Lithodes santolla: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

'''''Lithodes santolla''''', also known as the '''southern king crab''', '''Chilean king crab''' or '''''centolla''''', is a [[species]] of [[king crab]], found off southern South America including the offshore [[Falkland Islands]].<ref name=~~WoRMS~~SeaLifeBase>{{SeaLifeBase species| genus=Lithodes | species=santolla | month=July | year=2023 }}</ref> On the Pacific side, it is found in Chile from [[~~Valdivia]] at around [[40th parallel south|40° S~~Talcahuano]] to [[Cape Horn]].<ref ~~at [[60th parallel south|60° S]].~~name=SeaLifeBase/><ref name="seragro">{{cite web |url=http://seragro.cl/?a=749 |title=Pesquera Melinka en Punta Arenas ofrece Centolla, Centollón y Caracoles |accessdate=January 17, 2009 |publisher=Servicios Agrícolas y Agroindustria}}</ref> On the Atlantic side, it is found off Argentina and [[Uruguay]].<ref name=~~WoRMS~~SeaLifeBase/> It lives in the [[benthic zone]] at depths of {{cvt|0-700|m|ft|-1}},<ref name=SeaLifeBase/> with Uruguayan records being exclusively from great depths.<ref name=~~WoRMS~~":0"/> In Chile, it mostly lives at depths to {{cvt|150|m}}, but south of [[40th parallel south|40° S]] it ~~has~~can ~~been~~be found atto {{cvt|600|m}}.<ref name="seragro" /> It is a large crab that can reach up to {{cvt|19|cm}} in [[carapace]] length, and it is the target of [[commercial fishing]].<ref name=~~WoRMS~~SeaLifeBase/>

== Physiology ==

''L. santolla'' lives in cold-temperature and [[subantarctic]] waters. Ideal temperatures for its [[Crustacean larva|larval]] and juvenile development range from {{Convert|6 to 15|C|F|abbr=on}}, and its larval stages are nonfeeding.<ref name=":0" /> It experiences [[respiratory acidosis]] and [[hyperglycemia]] after prolonged exposure to air;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schvezov |first1=Natasha |last2=Lovrich |first2=Gustavo A. |last3=Romero |first3=M. Carolina |date=March 2017 |title=Oxidatide stress during re-immersion of the king crab ''Lithodes santolla'' (Molina, 1782) (Decapoda Anomura: Lithodidae) after air exposure |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=195–203 |doi=10.1093/jcbiol/rux004 |jstor=26792811 |doi-access=free}}</ref> however, these levels eventually return to normal after reimmersion, making it capable of withstanding long periods of aerial exposure with no detrimental effect on mortality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Urbina |first1=Mauricio A. |last2=Paschke |first2=Kurt |last3=Gebauer |first3=Paulina |last4=Cumillaf |first4=Juan Pablo |last5=Rosas |first5=Carlos |date=December 2013 |title=Physiological responses of the southern king crab, ''Lithodes santolla'' (Decapoda: Lithodidae), to aerial exposure |journal=[[Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology]] |volume=166 |issue=4 |pages=538–545 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.006 |pmid=23973259}}</ref>

== Fishing ==

[[File:Pesca de centolla en la Bahía Ushuaia 31.JPG|thumb|Fishing for ''L. santolla'' in [[Ushuaia]] Bay]]

The population of ''Lithodes santolla'' has seen a dramatic decline due to commercial fishing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Anger |first1=Klaus |last2=Lovrich |first2=Gustavo A. |last3=Thatje |first3=Sven |last4=Calcagno |first4=Javier A. |date=August 2004 |title=Larval and early juvenile development of ''Lithodes santolla'' (Molina, 1782) (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) reared at different temperatures in the laboratory |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223835464 |journal=[[Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology]] |volume=306 |issue=2 |pages=217–230 |doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2004.01.010 |bibcode=2004JEMBE.306..217A |via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

The lucrative centolla fishery around [[Tierra del Fuego]] led to an incident in August 1967 when the Argentine [[schooner]] ''{{lang|es|Cruz del Sur}}'' was found fishing {{convert|400|m}} from [[Gable Island]] and had to be escorted out of Chilean waters by the Chilean patrol boat ''{{lang|es|Marinero Fuentealba}}''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Patricia Arancibia Clavel |author2=Francisco Bulnes Serrano |name-list-style=amp|year=2004 |title=La Escuadra En Acción: 1978: el conflicto Chile-Argentina visto a través de sus protagonistas |publisher=Maval Ltda |location=[[Santiago]] |isbn=956-258-211-6 |language=Spanish}}</ref> This event among many others led to the [[Beagle conflict|Beagle crisis]] in the late 1970s.

The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] lists the centolla crab and southern king crab as two separate species: ''Lithodes antarcticus'' and ''Lithodes santolla'' respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seafood List|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/SEARCH_SEAFOOD/index.cfm?other=complete|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921190337/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/SEARCH_SEAFOOD/index.cfm?other=complete |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other sources consider ''Lithodes antarcticus'' to be a synonym of ''Lithodes santolla''.

A study has found that ''L. santolla'' is capable of withstanding long periods of aerial exposure with no detrimental effect on crab survival, opening the possibility of commercializing ''L. santolla'' in the attractive live seafood market.<ref>Urbina, M.A., Paschke, K., Gebauer, P., Cumillaf, J.P., Rosas, C. 2013. Physiological responses of the southern king crab, Lithodes santolla (Decapoda: Lithodidae), to aerial exposure. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 166(4), 538-545.</ref>

==References==

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==External links==

*{{Commons category-inline|Lithodes santolla|''Lithodes santolla''}}

*{{Wiktionary-inline|centolla}}

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[[Category:King crabs]]

[[Category:Crustaceans of the eastern Pacific Ocean]]

[[Category:Crabs of the Pacific Ocean]]

[[Category:Western South American coastal fauna]]

[[Category:Crustaceans described in 1782]]

[[Category:~~Invertebrates~~Arthropods of Argentina]]

[[Category:~~Invertebrates~~Arthropods of Chile]]

[[Category:Fauna of Tierra del Fuego]]