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'''Western Punjabi''' ({{lang|-pnb|{{Nastaliq|لہندا پنجابی}}}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}} {{IPAc-en|p|ʌ|n|dʒ|ˈ|ɑː|b|i}}),<ref>{{OED|Lahnda}}</ref> '''Lahnda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɑː|n|d|ə}}) or '''LahndiLahnda''', isare athe "macrolanguage"[[Punjabi consistingdialects|western indialects]] aof [[DialectPunjabi continuumlanguage|series of dialectsPunjabi]] spoken in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], and parts of [[Azad Kashmir]], and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref>For "macrolanguage", see {{harvtxt|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2016}};cite for "series of dialects", see {{harvtxtweb|Masicaurl=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnb/17|1991|pptitle=17–18}}; for the difficulty of drawing the border between language and dialectPanjabi, see {{harvtxtWestern|Shackle|1979publisher=}}.</ref> These terms are [[exonyms]] and are not used by the speakers themselves.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=17–18}} The emerging languages of this dialect area are [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] and [[Pothohari]].{{sfn|Shackle|1979|p=198}} Some{{who|date = October 2016}} consider them to be transitional between [[Eastern Punjabi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. The literary language of the speakers of Lahnda dialects has traditionally been Standard Punjabi.<ref name="Tolstaya 1981">{{cite book|last=Tolstaya|first=Natalya I.|year=1981|title=The Panjabi Language|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780710009395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmA9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|2}}
==Name==
''Lahnda'' means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by [[William St. Clair Tisdall]] (in the form ''Lahindā'') probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notablylinguists—notably [[George Abraham Grierson]] — for—for a dialect group that had no general local name.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Grierson|first=George A.|year=1930|title=Lahndā and Lahndī|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=5|issue=4|pages=883–887|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00090571}}</ref>{{rp|883}} This term has currency only among linguists.{{sfn|Masica|1991|p=18}} The southern varieties are locally called ''Saraiki'', and northwestern varieties ''Hindko'' or ''Panjistani''. The main identifier of Lahnda is use of 'ahā' in the past instead of the Standard Punjabi "sì sì'gē and sàn,"{{cn|date = October 2016}}
==Dialects==
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*[[Pothohari dialect|Pahari-Potwari]] (Pothohari); 4 million
*[[Saraiki dialect|Saraiki]]; 20 million
Within Lahnda, [[Ethnologue]] also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" – the [[Majhi dialect]]s transitional between Lahdna and [[Eastern Punjabi]]; these are spoken by about 62 million people.<ref>http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pnb</ref>
Because [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken in a region that has witnessed significant ethnic and identity conflict, it has been exposed to the [[dialect]]-versus-language debate. Recently, Saraiki and Hindko are being cultivated as literary languages.<ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Shackle|chapter=Lahnda|page=635|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> The development of the standard written language began after the founding of Pakistan in 1947, driven by a regionalist political movements.<ref name="rahman1997">Rahman, Tariq. 1997. Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 1997 Sep., 37(9):833-839.</ref>{{rp|838}}<ref name="shackle1977">Shackle, C. 1977. Saraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan. Modern Asian Studies, 11(3):379-403.</ref> The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.<ref name="Javaid 2004">{{cite journal|last=Javaid|first=Umbreen|year=2004|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/english/Online_contents/Vol.%20XL%20No.2%20JRH%20July%202004.pdf|title=Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab|journal=[http://www.pu.edu.pk/english/jrh/ Journal of Research (Humanities)]|volume=40|issue=2|pages=45–55|location=Lahore|publisher=Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of the Punjab}} (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)</ref>{{rp|46}}
[[Khetrani language|Khetrani]] is commonly included, but may be a remnant of a [[Dardic language]].{{sfn|<ref name="Masica| 1991|pp=18,">Masica 433}}(1991)</ref> Some of the northern dialects of what has for geographical reasons been considered [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are actually closer to Lahnda. There is also a Lahnda language in [[Afghanistan]] and [[Ukraine]] in the form of [[Jakati language|Jakati]].
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in ''-s-''. Like [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called ''Panjistani'' or (ambiguously) ''Pahari'', is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.<ref name="Shackle 2010" />
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{{reflist}}
{{InterWiki|code=pnb}}
== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite web|title = Lahnda| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/lahnda| editor-last1 = Lewis| editor-first1 = M. Paul| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D. | website = [[Ethnologue]]| year = 2016| edition = 19| ref = harv}} (access limited).
*{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| ref = harv}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Shackle| first = Christopher| author-link = Christopher Shackle| title = Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab| journal = Transactions of the Philological Society| date = 1979| doi = 10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| issn = 0079-1636| volume = 77| issue = 1| pages = 191–210| url = http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x| ref = harv}}
{{Punjabi dialects}}
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