Layover: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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{{AfDM|page=Layover (2nd nomination)|year=2024|month=October|day=7|substed=yes|origtag=afdx|help=off}}

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{{Short description|Pause during scheduled transportation}}

{{Hatnote|For other uses, see [[Layover (disambiguation)]], [[Layover|Way station (disambiguation)]] and [[Stopover (disambiguation)]].}}

[[image:LACMTA Orange Line Warner Ctr.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Layover for buses at LACMTA's [[Warner Center Transit Hub]], [[Los Angeles]]]]

In scheduled transportation, a '''layover''' (also '''waypoint''', '''way station''', or '''connection''') is a point{{cn|date=October 2024}} where a vehicle stops, with passengers possibly changing vehicles. In public transit, this typically takes a few minutes at a trip terminal. For air travel, where layovers are longer, passengers will exit the vehicle and wait in the terminal, often to board another vehicle traveling elsewhere.<ref name="AP2017"/><ref name="WAPO2022"/><ref name="NYTimes2023"/>

A '''stopover''' is a longer form of layover, allowing time to leave the transport system for sightseeing or overnight accommodation.

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==Mass transit==

A layover for [[mass transit]] allowsis a scheduled downtime for the vehicle and driver between terminal-to-terminal trips.{{sfn|Boyle|2009|p=4-4}} This short [[schedule padding|period of recovery time]] built into the schedule. Layovers areis generally used for one or more of the following reasons: recover from delays, provide breaks for the driver, and/or allow time for a [[Bus terminus#Driver change|driver change]]. DelaysWhile in practice the terms "recovery time" and "layover" define the same block of time in the schedule, technically the '''recovery time''' is intended to compensate for the vehicle running behind the schedule (delays may be caused by earlier [[traffic congestion]] or [[terminal dwell time|excess boarding times]]), while the layover time is intended for the driver to take a break and is regulated by either the mass transit agency, or the trade union rules.{{sfn|Boyle|2009|p=4-4}} With the electrification of bus fleets, transit systems must also consider the need for 'layover charging' stations. Such stations allow an electric bus to partially charge its battery after completion of its route and while the driver is taking a required break.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McCabe |first1=Dan |last2=Ban |first2=Xuegang (Jeff) |date=2023 |title=Optimal locations and sizes of layover charging stations for electric buses |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0968090X23001468 |journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies |language=en |volume=152 |pages=104157 |doi=10.1016/j.trc.2023.104157}}</ref>

In addition to being used at the end of vehicle trip, layovers can be scheduled at [[timing point]]s during the trip, in which case they are often referred to as loading/unloading time. In this case, they serve as extra time provided for the loading and unloading of passengers, which is most often scheduled at busy stops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacrt.com/transitglossary.stm#L |title=Transit Glossary: Layover |publisher=[[Sacramento Regional Transit]] |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502012150/http://www.sacrt.com/transitglossary.stm#L |archive-date=May 2, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publictransport.about.com/od/Transit_Planning/tp/A-Common-Scheduling-Problem.htm |title=A Common Scheduling Problem |first=Christopher |last=MacKechnie |publisher=About.com |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143514/http://publictransport.about.com/od/Transit_Planning/tp/A-Common-Scheduling-Problem.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> They also allow time to pass if a service is running early, to prevent arriving at a timing point ahead of schedule.

==Long-distance rail and bus==

A layover in long-distance travel by [[Rail transport|train]] or [[Intercity bus service|intercity bus]] is a break that a passenger must take between vehicles in a multi-vehicle trip or while changing the [[mode of transportation]]. It is the time spent at a terminal or hub after leaving one vehicle and waiting to board the next. Many inter-city and international trips include layovers.{{sfn|Sutherland|2009|p=110}}

As in mass transit, a layover in long-distance travel may provide for a break taken by the operator. A vehicle is said to be laying over after it finishes its route and is waiting prior to a return trip, or is taking a break to change crews or for the crew to rest.{{sfn|Sutherland|2009|p=110}}

==Air==

In [[air travel]], a stop or transfer (from one airplane to another) is considered to be a layover or connection up to a certain maximum allowed connecting time, while a so-called '''stopover''' is a substantially longer break in the flight itinerary. TheFor maximumflight time depends on many variablescrews, buta for'layover' mostgenerally U.S. andindicates Canadiana itinerarieslonger, itusually is 4 hoursovernight, and for most international itineraries (including any domestic stops), it is 24 hours. In general, layovers are cheaper than stopovers, because notionally layovers are incidental to travelingbreak between two other points, whereas stopovers are among the traveler's destinationsflights.<ref>{{citeCite book |first=Nicholasnews |last=KralevQubein |author-linkfirst=Nicholas KralevRamsey |title=[[DecodingThe Airdifference Travel]]:between Aa Guidestopover toand Saving on Airfarelayover, and Flyingwhy inyou Luxuryshould |year=2011care |isbnurl=978-1461015437 |page=[https://archivewww.usatoday.orgcom/detailsstory/decodingairtrave0000kraltravel/pageroadwarriorvoices/23 23] |publisher=Nicholas Kralev }}<2015/ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[International Air Transport Association]] |title=Passenger Glossary of Terms |url=http:08/18/www.iata.org/whatwedo/passenger/documents/passengerthe-glossarydifference-ofbetween-terms.xls |archivea-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417103305/http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/passenger/documents/passengerstopover-glossaryand-oflayover-terms.xls |urland-status=deadwhy-you-should-care/83274870/ |archiveaccess-date=April 17, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web2024-10-08 |publisherwork=[[AirlineUSA Tariff Publishing Company]]Today |urllanguage=http://www.atpco.net/glossary |title=Glossary: connection, stopover |accessen-date=February 17, 2017US}}</ref>

For airlines that adopt [[hub-and-spoke]] network operations, layovers at an [[airline hub]] are a necessary aspect of the travel experience. Because layovers increase total travel time, the need for and length of a layover can have a major influence on purchasing decisions for passengers.<ref name=Luttmann2019>{{Cite journal |last=Luttmann |first=Alexander |date=2019 |title=Are passengers compensated for incurring an airport layover? Estimating the value of layover time in the U.S. airline industry |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212012218300042 |journal=Economics of Transportation |language=en |volume=17 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1016/j.ecotra.2018.11.002}}</ref> The maximum time depends on many variables, but for most U.S. and Canadian itineraries, it is 4 hours, and for most international itineraries (including any domestic stops), it is 24 hours.<ref>{{cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Kralev |author-link=Nicholas Kralev |title=Decoding Air Travel: A Guide to Saving on Airfare and Flying in Luxury |year=2011 |isbn=978-1461015437 |page=23 |url=https://archive.org/details/decodingairtrave0000kral/page/23 |publisher=Nicholas Kralev }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[International Air Transport Association]] |title=Passenger Glossary of Terms |url=http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/passenger/documents/passenger-glossary-of-terms.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417103305/http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/passenger/documents/passenger-glossary-of-terms.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 17, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Airline Tariff Publishing Company]] |url=http://www.atpco.net/glossary |title=Glossary: connection, stopover |access-date=February 17, 2017}}</ref>

In determining layover time within a hub-and-spoke network, airlines must consider multiple factors, notably airport congestion and passenger expectations. During a layover, a plane must be refueled, its cabin cleaned, and provisions restocked. Layovers also allow for crew changes, as well as maintenance checks and, when needed, minor repairs.<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=San Antonio |first1=Andres San |last2=Juan |first2=Angel A. |last3=Calvet |first3=Laura |last4=Fonseca i Casas |first4=Pau |last5=Guimarans |first5=Daniel |date=December 3–6, 2017 |title=Using simulation to estimate critical paths and survival functions in aircraft turnaround processes |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8248055 |conference=2017 Winter Simulation Conference |publisher=IEEE |pages=3394–3403 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2017.8248055 |isbn=978-1-5386-3428-8}}</ref> Traditionally, airlines have sought to minimize layover duration due to the presumption that total journey time is an important consideration for passengers. However, this can create stresses on both airline crews and airport operations, increasing costs and ground congestion. For passengers, if the layover time is too short, there is an increased risk of missing the connecting flight or having to rush between planes, which can make a flight with a layover less desirable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Theis |first1=Georg |last2=Adler |first2=Thomas |last3=Clarke |first3=John-Paul |last4=Ben-Akiva |first4=Moshe |date=2006 |title=Risk Aversion to Short Connections in Airline Itinerary Choice |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0361198106195100104 |journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board |language=en |volume=1951 |issue=1 |pages=28–36 |doi=10.1177/0361198106195100104 |issn=0361-1981}}</ref>

Some [[airports]] are designed with amenities for travelers with long layovers such as [[gyms]], [[yoga studios]], [[movie theaters]], and [[fine dining]] restaurants.<ref name="AP2017"/>

In the early 2000s, the marketing of stopovers to long-haul travellers increased with a focus on providing a mid-journey break of one or more nights at a destination between a traveller's origin and final destination. These often are developed as a partnership between airlines, airports, and tourism organizations. Passengers may include a stopover in their journey for a variety of reasons, including travel logistics and expenses, the opportunity to visit a different destination, or take a "mini-holiday" during travel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kotsi |first1=Filareti |last2=Johnston |first2=Kim |last3=Pike |first3=Steven |date=2023 |title=Stopovers as valued-based experience: A conceptual model |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666957922000520 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=100084 |doi=10.1016/j.annale.2022.100084}}</ref>

==See also==

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==References==

{{Reflist}} |refs=

<ref name="AP2017">{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Kelli |date=February 12, 2017 |title=Long layover? How about a workout at an airport gym? |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/life/wellness/long-layover-how-about-a-workout-at-an-airport-gym-2/ |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=After sitting on a long flight, it might feel nice to stretch your legs and eat something healthy. Some airports are beginning to prioritize those options.}}</ref>

<ref name="WAPO2022">{{cite news |last=Compton |first=Natalie B. |date=August 8, 2022 |title=How to leave the airport and explore a city during a layover |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/tips/airport-layover-istanbul-travel/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=Whether you have five or 15 hours, you can plan a micro-vacation away from your gate}}</ref>

<ref name="NYTimes2023">{{cite news |last=Chung |first=Christine |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Whether You Call It 'Skiplagging' or 'Hidden-City Travel,' It's Contentious |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/08/travel/skiplagging-hidden-city-travel-layover.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 7, 2024 |quote=Booking a flight with a layover in the city that’s the real destination for the traveler can net big bargains, but airlines prohibit the practice.}}</ref>

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== Sources ==

* {{cite book | last=Sutherland | first=J. | title=Key Concepts in Leisure | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=Key Concepts | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-350-31483-2 | chapter = Layover | chapter-url=url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_NGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT11PT110 | access-date=2024-10-07}}

* {{cite book | last=Boyle | first=Daniel K. | title=Controlling System Costs: Basic and Advanced Scheduling Manuals and Contemporary Issues in Transit Scheduling | publisher=Transportation Research Board | series=Report (Transit Cooperative Research Program) | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-309-11783-8 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X33zJUBR7UIC&pg=SA4-PA4 | chapter = Layover and Recovery Time | access-date=2024-10-07}}

{{Public transport}}

{{Authority control}}

{{draft categories|

[[Category:Transportation planning]]

[[Category:Airline tickets]]

[[Category:Scheduling (transportation)]]

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