Mass media: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia

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'''Mass media''' include the diverse arrays of [[media (communication)|media]] that reach a large audience via [[mass communication]].

[[Broadcast media]] transmit information electronically via media such as [[film]]s, [[radio]], recorded music, or [[television]]. [[Digital media]] comprises both [[Internet]] and [[mobile web|mobile]] mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as [[email]], [[social media]] sites, [[website]]s, and Internet-based radio and television. Many other [[mass media]] outlets have an additional presence on the web, by such means as linking to or running TV ads online, or distributing [[QR code]]s in outdoor or print media to direct mobile users to a website. In this way, they can use the easy accessibility and outreach capabilities the Internet affords, as thereby easily broadcast information throughout many different regions of the world simultaneously and cost-efficiently. Outdoor media transmits information via such media as [[augmented reality]] (AR) [[advertising]]; [[billboard]]s; [[blimp]]s; flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes); placards or kiosks placed inside and outside buses, commercial buildings, shops, sports stadiums, subway cars, or trains; signs; or [[skywriting]].<ref name="enotes"/> Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as [[book]]s, [[comics]], [[magazine]]s, [[newspaper]]s, or [[pamphlet]]s.<ref>Riesman ''et al.'' (1950) ch. 2 p. 50</ref> Event organising and [[public speaking]] can also be considered forms of mass media.<ref name="buzzle"/>

[[File:Salahzulfikar1961.jpg|thumb|upright=175|175px|Egyptian movie star [[Salah Zulfikar]] on the cover of Al-Kawakeb magazine, March 1961, an example of mass media]]

The'''Mass media organisations''' or '''mass media companies''' that control these technologies, such asinclude movie studios, publishing companies, and radio and television stations, are also known as the mass media.;<ref name="dictionary"/><ref name="Arguing for a general framework for mass media scholarship"/>{{qn|date=September 2012}}they often form [[media conglomerate]]s.

== Issues with definition ==

In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings and television. The explosion of digital [[information and communications technology|communication technology]] in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question: what forms of media should be classified as "mass media"? For example, it is controversial whether to include [[mobile phone]]s and [[video game]]s in the definition. In the early 2000s, a classification called the "seven mass media" came into use.<ref>Sashwat Yogi "Role Of Media In Social Awareness (A Review Study)." ''Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews'' 1.1 (2013): 71–73, [https://mgesjournals.com/hssr/article/view/hssr1111 online]{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. </ref> In order of introduction, they are:

# [[Printing|Print]] (books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc.) from the late 15th century

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Each mass medium has its own content types, creative artists, technicians and business models. For example, the Internet includes [[blog]]s, [[podcast]]s, [[web site]]s and various other technologies built atop the general distribution network. The sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as [[digital media]]; and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as [[broadcast media]]. Some argue that [[video games]] have developed into a distinct mass form of media.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21541164 |title=All the world's a game |newspaper=The Economist |date=10 December 2011 |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627031412/http://www.economist.com/node/21541164 |url-status=live }}</ref>

While a telephone is a two-way communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a cell phone which is equipped with [[Internet]] access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium (the Internet).

Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium. Video games (for example, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), such as ''[[RuneScape]]'') provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online. Excluding the Internet, however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually. It is possible to discuss in great detail the events of a video game with a friend one has never played with, because the experience is identical to each. The question, then, is whether this is a form of mass communication.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

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=== Internet media ===

{{See also|Digital media|New media}}

The [[Internet]] (also known simply as "the Net" or less precisely as "the Web") is a more interactive medium of mass media, and can be briefly described as "a network of networks". Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected [[computer network]]s that transmit [[data (computing)|data]] by [[packet switching]] using the standard [[Internet Protocol]] (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business and governmental networks, which together carry various [[information]] and services, such as [[email]], [[online chat]], [[Computer file|file]] transfer, and the interlinked [[web page]]s and other documents of the [[World Wide Web]].

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'''Limited-effects theory''' theorizes that because people usually choose what media to interact with based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence.

'''Class-dominant theory''' argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it.

'''Culturalist theory''' combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive.

In 2012, an article asserted that 90 percent of all mass media—including [[Radio broadcasting|radio broadcast]] networks and programing, video news, sports entertainment, and other—were owned by six major companies (GE, News-Corp, Disney, Viacom, Time Warner and CBS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.morriscreative.com/6-corporations-control-90-of-the-media-in-america/|title=6 Corporations Control 90% Of The Media in America|date=15 June 2012|website=Morris Creative Group|language=en-US|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206172759/https://www.morriscreative.com/6-corporations-control-90-of-the-media-in-america/|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Morris Creative Group, these six companies made over $200 billion in revenue in 2010. More diversity is brewing among many companies, but they have recently merged to form an elite which have the power to control the narrative of stories and alter people's beliefs. In the new media-driven age we live in, marketing has more value than ever before because of the various ways it can be implemented. Advertisements can convince consumers to purchase or avoid a particular product. What a society accepts can be dictated by the amount and kind of attention the media gives it.

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* [[Commercial broadcasting]]

* [[Digital rights management]]

* [[History of journalismJournalism]]

* [[Internet censorship]]

* [[History of newspaper publishing]]

* [[Media bias]]

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<ref name="Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 65">{{cite book|author=Newhagen, J.E.|chapter="The role of feedback in assessing the news on mass media and the Internet"|editor=Kent, Allen|title=Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 65|publisher=CRC Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8247-2065-0|page=210|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iA2bIDF3Kt0C&pg=PA210}}</ref>

<ref name="History of Mass Media">{{cite web | url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-mass-media.html | title=History of Mass Media | publisher=Buzzle.com | access-date=26 November 2011 | author=Bhattacharyya, Ajanta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005200619/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-mass-media.html | archive-date=5 October 2011 | url-status=deadusurped }}</ref>

<ref name="Lorimer94p26">Lorimer and Scannell (1994) pp. 26–27</ref>

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<ref name="Vipond2000p88">Vipond (2000) p. 88</ref>

<ref name="buzzle">{{cite web | url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-mass-media.html | title=Different Types of Mass Media | publisher=Buzzle.com | access-date=26 November 2011 | author=Manohar, Uttara | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114011523/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-mass-media.html | archive-date=14 November 2011 | url-status=deadusurped }}</ref>

<ref name="dictionary">{{cite book|chapter=Mass media|title=Oxford English Dictionary|postscript=,}} online version November 2010</ref>