Lallemantia iberica: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''''Lallemantia iberica''''', known commonly as '''dragon's head''', is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, [[Lamiaceae]].

The plant has been cultivated for its seeds in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe since prehistoric times.<ref name=ion>{{cite journal |first1=V. |last1=Ion |first2=A.Gh. |last2=Băşa |first3=D.I. |last3=Săndoiu |first4=Mihaela |last4=Obrişcă |year=2011 |title=Results regarding biological characteristics of the species ''Lallemantia iberica'' in the specific conditions from South Romania |url=http://www.agro-bucuresti.ro/fisiere/file/Cercetare/LS_2011/45_%20Results%20regarding%20biological%20characteristics%20of%20the%20species%20Lallemantia%20iberica%20in%20the%20specific%20conditions%20from%20South%20Romania.pdf |journal=UASVM Bucharest, Series A |volume=54 |pages=275–80 }}</ref> Originally from the Caucasus and the Middle East, it spread throughout European and eastern countries.<ref name="pmid29126944">{{cite journal |last1=Sadeghi-Varkani |first1=Atina |last2=Emam-Djomeh |first2=Zahra |last3=Askari |first3=Gholamreza |year=2017 |title=Physicochemical and microstructural properties of a novel edible film synthesized from Balangu seed mucilage |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |volume=108 |pages=1110–1119 |doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.029 |pmid=29126944}}</ref> Its vernacular name in Iran is '''balangu shahri'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naghibi |first1=Farzaneh |last2=Mosaddegh |first2=Mahmoud |last3=Mohammadi Motamed |first3=Saeed |last4=Ghorbani |first4=Abdolbaset |title=Labiatae Family in folk Medicine in Iran: from Ethnobotany to Pharmacology |journal=Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=63–79 |date=2005 | doi = 10.22037/ijpr.2010.619 }}</ref> The seeds contain the edible [[vegetable oil|oil]] known as [[lallemantia oil]].<ref name=mega>{{cite book |last1=Megaloudi |first1=F. |title=Plants and Diet in Greece from Neolithic to Classic Periods: the archaeobotanical remains |publisher=Archaeopress |place=Oxford |year=2006 |isbn=1-84171-949-8 }}{{page needed|date=November 2017}}</ref> The oil content of the seeds is about 30%, sometimes reaching up to 38%. The oil is used as a substitute for [[linseed oil]] in the production of [[varnish]], [[Wood finishing|furniture polish]], [[ink]], [[paint]], [[soap]], and [[linoleum]].<ref name=ion/>

'''Uses and possibilities'''

Lallemantia iberica has many potentially interesting uses. Traditionally, it is used as a medical plant for the treatment of common cold, coughing, stomach and abdominal pain.<ref name=":0">Al-Snafi, Ali. (2019). Medical Benefit of Lallemantia Iberica-A Review. To Chemistry Journal. 9. 97-102.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahmoodi |first1=Shirin |last2=Heydari |first2=Mehdi |last3=Ahmadi |first3=Kourosh |last4=Khwarahm |first4=Nabaz R. |last5=Karami |first5=Omid |last6=Almasieh |first6=Kamran |last7=Naderi |first7=Behzad |last8=Bernard |first8=Prévosto |last9=Mosavi |first9=Amir |date=2022-04-01 |title=The current and future potential geographical distribution of Nepeta crispa Willd., an endemic, rare and threatened aromatic plant of Iran: Implications for ecological conservation and restoration |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X22002230 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=137 |pages=108752 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108752 |bibcode=2022EcInd.13708752M |issn=1470-160X|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shafagh-Kolvanagh |first1=Jalil |last2=Dehghanian |first2=Hassan |last3=Mohammadi-Nassab |first3=Adel Dabbagh |last4=Moghaddam |first4=Mohammad |last5=Raei |first5=Yaegoob |last6=Salmasi |first6=Saeid Zehtab |last7=Samimifar |first7=Peyvand |last8=Abdoli |first8=Soheila |last9=Gholizadeh-Khajeh |first9=Behnam |date=2022-11-10 |title=Machine learning-assisted analysis for agronomic dataset of 49 Balangu (Lallemantia iberica L.) ecotypes from different regions of Iran |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=19237 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-23335-1 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=9649721 |pmid=36357455|bibcode=2022NatSR..1219237S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abdulkareem |first1=Basim Mohammed |last2=Mokhtassi-Bidgoli |first2=Ali |last3=Ayyari |first3=Mahdi |last4=Keshtkar |first4=Eshagh |last5=Eyni-Nargeseh |first5=Hamed |date=2024-03-15 |title=Enhancing cotton sustainability: Multi-factorial intercropping, irrigation, and weed effects on productivity, quality and physiology |journal=Heliyon |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=e27135 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27135 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=10912634 |pmid=38444487|bibcode=2024Heliy..1027135A }}</ref> The interesting fatty acid pattern of its oil with many mono-acids and high amounts of [[Omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3-fatty acids]], makes it nutritionally interesting. It could be used as preventative measures against cancer and slowing of the aging process and its [[analgesic]], [[antibacterial]] and [[antioxidant]] effects are of high interest and are currently researched.<ref name=":1">Biertümpfel, A., T. Graf, G. Reinhold, und R. Schmatz. 2005. Leitlinie zur effizienten und umweltverträglichen Erzeugung von Iberischem Drachenkopf. Thüringer Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft.</ref><ref>Khosravi Dehaghi N., Gohari A., Sadat-Ebrahimi S., Naghdi Badi H., Amanzadeh Y. (2016). Phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Lallemantia iberica aerial parts. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy. 27-34.</ref><ref name=":0" />.

The plant oil of Lallemantia iberica has a high content of [[Alpha-linoleic acid|alpha-linoleic acid.]]. This shows great potential in the chemical industry as an epoxidized oil, which can in turn be used for plasticizers and stabilizers in rubber and also in the production of paints, varnishes and linoleum due to its fast drying ability .<ref name = ":4">Haitz, F., Radloff, S., Rupp, S. et al. Chemo-Enzymatic Epoxidation of Lallemantia IbericaSeed Oil: Process Development and Economic-Ecological Evaluation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 185, 13–33 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2630-1</ref><ref name=":1" />. The seed mucilage of Lallemantia iberica is further investigated as a smart edible film .<ref>Taghinia, P, Abdolshahi, A, Sedaghati, S, Shokrollahi, B. (2021). Smart edible films based on mucilage of lallemantia iberica seed incorporated with curcumin for freshness monitoring. Food Sci Nutr.; 9: 1222–1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2114</ref>.

'''Cultural practices'''

The automnautumn [[sowing]], in comparison with the spring sowing, has positive effect on many parameters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmadi |first=R. |date=2021-03-21 |title=Effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics, and nitrogen efficiency in Lallemantia iberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. and Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. |journal=Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=65-8265–82 |doi=10.22092/ijmapr.2021.351894.2864}}</ref> Seed yield per plant, [[essential oil]] content and yield and [[antioxidant|antioxidant components]] of dragon's head showed better results in autumn sowing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Maddahi |firstfirst1=Shayesteh |last2=Rahimi |first2=Amir |last3=Siavash Moghaddam |first3=Sina |last4=Pourakbar |first4=Latifeh |last5=Popović-Djordjević |first5=Jelena |date=2022 |title=Effects of Sowing Time and Chemical, Organic, and Biological Fertilizer Sources on Yield Components and Antioxidant Properties of Dragon’sDragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica (M. Bieb.) Fisch. & C. A. Mey) |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00344-021-10371-w |journal=Journal of Plant Growth Regulation |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=1276–1290 |doi=10.1007/s00344-021-10371-w |issn=0721-7595}}</ref> Autumn sowing also leads to better results on [[Morphology (biology)|morphological traits]].<ref name=":3"/> The seedbed should be fine-grained and reconsolidated, since the dragon's head is a fine seed. After a proper tillage the optimal time for sowing is between mid-march and mid-april, when the temperature is constantly over 2 °C and 3 °C. Light frosts are not considered a major threat to the seedling. Due to its short vegetation period (90-120 days) a later sowing time is also applicable. This will lead to some losses in oil contents. The seed rate should be approximately 15 kg/ha (= 300 to 350 plants/m²). It is necessary to sow as flat as possible, the sowing depth should not exceed 2-3 cm. The seedlings generally emerge after one or two weeks.<ref name = ":1"/>

[[Fertilizer|Fertilizers]] also have an effect on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ''Lallemantia iberica''.<ref>{{Cite journal |lastlast1=Mohammadghasemi |firstfirst1=Vida |last2=Siavash Moghaddam |first2=Sina |last3=Rahimi |first3=Amir |last4=Pourakbar |first4=Latifeh |last5=Popović-Djordjević |first5=Jelena |date=2021 |title=The Effect of Winter Sowing, Chemical, and Nano-Fertilizer Sources on Oil Content and Fatty Acids of Dragon’sDragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica Fischer & C.A. Meyrefeer) |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00344-020-10220-2 |journal=Journal of Plant Growth Regulation |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=1714–1727 |doi=10.1007/s00344-020-10220-2 |issn=0721-7595}}</ref> Yield, yield components (like [[antioxidant]] concentration, etc.) of dragon's head were improved by the fertilization with [[thiobacillus]] and [[vermicompost]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-224125/v1 |title=Morphological Traits and Nutrient Uptake of Dragon’sDragon's Head (Lallemantia Iberica Fish.): Effects of Sowing Seasons and Different Fertilizer Sources |lastlast1=Maddahi |firstfirst1=Shayesteh |last2=Rahimi |first2=Amir |date=2021-02-24 |publisher=In Review |doi=10.21203/rs.3.rs-224125/v1 |last3=Moghaddam |first3=Sina Siavash |last4=Pourakbar |first4=Latifeh |last5=Popović-Djordjević |first5=Jelena}}</ref> In general this cultivar has a low demand for nitrogen. This means the nitrogen application should not exceed 70 kg N/ha.<ref name=":1"/> To sum up, autumn sowing with thiobacillus, varmicompost or [[NPK fertilizer]] create a high antioxidant activity.<ref name=":3" />

Because the canopy is fast closing (generally three weeks after emergence) often no weed control is necessary. In wet years or on unfavorable locations, there is a risk of Botrytis stem rot. Overly dense sown crops increase the risk of disease.<ref name=":1" />

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Harvesting is usually carried out with a combined harvester at the beginning of August. The stubble height should be as low as possible, because the seed set starts at approximately 10 cm above the soil. To achieve high storability it is necessary to reach at least 9% humidity.<ref name=":1" />

This plant is an annual herb growing to an average height around {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The toothed or serrated leaves are in opposite pairs at the stem nodes. [[Inflorescence]]s emerge from the leaf axils and bear white, lipped flowers each about {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long. They are pollinated by insects.<ref name="ion" />▼

''Lallemantia iberica'' is famous for use in traditional medicines. This plant, originally from the Caucasus and the Middle East, spread throughout European and eastern countries.<ref name=pmid29126944>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.029 |pmid=29126944 |title=Physicochemical and microstructural properties of a novel edible film synthesized from Balangu seed mucilage |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |volume=108 |pages=1110–1119 |year=2017 |last1=Sadeghi-Varkani |first1=Atina |last2=Emam-Djomeh |first2=Zahra |last3=Askari |first3=Gholamreza }}</ref>

The seeds have been used in [[folk medicine]] as a stimulant and [[diuretic]].<ref name=ion/> The leaves are used as a [[potherb]] in modern [[Iran]].<ref name=up>{{cite book |last1=Uphof |author-link1=Johannes Cornelius Theodorus Uphof |first1=J. C. Th. |title=Dictionary of Economic Plants |publisher=Cramer |location=Lehre |year=1968 }}{{page needed|date=November 2017}}</ref>

▲This plant is an annual herb growing to an average height around {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The toothed or serrated leaves are in opposite pairs at the stem nodes. [[Inflorescence]]s emerge from the leaf axils and bear white, lipped flowers each about {{convert|1|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long. They are pollinated by insects.<ref name=ion/>

This species can escape cultivation and become a [[weed]].<ref name=ion/>

Balanguseed mucilage (BSM) features many advantages over most of its polymer counterparts, including a lower production cost, higher efficiency, and better medicinal properties.<ref name=pmid29126944/>

==References==