Malcolm X: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Malcolm X''' ({{pron-en|ˈmælkəm ˈɛks}}) (born '''Malcolm Little'''; May 19, 1925{{ndash}} February 21, 1965), also known as '''El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz'''<ref>This name includes the [[honorific]] [[El-Hajj]], which is given to a Muslim who has completed the [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]]. {{cite book |title=Islam: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |author=Malise Ruthven |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-19-285389-9 |page=147 }}</ref> ({{lang-ar|الحاجّ مالك الشباز}}), was an [[African-American]] [[Muslim]] minister, [[public speaker]], and [[human rights]] activist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=Lewis V. |last2=Al-Hadid |first2=Amiri YaSin |title=Between Cross and Crescent: Christian and Muslim Perspectives on Malcolm and Martin |year= |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, Fla. |isbn=0-8130-2457-9 |page=135 }}</ref><ref>Dyson, pp. 13–14.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Ali |year=1994 |title=Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom by Any Means Necessary |journal=Howard Law Journal |volume=38 |page=80 |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=938821 |accessdate=August 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Morris |first=Jerome E. |date=Summer 2001 |title=Malcolm X's Critique of the Education of Black People |journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go2877/is_2_25/ai_n28889706/ |accessdate=August 2, 2009 }}</ref> To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans.<ref>Cone, pp. 99–100, 251–252, 310–311.</ref> He promoted and advocated black [[nationalism]] and racial [[separatism]]. <ref>{{cite web| http://www.masnet.org/prof_personality.asp?id=629 |title=Malcolm X 1925-1965</ref> His detractors accused him of preaching [[racism]], [[black supremacy]], [[antisemitism]], and violence.<ref name=Times65-02-22/><ref name=Evanzz305/><ref>Lomax, ''When the Word Is Given'', p. 172.</ref><ref name=Rickford248/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811191-1,00.html |title=The Black Supremacists |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=August 10, 1959 |accessdate=July 28, 2009 }}</ref> He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.<ref name=Greatest/><ref name=Freedom/><ref name=Black100/>

Malcolm X was born in [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. By the time he was thirteen, his father had died and his mother had been committed to a mental hospital. His childhood, including his father's lessons concerning black pride and self-reliance and his own experiences concerning race, played a significant role in Malcolm X's adult life. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became involved in hustling and other criminal activities in [[Boston]] and [[New York City|New York]]. In 1946, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.