pampanga/local-news/koreans-showcase-culture-bayanihan-park |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Hanjin]] Group has a US$1 billion shipbuilding project at Subic, estimated to comprise almost a third of total South Korean FDI in the Philippines in 2007 and was then the world's fourth largest shipyard.<ref name="PCIJ"/> Hanjin was lauded by the government for their generation of employment. In 2012 and 2013 they are expected to add another 5,000 jobs to their workforce.<ref>{{citation|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view/20110108-313296/Aquino-in-Subic-rites-thanks-Koreans-for-jobs |title=Aquino, in Subic rites, thanks Koreans for jobs |date=2011-01-08 |access-date=2011-05-25 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110082936/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/regions/view/20110108-313296/Aquino-in-Subic-rites-thanks-Koreans-for-jobs |archive-date=2011-01-10}}</ref> However, their investments have provoked environmental controversy, especially with their building of a US$20 million condominium complex for their managers in the Subic Watershed Forest Reserve, the home of the [[Aeta peoples]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1159&Itemid=31 |periodical=Asia Sentinel |date=2008-04-20 |access-date=2011-05-23 |title=Koreans, Condos and a Rare Unspoiled Philippine Forest |archive-date=2009-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309085251/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1159&Itemid=31 }}</ref> Korean investors are also building a $20 million industrial and tourism complex in [[Pangasinan]] comprising a [[fish farming|fish farm]], solar and [[wind power]] generation facilities, [[seaplane]] berths, and a [[monorail]].<ref>{{citation |periodical=Philippine Information Agency |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=1&t=1&id=16754 |date=2011-02-12 |last=Sagun |first=Danny O. |title=Koreans to build Aquatic City in Pangasinan |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-date=2016-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114022253/http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=1&t=1&id=16754 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is also minor Korean activity on the northern Luzon coast. As early as 2005, a group of South Korean investors began setting up a golf academy at Suba, [[Paoay, Ilocos Norte|Paoay]], [[Ilocos Norte]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ilocostimes.com/aug15-aug21-05/topnews_2.htm |date=2005-08-15 |access-date=2011-05-25 |last=Guiang |first=Excel D. |title=Korean golf academy eyed in Ilocos |periodical=The Ilocos Times |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225928/http://www.ilocostimes.com/aug15-aug21-05/topnews_2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, the Real Enterprise Group, a South Korean hotel and casino operator, were reportedly interested in investing in tourism facilities in the province, especially beach resorts at [[Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte|Pagudpud]] and [[Paoay, Ilocos Norte|Paoay]].<ref>{{citation |periodical=The Ilocos Times |date=2007-09-02 |access-date=2011-05-25 |url=http://www.ilocostimes.com/aug27-sep16-07/news_20.htm |last=Adriano |first=Leilanie G. |title=Koreans eye tourism investment in Ilocos Norte |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225948/http://www.ilocostimes.com/aug27-sep16-07/news_20.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Korean investors are interested in support facilities such as spas, night clubs, and golf courses. The [[Laoag]] government also aimed to get direct flights between Korea and Laoag, so that tourists would not have to waste time flying south to Manila and then catch a connecting flight back north.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ilocostimes.com/jul02-jul22-07/update_3.htm |title=Koreans eye direct flight to Laoag City |date=2007-08-05 |access-date=2011-05-25 |last=Adriano |first=Leilanie G. |periodical=The Ilocos Times |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230012/http://www.ilocostimes.com/jul02-jul22-07/update_3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> There had been plans for the Korea Overseas Grain Investment and Development Company (Kogid) to invest $12 million in a {{convert|10,000|hectare|sqmi|adj=on}} maize plantation in [[Mallig, Isabela]], but the plans were put on hold over a dispute on [[value added tax]] exemption.<ref>{{citation|title=Koreans Place On Hold $12-M Corn Investment |date=2009-06-11 |access-date=2011-05-25 |periodical=Business Mirror |url=http://www.agriculture-ph.com/2009/06/koreans-place-on-hold-12-m-corn.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043623/http://www.agriculture-ph.com/2009/06/koreans-place-on-hold-12-m-corn.html |archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref> On [[Angeles, Pampanga]]. Anunas is the [[barangay]] that houses the city's Koreatown, a chain of Korean establishments along the [[Filipino American Friendship Highway|Fil-Am Friendship Highway]]. Anunas is also identified as one of the growth centers of the city, focusing on light industries such as woodcarving and rattan craft.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-11|title=Korean Town|url=https://angelescity.ph/korean-town/|access-date=2020-12-10|website=Angeles City Hotels, Nightlife, Restaurants|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824105803/https://angelescity.ph/korean-town/|url-status=live}}</ref>

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===English and Spanish as second languages===

Compared to other countries in East and Southeast Asia, the Philippines boasts high English proficiency. This is due to their history of American occupation from 1898-1946. When the Americans initially arrived, the natives living on the island were mostly illiterate and lacked a unifying language.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=C. I. Eugene |last2=Hunt |first2=Chester |date=1968 |title=Education and Political Development: A Comparison of Korea and the Philippines |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4189486 |journal=The Journal of Developing Areas |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=407–420 |issn=0022-037X}}</ref> Though the Spanish had colonized them for over 300 years, little to no effort was made to enforce Spanish as a nationwide written and spoken language. The Spaniards were mostly uninterested in administering or providing public education. Because of this, the Americans felt the need to educate and take the Philippines under their wing. One of their main goals was to provide public and private education. Through this, English became a dominant language and the tongue of education.<ref name=":12" />

The majority of Korean students in the Philippines study in short-term courses in [[Hagwon|English language schools]] to cope with South Korea's growing demand for [[English language|English]] proficiency. As of March 2011, 26,823 Korean students held special study permits to enroll in short term courses.<ref name="Journal"/> Their numbers include a large proportion of young people; according to Son Jung-Son of the Philippine-Korean Cultural Center in Seoul, over 1,500 Koreans under 20 years old arrive in the Philippines every month to study English.<ref name="Meinardus"/> From November 2008 to April 2010, 128 Koreans took advantage of the Special Visa for Employment Generation, which grants indefinite stay to foreigners and their dependents who create 10 full-time jobs for Filipino workers. Most of them have qualified by starting ESL schools in Metro Manila, Baguio, Cebu City, and Davao City.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/node/251864/korean |periodical=Manila Bulletin |last=Ramirez |first=Jun |title=Koreans put up language centers in RP |date=2010-04-09 |access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929073827/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/251864/korean |archive-date=2010-09-29}}</ref> However Koreans have a more negative view of the Philippine English accent, as compared to their more positive attitudes towards American English.<ref>{{citation |url=http://linguistlist.org/pubs/papers/browse-papers-action.cfm?PaperID=32160 |title=A Study of Language Attitudes through English Accent Evaluations by Koreans in the Philippines |first=Teri Rose Dominica Gannaban |last=Roh |publisher=University of the Philippines Diliman |publication-place=Philippines |year=2009 |access-date=2011-05-26 |archive-date=2011-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113113953/http://linguistlist.org/pubs/papers/browse-papers-action.cfm?PaperID=32160 |url-status=live }}</ref> This point was brought to wide public attention when a video of actress [[Lee Da-hae]] mocked the Filipino accent on a [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] television show "[[viral video|went viral]]" among internet users in the Philippines. Lee, who herself had previously taken classes with a Filipino English teacher, quickly apologized and denied that any insult was intended.<ref>{{citation|last=Hicap |first=Jonathan M. |date=2010-11-03 |access-date=2011-05-25 |title=Korean actress slammed for making fun of Filipino teachers' English accent |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/285617/korean-actress-slammed-making-fun-filipino-teachers-english-accent |periodical=Manila Bulletin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012081703/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/285617/korean-actress-slammed-making-fun-filipino-teachers-english-accent |archive-date=2011-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/04/10/korean-actress-lee-da-hae-says-sorry-pinoys |periodical=ABS-CBN News |date=2010-11-04 |access-date=2011-05-25 |title=Korean Actress Lee Da-hae says sorry to Pinoys |archive-date=2011-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110185432/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/video/entertainment/11/04/10/korean-actress-lee-da-hae-says-sorry-pinoys |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.spot.ph/the-feed/46888/korean-actress-lee-da-hae-apologizes-to-filipinos-denies-insulting-pinoys-english-accent |periodical=Spot |title=Korean actress Lee Da Hae denies insulting Pinoys' English accent, apologizes |date=2010-11-04 |access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-date=2011-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908193923/http://www.spot.ph/the-feed/46888/korean-actress-lee-da-hae-apologizes-to-filipinos-denies-insulting-pinoys-english-accent |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Koreans are also attracted to the chance to learn [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]], taking advantage of the [[Spanish influence on Filipino culture|country's historic ties to Spain]]; seven thousand South Korean students are reported to study at the [[Instituto Cervantes]] in Manila.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=630860&publicationSubCategoryId=68 |periodical=Philippine Star |title=Koreans now learning Spanish |first=Rainier Allan |last=Ronda |date=2010-11-17 |access-date=2011-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530121332/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=630860&publicationSubCategoryId=68 |archive-date=2016-05-30 }}</ref>

~~Illegal~~The ~~ESL~~majority ~~tutorial~~of Korean students in the Philippines study in short-term courses in [[Hagwon|English language schools]] ~~have~~to ~~been~~cope awith ~~persistent~~South ~~problem,~~Korea's ~~and~~growing ~~eventually~~demand ~~provoked~~for ~~government~~[[English language|English]] ~~crackdown~~proficiency. InAs ~~early~~of ~~January~~March 2011, ~~Bureau~~26,823 ofKorean ~~Immigration~~students ~~(BI)~~held ~~officers~~special ~~raided~~study ~~the~~permits ~~Korean-owned~~to ~~Fantasy~~enroll ~~World~~in ~~resort~~short term courses.<ref name="Journal" /> South Korea's economic growth is reflected in ~~[[Lemery~~this trend. For example, ~~Batangas]]~~middle onclass ~~reports~~families ~~from~~are ~~anti-gambling~~now ~~advocate~~beginning ~~and~~to ~~competing~~send ~~school~~their ~~operator~~children ~~Sandra~~to ~~Cam~~the ~~that~~Philippines anto ~~ESL~~learn ~~school~~English.<ref ~~was~~name=":12"/> ~~operating~~In ~~illegally~~the ~~there~~past, Korean middle class families were unable to pay for ravel and ~~arrested~~boarding ~~six~~expenses, ~~operators~~so studying abroad was off the table. However, because of how South Korea's economy is strengthening, it is becoming more feasible to send their children abroad.<ref>{{~~citation~~Cite journal |~~periodical~~last=~~ABS-CBN~~Kim ~~News~~|first=C. I. Eugene |~~last~~last2=~~Malalad~~Hunt |~~first~~first2=~~Gretchen~~Chester |date=~~2011-01-07~~1968 |~~access-date~~title=~~2011-05-24~~Education and Political Development: A Comparison of Korea and the Philippines |url=~~http~~https://www.~~abs-cbnnews~~jstor.~~com~~org/~~nation~~stable/~~regions/01/07/11/6-koreans-nabbed-illegal-tutorial-service~~4189486 |~~title~~journal=6The ~~Koreans~~Journal ~~nabbed~~of ~~for~~Developing ~~'illegal'~~Areas ~~tutorial service~~|volume=2 |~~archive-date~~issue=~~2011-02-21~~3 |~~archive-url~~pages=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20110221215101/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/07/11/6-koreans-nabbed-illegal-tutorial-service~~407–420 |~~url-status~~ssrn=~~live~~ }}</ref> ~~Newspaper~~Their ~~reports~~numbers ~~claimed~~include ~~that~~a ~~the~~large BIproportion ~~was~~of ~~quite~~young ~~reluctant~~people; according to ~~carry~~Son ~~out~~Jung-Son of the ~~raid~~Philippine-Korean ~~and~~Cultural ~~were~~Center ~~only~~in ~~forced~~Seoul, ~~into~~over it1,500 byKoreans ~~Cam's~~under ~~threat~~20 toyears ~~publicly~~old ~~denounce~~arrive in the ~~BI,~~Philippines ~~since~~every ~~protection money had been paid~~month to ~~some~~study ~~immigration officers~~English.<ref name="~~GlobalBalita~~Meinardus"~~>{{citation~~ ~~|url=http://globalbalita.com/2011/pervasive-inconsistent-maceda~~/> ~~|periodical=Global~~From ~~Balita~~November ~~|date=2011-01-23~~2008 ~~|access-date=2011-05-24~~to ~~|last=Maceda~~April ~~|first=Ernesto~~2010, M.128 ~~|title=Pervasive,~~Koreans ~~inconsistent~~took ~~|archive-date=2011-11-12~~advantage ~~|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112230110/http://globalbalita.com/2011/pervasive-inconsistent-maceda/~~of ~~|url-status=live~~the ~~}}</ref>~~Special ~~The~~Visa ~~seventy~~for ~~students~~Employment ofGeneration, ~~the~~which ~~school~~grants ~~were~~indefinite ~~found~~stay to ~~have~~foreigners noand ~~special~~their ~~study~~dependents ~~permits~~who ~~(SSPs)~~create ~~allowing~~10 ~~them~~full-time tojobs ~~enroll~~for inFilipino ~~schools~~workers. inMost ~~the~~of ~~Philippines,~~them ~~and~~have ~~the~~qualified ~~owners~~by ofstarting ~~the~~ESL ~~school~~schools ~~were~~in ~~found~~Metro toManila, ~~have~~Baguio, noCebu ~~business~~City, ~~permits~~and Davao City.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.~~sunstar~~mb.com.ph/~~manila~~node/~~local-news~~251864/~~70-~~korean~~-students-face-deportation-raps~~ |~~date~~periodical=~~2011-01-13~~Manila Bulletin |~~access-date~~last=~~2011-05-24~~Ramirez |first=Jun |title=70Koreans ~~Korean~~put ~~students~~up ~~face~~language ~~deportation~~centers in RP |~~periodical~~date=~~Sun.Star~~2010-04-09 |~~archive~~access-date=2011-0205-1625 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110216143534~~20100929073827/http://www.~~sunstar~~mb.com.ph/~~manila~~node/~~local-news~~251864/~~70-~~korean |archive-~~students~~date=2010-~~face~~09-~~deportation-raps~~ 29}}</ref> ~~The~~However BIKoreans ~~ordered~~have ~~that~~a ~~everyone~~more ~~involved~~negative beview ~~deported~~of the Philippine English accent, as compared to their more positive attitudes towards American English.<ref>{{citation |~~periodical~~url=~~ABS-CBN~~https://linguistlist.org/deletedpage/ ~~News~~|title=A Study of Language Attitudes through English Accent Evaluations by Koreans in the Philippines |~~date~~first=~~2011-01-13~~Teri Rose Dominica Gannaban |~~access-date~~last=~~2011-05-24~~Roh |~~title~~publisher=BIUniversity ~~orders~~of ~~deportation~~the ofPhilippines 70Diliman ~~Korean~~|publication-place=Philippines ~~students~~|year=2009 |~~url~~access-date=~~http://www.abs~~2011-~~cbnnews.com/nation/metro~~05-~~manila/01/13/11/bi-orders-deportation-70-korean-students~~26 |archive-date=2011-0201-2113 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110221215116~~20110113113953/http://~~www~~linguistlist.~~abs-cbnnews.com~~org/~~nation~~pubs/~~metro-manila~~papers/~~01/13/11/bi~~browse-~~orders~~papers-~~deportation-70-korean-students~~action.cfm?PaperID=32160 |url-status=live }}</ref> ~~The~~This ~~case~~point ~~attracted~~was brought to wide public attention when a ~~number~~video of ~~negative~~actress ~~reports~~[[Lee inDa-hae]] mocked the ~~South~~Filipino accent on a [[Korean ~~media~~Broadcasting asSystem|KBS]] ~~well,~~television ~~complaining~~show ~~that~~"[[viral video|went viral]]" among internet users in the Philippines. ~~were~~Lee, ~~"ungrateful"~~who herself had previously taken classes with a Filipino English teacher, quickly apologized and ~~"racist"~~denied that any insult was intended.<ref>{{citation |last=~~Han~~Hicap |first=~~Sang-hee~~Jonathan M. |date=~~2011~~2010-0111-1403 |access-date=2011-05-2425 |title=~~Detained~~ Korean ~~students~~actress inslammed ~~Philippines~~for tomaking ~~return~~fun ~~home~~of Filipino teachers' English accent |url=http://www.~~koreatimes~~mb.cocom.krph/~~www~~articles/~~news~~285617/~~nation/2011/01/117_79703.html~~korean-actress-slammed-making-fun-filipino-teachers-english-accent |periodical=~~Korea~~Manila ~~Times~~Bulletin ~~|archive-date=2011-01-17~~ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110117073530~~20111012081703/http://www.~~koreatimes~~mb.cocom.krph/~~www~~articles/~~news~~285617/~~nation/2011/01/117_79703.html~~korean-actress-slammed-making-fun-filipino-teachers-english-accent |~~url~~archive-~~status~~date=~~live~~ 2011-10-12}}</ref><ref ~~name="JoongAng"~~>{{citation |url=http://~~joongangdaily~~www.~~joins~~abs-cbnnews.com/~~article~~video/~~view.asp?aid=2931248~~entertainment/11/04/10/korean-actress-lee-da-hae-says-sorry-pinoys |periodical=~~Korea~~ABS-CBN ~~JoongAng Daily |title=More Korean students stranded in Philippines~~News |date=~~2011~~2010-0111-2004 |access-date=2011-05-2425 |~~last~~title=~~Moon~~Korean ~~|first=Gwang~~Actress Lee Da-~~lip~~hae says sorry to Pinoys |archive-date=2011-01-2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110120125250~~20110110185432/http://~~joongangdaily~~www.~~joins~~abs-cbnnews.com/~~article~~video/~~view.asp?aid=2931248~~entertainment/11/04/10/korean-actress-lee-da-hae-says-sorry-pinoys |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://~~mbn~~www.mkspot.~~co.kr~~ph/~~pages~~the-feed/~~news~~46888/~~newsView.php?news_seq_no=1027558 |date=2011~~korean-01actress-~~14 |access~~lee-~~date=2011~~da-05hae-24apologizes-to-filipinos-denies-insulting-pinoys-english-accent |~~language~~periodical=~~ko-kr~~Spot |~~script-~~title=~~ko:필리핀~~Korean 억류actress ~~한국어린이~~Lee 일부Da 곧Hae 추방denies insulting Pinoys' English accent, apologizes |~~periodical~~date=~~Maeil~~2010-11-04 ~~Kyungje~~|access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-date=2011-0809-2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110820204725~~20110908193923/http://~~mbn~~www.mkspot.~~co.kr~~ph/~~pages~~the-feed/~~news~~46888/~~newsView.php?news_seq_no=1027558~~korean-actress-lee-da-hae-apologizes-to-filipinos-denies-insulting-pinoys-english-accent |url-status=live }}</ref> InSome ~~the~~Koreans ~~coming~~are ~~weeks~~also ~~a total of 154 Korean minors would be detained in relation~~attracted to ~~raids on schools. However,~~ the ~~Department~~chance ofto ~~Foreign~~learn ~~Affairs~~[[Spanish ~~emphasized~~language ~~that it saw~~in the ~~students~~Philippines|Spanish]], astaking ~~victims~~advantage of ~~deception by~~ the ~~managers,~~[[Spanish ~~not~~influence ~~criminals.~~on ~~They~~Filipino ~~would~~culture|country's ~~not~~historic beties ~~charged~~to ~~with~~Spain]]; aseven ~~crime.<ref~~thousand ~~name="JoongAng"/>~~South AsKorean ~~the~~students ~~scandal~~are ~~progressed,~~reported ~~applications for special~~to study ~~permits to~~at the BI[[Instituto ~~jumped. In just the first three weeks of January the BI received 1,480 applications and fees amounting to P7.02 million. Both~~Cervantes]] in ~~number and in money these figures exceeded the totals for the entire previous three months. A BI spokesman stated that this showed the crackdown was a success~~Manila.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.~~philippinenews~~philstar.com/~~latest-news/229-more-koreans-come-to-manila-to-take-up-english-lessons~~Article.~~html~~aspx?articleId=630860&publicationSubCategoryId=68 |periodical=Philippine ~~News~~Star |title=~~More~~ Koreans ~~come~~now tolearning ~~Manila~~Spanish to|first=Rainier ~~take~~Allan ~~up English lessons~~|last=Ronda |date=~~2011~~2010-0111-2417 |access-date=2011-05-24 22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110928000437~~20160530121332/http://www.~~philippinenews~~philstar.com/~~latest-news/229-more-koreans-come-to-manila-to-take-up-english-lessons~~Article.~~html~~aspx?articleId=630860&publicationSubCategoryId=68 |archive-date=~~2011~~2016-0905-2830 }}</ref>

Illegal ESL tutorial schools have been a persistent problem, and eventually provoked government crackdown. In early January 2011, Bureau of Immigration (BI) officers raided the Korean-owned Fantasy World resort in [[Lemery, Batangas]] on reports from anti-gambling advocate and competing school operator Sandra Cam that an ESL school was operating illegally there, and arrested six operators.<ref>{{citation |periodical=ABS-CBN News |last=Malalad |first=Gretchen |date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2011-05-24 |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/07/11/6-koreans-nabbed-illegal-tutorial-service |title=6 Koreans nabbed for 'illegal' tutorial service |archive-date=2011-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221215101/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/01/07/11/6-koreans-nabbed-illegal-tutorial-service |url-status=live }}</ref> Newspaper reports claimed that the BI was quite reluctant to carry out the raid and were only forced into it by Cam's threat to publicly denounce the BI, since protection money had been paid to some immigration officers.<ref name="GlobalBalita">{{citation |url=http://globalbalita.com/2011/pervasive-inconsistent-maceda/ |periodical=Global Balita |date=2011-01-23 |access-date=2011-05-24 |last=Maceda |first=Ernesto M. |title=Pervasive, inconsistent |archive-date=2011-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112230110/http://globalbalita.com/2011/pervasive-inconsistent-maceda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The seventy students of the school were found to have no special study permits (SSPs) allowing them to enroll in schools in the Philippines, and the owners of the school were found to have no business permits.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/70-korean-students-face-deportation-raps |date=2011-01-13 |access-date=2011-05-24 |title=70 Korean students face deportation |periodical=Sun.Star |archive-date=2011-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216143534/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/70-korean-students-face-deportation-raps }}</ref> The BI ordered that everyone involved be deported.<ref>{{citation |periodical=ABS-CBN News |date=2011-01-13 |access-date=2011-05-24 |title=BI orders deportation of 70 Korean students |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/01/13/11/bi-orders-deportation-70-korean-students |archive-date=2011-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221215116/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/metro-manila/01/13/11/bi-orders-deportation-70-korean-students |url-status=live }}</ref> The case attracted a number of negative reports in the South Korean media as well, complaining that the Philippines were "ungrateful" and "racist".<ref>{{citation |last=Han |first=Sang-hee |date=2011-01-14 |access-date=2011-05-24 |title=Detained Korean students in Philippines to return home |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/01/117_79703.html |periodical=Korea Times |archive-date=2011-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117073530/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/01/117_79703.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JoongAng">{{citation |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2931248 |periodical=Korea JoongAng Daily |title=More Korean students stranded in Philippines |date=2011-01-20 |access-date=2011-05-24 |last=Moon |first=Gwang-lip |archive-date=2011-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120125250/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2931248 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://mbn.mk.co.kr/pages/news/newsView.php?news_seq_no=1027558 |date=2011-01-14 |access-date=2011-05-24 |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:필리핀 억류 한국어린이 일부 곧 추방 |periodical=Maeil Kyungje |archive-date=2011-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820204725/http://mbn.mk.co.kr/pages/news/newsView.php?news_seq_no=1027558 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the coming weeks a total of 154 Korean minors would be detained in relation to raids on schools. However, the Department of Foreign Affairs emphasized that it saw the students as victims of deception by the managers, not criminals. They would not be charged with a crime.<ref name="JoongAng"/> As the scandal progressed, applications for special study permits to the BI jumped. In just the first three weeks of January the BI received 1,480 applications and fees amounting to P7.02 million. Both in number and in money these figures exceeded the totals for the entire previous three months. A BI spokesman stated that this showed the crackdown was a success.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.philippinenews.com/latest-news/229-more-koreans-come-to-manila-to-take-up-english-lessons.html |periodical=Philippine News |title=More Koreans come to Manila to take up English lessons |date=2011-01-24 |access-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000437/http://www.philippinenews.com/latest-news/229-more-koreans-come-to-manila-to-take-up-english-lessons.html |archive-date=2011-09-28}}</ref>

===Korean schools===

Line 93 ⟶ 102:

Filipinos are often baffled by and even suspicious of the presence of Korean ethnic-specific churches in their country, assuming that they have come in an attempt to evangelise Catholics; however, though the churches sometimes conduct charity outreach work in the local communities, their activities are mainly targeted towards Koreans.<ref name="Miralao 2007 33"/> The few native members the churches attract tend to be those from lower socioeconomic brackets.<ref name="Makil 2007 49">{{harvnb|Makil|2007|p=49}}</ref> Mass weddings conducted by the [[Unification Church]] in the 1980s caused particular controversy and had a negative effect on Philippine-South Korean diplomatic relations.<ref>{{harvnb|Miralao|2007|p=37}}</ref> The churches are often quite separated from those of the local culture, but highly dependent on the sending churches in South Korea.<ref name="Eufrecina 2006 6"/> Relatively wealthy evangelists who continue to maintain a South Korean standard of consumption while living in the Philippines may also inadvertently evoke negative feelings from Filipinos, who expect a Christian pastor to be poor and sacrificing.<ref name="PCIJ"/>

== Racism ==

Colorism, along with feelings of economic superiority, have played a large part in Korean racism toward Filipinos.

Korean racism toward Filipinos can also be explained by the Orient-Occident Binary. This model traces its origins back to Japan's imperial era, in which Korea became a colony of Japan. Underneath Japan's rule, their ideas of racial purity and superiority trickled down to Korean philosophers and politicians. It should be noted, however, that these ideas did exist in Korea prior to Japanese occupation. The Orient-Occident Binary, essentially, describes Western values as wasteful, materialistic, individualistic, and consumerist. On the other hand, Eastern values are spiritual, communal, and resourceful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Dohye |title=Geographical Imagination and Intra-Asian Hierarchy between Filipinos and South Korean Retirees in the Philippines |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |volume=64 |pages=237–264 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> This Binary functions by putting the two regions in opposition with one another. The East, acting in opposition to the West, will always be portrayed in a more desirable and favorable light. This is done for the purpose of political and cultural propaganda.

In comparison to other East Asian and Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines finds itself more closely aligned to the West culturally and historically. When looking at this from the perspective of a country that has culturally accepted the Orient-Occident Binary, it helps to explain the level of animosity South Koreans may have toward Filipinos.This may not always be the case, however.

In Kim Dohye's interview with South Korean retiree Mr. Gong, when asked why he chose to move to the Philippines, he responds with the following: "Koreans typically cower before blue eyes such as Americans, but we don't have to cower before shorter and darker people like the Filipinos. That's why I chose to come here."<ref name=":2" />

Gong's response, rather than aligning Filipinos with the negative aspects of Western culture, chooses to point out their short stature and darker skin. These comments come from a place of colorism and feelings of racial superiority.

==Influence on Philippine society==

Korean expatriates provide a significant stimulus to the local economy; they are estimated to spend between US$800 and $1000 per month, making an aggregate contribution of over $1 billion per year in [[consumer spending]].<ref name="AsiaSentinel"/> The Korean community in the Philippines had little influence on Philippine society until the late 1980s, when the [[Korean Wave]] (the increasing popularity of South Korean television and pop music) started.<ref name="Meinardus"/> Koreans' sense of fashion has also begun to influence Filipinos.<ref>{{citation |title=Catwalking on the streets |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2011-05-25 |last=Consunji |first=Bianca |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-154794347/catwalking-streets.html |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023112259/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-154794347/catwalking-streets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, they continue to be seen as a closed group by Filipinos.<ref name="AsiaSentinel"/> Stereotypes abound on both sides: Koreans are the target of snide remarks by Filipinos for their poor English, and Filipino workers complain of Korean managers' pushiness and short tempers, while Koreans complain of Filipinos' lack of punctuality, as well as corruption and abuse in government agencies.<ref name="PCIJ"/> Furthermore, Filipinos in general perceive South Korean migration to their country as something of an oddity, as it goes against the pattern more familiar to their own experience, that of people from poorer countries migrating to more developed ones.<ref name="Miralao 2007 25">{{harvnb|Miralao|2007|p=25}}</ref> However, the popularity of Korean television shows has served to create something of a new understanding of Koreans for Filipinos.<ref name="PCIJ"/>

The increasing prevalence of South Korean men in [[sex tourism]] to the Philippines has resulted in the birth of an estimated 10,000 children of mixed Korean and Filipino descent to unwed Filipina mothers.<ref name="Kopino-eng">{{citation |url=~~http~~https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/01/116_36086.html |title=Outreach Services Planned for Korean-Filipino Children |first=Michael |last=Ha |date=14 December 2008 |periodical=The Korea Times |access-date=2009-01-11 |archive-date=2009-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227174435/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/01/116_36086.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Cebu-based Kopino Foundation, a charitable organisation started by a local Korean businessman, the largest concentration can be found in [[Quezon City]] in Metro Manila.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/2011/03/13/help-way-kopinos-cebu-144575 |periodical=Sun-Star Cebu |date=2011-03-13 |access-date=2011-03-13 |title=Help on the way for Kopinos in Cebu |archive-date=2011-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315203040/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/2011/03/13/help-way-kopinos-cebu-144575 }}</ref> 85 to 90% of the mothers work as bar girls or in brothels with foreign clients. As their fathers are not married to their mothers, they are unable to obtain [[South Korean nationality law|South Korean citizenship]], similar to the situation of the 50,000 [[Amerasian]]s (children of Filipina women and American soldiers) as well the numerous children of Japanese sex tourists.<ref name="Kopino-eng2">{{citation |url=~~http~~https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/11/117_52887.html |periodical=Korean Times |date=2009-11-11 |access-date=2010-05-10 |first=Jonathan M. |last=Hicap |title='Kopinos' Search for Korean Dads |archive-date=2010-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528135951/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/11/117_52887.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://smtimes.sookmyung.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=376 |periodical=Sookmyung Times |title=Our Children, Korean + Filipino = Kopino |last=Kim |first=Haena |date=2009-09-09 |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-date=2011-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112195403/http://smtimes.sookmyung.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=376 |url-status=live }}</ref> Colloquially referred to as [[Kopino]]s, or Korinoy in Filipino slang, as recently as 2003 they were believed to number fewer than 1,000; another 9,000 were born from 2003 to 2008. As a result, Filipinos' perception of Korean men has become negative.<ref name="Kopino">{{citation |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LS2D&mid=sec&sid1=102&sid2=59b&oid=038&aid=0001987197 |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:아빠 없는 코피노 만명… '한국男 나빠요' |trans-title=10,000 Kopinos without fathers ... 'Korean men are bad' |periodical=The Korea Times |date=2008-12-12 |access-date=2008-12-14 |last=Song |first=Tae-heui |archive-date=2016-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114022253/http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LS2D&mid=sec&sid1=102&sid2=59b&oid=038&aid=0001987197 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, South Korean NGOs such as the Daejeon Migrant Workers Support Center, as well as locally established NGOs like the Kopino Children Center, have begun to establish branch offices in the Philippines to provide social services to the children and their mothers.<ref name="Kopino-eng"/><ref name="Kopino-eng2"/>

In the first half of 2010, South Koreans accounted for 25% of all foreign visitors to the Philippines, ahead of the second-place Americans at 19%.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/280129/koreans-remain-rp-s-top-tourists |periodical=Manila Bulletin |title=Koreans Remain as RP's Top Tourists |last=Lopez |first=Vince G. |date=2010-10-02 |access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006133026/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/280129/koreans-remain-rp-s-top-tourists |archive-date=2010-10-06}}</ref> As recently as 1992, the annual number of South Korean visitors arriving in the Philippines was a mere 26,000; however, that expanded over seven times to roughly 180,000 by 1997, and then to 303,867 by 2003.<ref>{{harvnb|Miralao|2007|p=26}}</ref> Tourism arrivals continued to grow rapidly, to 570,000 in 2006, meaning that South Korean tourists formed a larger group than American tourists for the first time, and then to 650,000 by 2008.<ref name="AsiaSentinel">{{citation |url=http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=575&Itemid=34 |periodical=Asia Sentinel |title=Korea Invades the Philippines |date=2007-07-12 |access-date=2007-07-12 |last=Damazo |first=Jet |archive-date=2007-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716013420/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=575&Itemid=34 }}</ref> Since 2006, the number of South Koreans as foreign tourists in the Philippines outranked visitors from countries such as the USA, Japan, China, Australia, and others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ariola |first=Rodalyn Apple |last2=Talavera |first2=Luke Dominic |title=Korean Migration to the Philippines: Data Snapshot |url=https://cifal.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Korean-Migration-to-PH-09182018.pdf |website=CIFAL Philippines}}</ref> By 2011, their numbers had risen to over 925,000, and there were expectations that the figure would break one million for the first time in 2012.<ref name = "1milKtourists">{{citation|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43339/s-korean-official-nakgwanjeokin-about-ph|first=Jerry E.|last=Esplanada|title=S. Korean official 'nakgwanjeokin' about PH|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=2012-07-12|access-date=2012-10-21|archive-date=2012-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710213921/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43339/s-korean-official-nakgwanjeokin-about-ph|url-status=live}}</ref> The rise in the number of tourists was reflected in the increasing number of flights between the two countries. In 2007, [[Korean Air]], [[Asiana Airlines]], and [[Philippine Airlines]] each offered one daily flight between Manila and Seoul.<ref name="Miralao 2007 25"/> By 2012, there were an average of twenty-three daily flights between various destinations in the two countries.<ref name="23daily">{{citation|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43431/more-koreans-coming-for-its-more-fun-in-ph|first=Jerry E.|last=Esplanada|title=More Koreans coming for it's more fun in PH|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=2012-07-08|access-date=2012-07-12|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712183513/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43431/more-koreans-coming-for-its-more-fun-in-ph|url-status=live}}</ref>▼

Because of this, there has been a sharp increase in Korean businesses. For example, KTV Bars, grocery stores, barbershops, internet cafes, and tourist companies.<ref name=":2" /> These establishments were created in response to an influx of Korean migrants and visitors. Not only does this help foster community amongst Korean migrants, it also helps to provide a place of comfort and familiarity for tourists, students, businessmen, and visitors.

This has had negative impacts on Philippine society, however. Many Filipinos have expressed anger due to an unprecedented increase in rent. Not only that, but because of an increase in Korean owned businesses, several local businesses were driven out.<ref name=":2" /> This has caused some animosity on the Filipino side.

▲In the first half of 2010, South Koreans accounted for 25% of all foreign visitors to the Philippines, ahead of the second-place Americans at 19%.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/280129/koreans-remain-rp-s-top-tourists |periodical=Manila Bulletin |title=Koreans Remain as RP's Top Tourists |last=Lopez |first=Vince G. |date=2010-10-02 |access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006133026/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/280129/koreans-remain-rp-s-top-tourists |archive-date=2010-10-06}}</ref> As recently as 1992, the annual number of South Korean visitors arriving in the Philippines was a mere 26,000; however, that expanded over seven times to roughly 180,000 by 1997, and then to 303,867 by 2003.<ref>{{harvnb|Miralao|2007|p=26}}</ref> Tourism arrivals continued to grow rapidly, to 570,000 in 2006, meaning that South Korean tourists formed a larger group than American tourists for the first time, and then to 650,000 by 2008.<ref name="AsiaSentinel">{{citation |url=http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=575&Itemid=34 |periodical=Asia Sentinel |title=Korea Invades the Philippines |date=2007-07-12 |access-date=2007-07-12 |last=Damazo |first=Jet |archive-date=2007-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716013420/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=575&Itemid=34 }}</ref> By 2011, their numbers had risen to over 925,000, and there were expectations that the figure would break one million for the first time in 2012.<ref name = "1milKtourists">{{citation|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43339/s-korean-official-nakgwanjeokin-about-ph|first=Jerry E.|last=Esplanada|title=S. Korean official 'nakgwanjeokin' about PH|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=2012-07-12|access-date=2012-10-21|archive-date=2012-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710213921/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43339/s-korean-official-nakgwanjeokin-about-ph|url-status=live}}</ref> The rise in the number of tourists was reflected in the increasing number of flights between the two countries. In 2007, [[Korean Air]], [[Asiana Airlines]], and [[Philippine Airlines]] each offered one daily flight between Manila and Seoul.<ref name="Miralao 2007 25"/> By 2012, there were an average of twenty-three daily flights between various destinations in the two countries.<ref name="23daily">{{citation|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43431/more-koreans-coming-for-its-more-fun-in-ph|first=Jerry E.|last=Esplanada|title=More Koreans coming for it's more fun in PH|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=2012-07-08|access-date=2012-07-12|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712183513/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/43431/more-koreans-coming-for-its-more-fun-in-ph|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notable people==

*[[~~Ryan~~Sandara ~~Bang~~Park]], ~~comedian,~~former movie and television ~~host~~actress, ~~and~~now ~~contestant~~residing onin ~~''[[Pinoy~~South ~~Big~~Korea ~~Brother:~~and ~~Teen~~former ~~Clash~~member ~~2010~~of girl group [[2NE1]]''.<ref>{{citation |~~chapter-~~url=http://www.~~pep~~mb.com.ph/~~photos~~issues/~~1702~~2006/~~Pinoy_Big_Brother_Teen_Clash_of_2010_teenternational_housemates~~07/~~num~~29/~~8 |publisher=Philippine Entertainment Portal~~ENTR2006072970343.html |title=~~Pinoy~~Sandara ~~Big Brother Teen Clash of~~Park ~~2010~~goes ~~teenternational housemates~~daring |~~chapter~~date=~~Photo 9 of 10: Ryan Bang~~2006-07-29 |access-date=~~2010~~2007-0809-0519 |~~archive-date~~periodical=~~2010-07-17~~Manila Bulletin |last=Panaligan |first=Jojo P. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20100717080239~~20071012031136/http://www.~~pep~~mb.com.ph/~~photos~~issues/~~1702~~2006/~~Pinoy_Big_Brother_Teen_Clash_of_2010_teenternational_housemates~~07/~~num~~29/8 ENTR2006072970343.html |archive-date=2007-10-12}}</ref>

*[[~~Hong~~Ryan ~~Sung-chon~~Bang]], ~~vice-president~~comedian, ofTV ~~the~~host ~~Philippine~~and ~~Taekwondo~~contestant ~~Association; see~~from ''[[~~Taekwondo~~Pinoy inBig ~~the~~Brother: ~~Philippines~~Teen Clash 2010]]''.<ref>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.~~wtf~~pep.~~org~~ph/~~site~~photos/~~news~~1702/~~taekwondo.htm?realnum=64&page=11&keyword=&part=&mode=view~~Pinoy_Big_Brother_Teen_Clash_of_2010_teenternational_housemates/num/8 |~~periodical~~publisher=~~World~~Philippine ~~Taekwondo~~Entertainment ~~Federation~~Portal |title=~~Philippine~~Pinoy ~~Taekwondo~~Big ~~Chasing~~Brother ~~First~~Teen ~~Asian~~Clash ~~Games~~of ~~Gold~~2010 ~~|last=Reyes~~teenternational housemates |~~first~~chapter=~~Mark~~Photo ~~Anthony~~9 ~~|date=2006-01-06~~of 10: Ryan Bang |access-date=~~2009~~2010-0308-3005 |archive-date=~~2011~~2010-07-2217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20110722031527~~20100717080239/http://www.~~wtf~~pep.~~org~~ph/~~site~~photos/~~news~~1702/~~taekwondo.htm?realnum=64&page=11&keyword=&part=&mode=view~~Pinoy_Big_Brother_Teen_Clash_of_2010_teenternational_housemates/num/8 ~~|url-status=live~~ }}</ref>

*[[Hong Sung-chon]], vice-president of the Philippine Taekwondo Association; see [[Taekwondo in the Philippines]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.wtf.org/site/news/taekwondo.htm?realnum=64&page=11&keyword=&part=&mode=view |periodical=World Taekwondo Federation |title=Philippine Taekwondo Chasing First Asian Games Gold |last=Reyes |first=Mark Anthony |date=2006-01-06 |access-date=2009-03-30 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722031527/http://www.wtf.org/site/news/taekwondo.htm?realnum=64&page=11&keyword=&part=&mode=view |url-status=live }}</ref>

*[[Shine Kuk]], actress and TV host

*[[~~Dasuri~~Shine ~~Choi~~Kuk]], ~~TV host~~actress and ~~dancer~~TV host.

*~~Jinho~~[[Dasuri ~~Bae~~Choi]], ~~Korean singer~~dancer and TV host of ''[[Tahanang Pinakamasaya]]''.

*Jinho Bae, singer, vlogger and TV host.

*[[Jang Jae-jung]], former president of the Korean Association of the Philippines<ref>{{citation|url=http://inews.mk.co.kr/CMS/sports/all/real/pt/6624064_3101.php |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=2007-09-19 |periodical=Maeil Gyeongje Ilbo |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:장재중 전필리핀한인회장 제작 영화 개봉 |trans-title=Former Korean Association of the Philippines president Jang Jae-jung's movie starts showing |last=Hwang |first=Gil-hwan}} {{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>▼

*[[Yohan Hwang]], Korean singer based in the Philippines and winner of ''[[I Love OPM]]''.

*Chunsa Jung, Filipino-Korean child actress and commercial model▼

▲*[[Jang Jae-jung]], former president of the Korean Association of the Philippines<ref>{{citation|url=http://inews.mk.co.kr/CMS/sports/all/real/pt/6624064_3101.php |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=2007-09-19 |periodical=Maeil Gyeongje Ilbo |language=ko-kr |script-title=ko:장재중 전필리핀한인회장 제작 영화 개봉 |trans-title=Former Korean Association of the Philippines president Jang Jae-jung's movie starts showing |last=Hwang |first=Gil-hwan}} {{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

*[[Sam Oh]], television host, radio jock, and lifestyle columnist

▲*Chunsa Jung, Filipino-Korean former child actress and commercial model, former cast member of ''[[Goin' Bulilit]]''.

*[[Sandara Park]], former movie and television actress, now residing in South Korea<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2006/07/29/ENTR2006072970343.html |title=Sandara Park goes daring |date=2006-07-29 |access-date=2007-09-19 |periodical=Manila Bulletin |last=Panaligan |first=Jojo P. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012031136/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2006/07/29/ENTR2006072970343.html |archive-date=2007-10-12}}</ref> and former member of girl group [[2NE1]].

*[[Sam Oh]], TV host, radio jock and lifestyle columnist.
*[[Park Sang-hyun]], member of Korean boy band [[MBLAQ]] and is known by his stage name of "Thunder" or "Cheondung". He is [[Sandara Park ~~Sandara|Sandara~~'s]] younger brother.

*[[Grace Lee]], ~~television~~TV host and radio jock.

*Jin Hyeon-ju (Belle), Korean singer and member of Korean girl group [[cignature]] and [[Unis (group)|UNIS]], also former member of Good Day as Lucky.

*[[Jung Joon-young]], Korean rock singer, songwriter, model and radio DJ. Stayed in the Philippines for a couple of years to do missionary work, teaching Taekwondo and music to the local children.▼

*~~[[Yohan~~Yoon ~~Hwang]]~~Dong-yeon, ~~South~~ Korean singer ~~based~~and inmember ~~the~~of ~~Philippines~~Korean ~~and~~male ~~a winner in~~group [[~~I Love~~Pow ~~OPM~~(band)|POW]].

▲*[[Jung Joon-young]], Korean rock singer, songwriter, model and radio DJjock. Stayed in the Philippines for a couple of years to do missionary work, teaching Taekwondo and music to the local children.

*[[~~Yook~~Son ~~Sungjae~~Dong-woon]], member of ~~South~~ Korean male [[K-pop|idol]] group [[~~BtoB~~Highlight (band)|~~BtoB~~Highlight]] (formerly known as BEAST), studied at [[~~Cebu~~Santa ~~City~~Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa]], ~~Philippines~~[[Laguna (province)|Laguna]].

*[[Yook Sungjae]], member of Korean male idol group [[BtoB (band)|BtoB]], studied at [[Cebu City]].

*[[Jinri Park]], model, DJ~~, cosplayer~~ and entertainment columnist.

*Lee Dong-ho, a mariner in [[Davao del Norte]] and a husband of [[Jasmine B. Lee]], a Filipino television personality, actress and civil servant currently based in [[South Korea]].

*[[Kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick-Joo|Jee Ick-Joo]], businessman who was abducted in [[Angeles, Pampanga]] and allegedly killed inside [[Camp Crame]] when Gen. [[Ronald dela Rosa]] was in [[Beijing]] in October 2016.

*Kim Jinhwan (Jay), ~~South~~ Korean ~~Singer,~~singer and member of ~~the South Korea~~Korean male ~~Boy~~idol ~~Group~~group [[IKon (South Korean band)|iKON]]., ~~Used~~used to live ~~in Philippines~~ in [[Davao City]].

*[[Park Yi-young]], ~~Former~~ Korean former student turned ~~Football~~football player, started his football career in [[United Football League Cup|UFL]] then transferred to Germany.

*[[Kino, ~~South~~(singer)|Kino]], Korean singer, and member of ~~South~~ Korean ~~boy~~male idol group [[Pentagon (South Korean band)|Pentagon]], used to live in the Philippines for 3three months.

*[[Alexander Lee (entertainer)|Alexander Lee]], ~~Korean~~ actor and former member of boy band [[U-KISS]].

*[[Cha ~~Eunwoo~~Eun-woo]], ~~South~~ Korean singer, actor and member of boy group [[Astro (South Korean band)|Astro]], ~~who~~ used to study in the Philippines during his elementary days.

*[[Hwang In-yeop]], ~~a South~~ Korean actor and model. Aside from spending his high school, ~~In-yeop~~he actually pursued his tertiary studies in Philippine Women's College, Davao – Helena Z Benitez School of Fine Arts and Design. He is an alumnus from batch 2012.

==See also==

Line 131 ⟶ 157:

* [[Korean drama]] (a.k.a. Koreanovela)

* [[K-pop]]

* [[South Korean television dramas in the Philippines]]

* [[Filipinos in South Korea]]