Landmark Worldwide: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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=== Scholars ===

Sociologist [[Eileen Barker]] and sociologist of religion [[James A. Beckford]] both classified Landmark and its predecessor organization ''est'' as a "[[new religious movement]]" (NRM).<ref>{{harvnb|Barker|1996|p=126}}: "To illustrate rather than to define: among the better-known NRMs are the Brahma Kumaris, the Church of Scientology, the Divine Light Mission (now known as Elan Vital), est (Erhard Seminar Training, now known as the Landmark Forum), the Family (originally known as the Children of God), ISKCON (the Hare Krishna), Rajneeshism (now known as Oslo International), Sahaja Yoga, the Soka Gakkai, Transcendental Meditation, the Unification Church (known as the Moonies) and the Way International."</ref><ref name=Barker_2004 /><ref name=Barker_2005 /><ref>{{cite book |last=Beckford |first=James A. |author-link=James A. Beckford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WW-XcDe-IMEC |title=New Religious Movements in the Twenty-first Century: Legal, Political, and Social Challenges in Global Perspective |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-96576-4 |editor1-last=Lucas |editor1-first=Phillip Charles |location=Abingdon and New York |page=256 |language=en |chapter=New Religious Movements and Globalization |quote=The prospect of a new global order is also central to many variants of the Human Potential and New Age movements and Scientology. All these very different kinds of NRM nevertheless share a conviction that human beings have, perhaps for the first time, come into possession of the knowledge required to free them from traditional structures of thought and action. Hence, the confidence of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of Transcendental Meditation, and of Werner Erhard, the founder of est (now largely re-configured as the Landmark Trust) |editor2-last=Robbins |editor2-first=Thomas |editor2-link=Thomas Robbins (sociologist)}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Beckford|2003|p=156}}:"[...] post-countercultural religious movements such as Erhard Seminars Training (now the Landmark Forum) [...]."</ref> SociologistSome ofscholars religionhave [[Thomascategorized RobbinsLandmark (sociologist)|Thomasor Robbins]]its sayspredecessor thatorganizations Landmarkas coulda be"[[self considered an NRM.<ref name=religion]]":0">{{cite bookor |last1=a Robbins(broadly |first1=defined) Thomasnew |author-link1=religious Thomas Robbinsmovement (sociologistNRM) |last2= Lucas |first2= Philip Charles |year= 2007 |chapter= From 'Cults' to New Religious Movements: Coherence, Definition, and Conceptual Framing in the Study of New Religious Movements |editor1-last= Beckford |editor1-first= James A.<ref |editor1-linkname="Lockwood_2011" James/><ref A. Beckford |editor2-lastname="Heelas_1991" Demerath |editor2-first= N. Jay |title= The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion |url= https/><ref>See://books.google.com/books?id=vA8edg7bv0kC |page= 229 |isbn= 978-1-4462-0652-2 |access-date= December 19, 2020 |quote= [...] many other types of groups have emerged that could fall under the purview of NRM study. We have suggested some of these in the above paragraph. Others might include [...] religio-therapy groups such as Avatar, Mindspring, and Landmark Forum [...]. }}

</ref> [[George Chryssides]], a researcher on NRMs and cults said: "''est'' and Landmark may have some of the attributes typically associated with religion, but it is doubtful whether they should be accorded full status as religious organizations."<ref name="Chryssides_1999" /> Some scholars have categorized Landmark or its predecessor organizations as a "[[self religion]]" or a (broadly defined) new religious movement (NRM).<ref name="Lockwood_2011" /><ref name="Heelas_1991" /><ref>See:▼

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*{{harv|Ramstedt|2007|pp=196–197}}.</ref><ref>See:

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</ref><ref>Education Embraced: Substantiating the Educational Foundations of Landmark Education's Transformative Learning Model Marsha L. Heck International Multilingual Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(2), pp. 149–162 DOI: 10.15640/imjcr.v3n2a14</ref>

Renee Lockwood, a sociology of religion researcher at [[The University of Sydney]] described Landmark as a "corporate religion" and a "religio-spiritual corporation" because of its emphasis on teaching techniques for improvement in personal and employee productivity, which is marketed to businesses as well as government agencies.{{r|Lockwood_2012}} Sociologist of religion [[Thomas Robbins (sociologist)|Thomas Robbins]] says that Landmark could be considered an NRM.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Robbins (sociologist) |url=https:/>/books.google.com/books?id=vA8edg7bv0kC [[George|title=The Chryssides]],SAGE aHandbook researcherof onthe NRMsSociology andof cultsReligion said:|last2=Lucas |first2=Philip Charles |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4462-0652-2 |editor1-last=Beckford |editor1-first=James A. |editor1-link=James A. Beckford |page=229 |chapter=From "''est'Cults' to New Religious Movements: Coherence, Definition, and LandmarkConceptual mayFraming havein somethe Study of New Religious Movements |quote=[...] many other types of groups have emerged that could fall under the attributespurview typicallyof associatedNRM withstudy. religion,We buthave itsuggested issome doubtfulof whetherthese theyin shouldthe beabove paragraph. Others might include [...] accordedreligio-therapy fullgroups statussuch as religiousAvatar, organizationsMindspring, and Landmark Forum [...]."<ref name|access-date="Chryssides_1999"December />19, 2020 |editor2-last=Demerath |editor2-first=N. Jay}}

▲</ref> [[George Chryssides]], a researcher on NRMs and cults said: "''est'' and Landmark may have some of the attributes typically associated with religion, but it is doubtful whether they should be accorded full status as religious organizations."<ref name="Chryssides_1999" /> Some scholars have categorized Landmark or its predecessor organizations as a "[[self religion]]" or a (broadly defined) new religious movement (NRM).<ref name="Lockwood_2011" /><ref name="Heelas_1991" /><ref>See:

[[Stephen A. Kent]], professor of [[Sociology]] and an expert in [[new religious movements]], stated in 2014 that Landmark's business is "to teach people that the values they have held up until now have held them back; that indeed they need a new set of values and this group [Landmark] can provide those new sets of values ... I don't know of any academic research that verifies that kind of perspective" and while some individuals feel "cleansed" or "invigorated" by Landmark's training, others may feel violated by the pressure put on them to reveal their innermost secrets to strangers during Landmark's training sessions.{{ r | CBC_2014-10-15 }}